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Microorganisms. Microorganisms. Chapter 17 ( , ) Chapter 31 ( ) Chapter 28 ( ) Bacteria Cyanobacteria Fungi Protists
Biology 1030 Winter 2009 Microorganisms Chapter 17 (556-560, 564-565) Chapter 31 (608-623) Chapter 28 (549-569) Scott circa 2009 Microorganisms • ...
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Charla Scott
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Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Microorganisms
Chapter 17 (556-560, 564-565) Chapter 31 (608-623) Chapter 28 (549-569) Scott circa 2009
Microorganisms • • • •
Bacteria Cyanobacteria Fungi Protists
Scott circa 2009
1
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Bacteria Are Wee 1 mm = 1000000
• Largest prokaryote is Epulopiscium fishelsoni – 600 μm !!! (= 0.6 mm)
100000
Size (nm)
• Average bacteria range from 1-5 μm
10000
• Smallest bacteria are the Mycoplasma
1 μm = 1000
– 120-250 nm 100 Scott circa 2009
Bacterial Cell Shapes • Coccus – Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacillus – Escherichia coli
• Coccobacillus – Brucella abortus
• Spiral – Helicobacter pylori
• Pleomorphic (many forms) – Mycobacteria
– Lack a rigid cell wall Scott circa 2009
2
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Bacterial Arrangements • Pairs – Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Clusters – Staphylococcus aureus
• Chains – Streptococcus pneumoniaea
• Random
Scott circa 2009
Bacterial Structures Cell wall
• Cell Membrane • Cell Wall
Nucleoid
– Outer membrane
• Internal Structures – Nucleoid – Ribosomes
Capsule Sex pilus Fimbriae
• External Structures – Capsule – Pili – Flagella
• No organelles
Flagella
Scott circa 2009
3
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Cell Division in Bacteria • Binary fission – Continuous DNA synthesis – Continuous growth
Scott circa 2009
Cyanobacteria • Photosynthetic prokaryotes • Internal membrane structures • Anabaena • Heterocysts – Nitrogen fixation
Scott circa 2009
4
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Nucleariids • Predecessor to all fungi • An opisthokont protist
Scott circa 2009
The Fungi • Not just mushrooms! • Hyphae – Tubular – Branched
• Mycelium – Aggregation
• Animal-like – Cell walls – Glycogen – Fats Scott circa 2009
5
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Biology of Fungi • Absorptive heterotrophs – Saprophytic
• Parasitic • Predatory – Arthrobotrys
Scott circa 2009
Fungal Life Cycle • Haplontic life cycle
PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm)
KARYOGAMY ((fusion of nuclei))
Spore producing Spore-producing structures Spores
Heterokaryotic stage
ASEXUAL Mycelium REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Zygote
MEIOSIS GERMINATION
– – – –
Diploid zygote Haploid spores Haploid mycelium Plasmogamy • Heterokaryotic
– Karyogamy
GERMINATION
Spores
But … Some are diplontic Some are haplodiplontic
Scott circa 2009
6
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Fungal Spores • Common reproductive cell • Produced by: – Meiosis – sexual – Mitosis – asexual
Mycelia
• Divide by mitosis
Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY
Sporangia Spores Sporangium
Diploid nuclei
MEIOSIS
Mycelium Scott circa 2009
Fungal Gametes • Mitosis • Heterokaryotic mycelium
• Isogametes – + versus –
Mating type (+) PLASMOGAMY
Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–)
Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic)
Zygosporangium Scott circa 2009
7
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Fungal Phyla • • • • •
Chytridiomycota Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
Scott circa 2009
Phylum Chytridiomycota • Ancestral fungi • Most are aquatic • Flagella – Gametes – Zoospores
• No mycelia y – Rhizoids
Scott circa 2009
8
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Phylum Zygomycetes • Aseptate hyphae – Coenocytic
• Asexual reproduction – Spores released from sporangia
• Sexual reproduction – – and + strains combine – Resilient zygosporangium – Karyogamy & meiosis
• Black bread mold (Lab 6) Scott circa 2009
Phylum Glomeromycetes • Very small group • Very significant group • Arbuscular mycorrhizae – 90-95% of plants
Scott circa 2009
9
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Phylum Ascomycetes • Septate hyphae • The sac fungi – Fruiting bodies Ascocarp – Sporangia (asci) • Meiosis • Mitosis • 8 ascospores
• Asexual spores – Conidia
Scott circa 2009
Phylum Basidiomycetes • Septate hyphae • The club fungi – Fruiting bodies Basidiocarp – Sporangia (basidia) • Meiosis • 4 basidiospores
• Long Long-lived lived dikaryotic stage
Scott circa 2009
10
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Decomposition • Saprophytic – Non-living food source
• Leaf litter – Locked in nutrients – Insoluble
Scott circa 2009
Extracellular Digestion • Hydrolytic enzymes • Absorptive heterotrophs
Scott circa 2009
11
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Parasitic Fungi • Heterotroph – Living organisms (host)
• Dutch elm disease – Mycelium infects xylem – Scarring
• Athletes foot
Scott circa 2009
Practical Mycology • Antibiotics –
3R*,4S*,5S*,6R*,7R*, 9R*,11R*, 12R*,13S*,14R*)-4-[(2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methylα-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)-oxy]-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-3, 5, 7, 9,11,13-hexamethyl-6[[3 4 6 trideoxy 3 (dimethylamino) β D xylo hexopyranosyl]oxy]oxacyclotetradecane [[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-β-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]oxacyclotetradecane2,10-dione
• Food
Scott circa 2009
12
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Autotrophic Protists • Photosynthetic – Algae
• All have chloroplasts – Source?
Scott circa 2009
Euglenoids • Plant-like
• Animal-like
– Chloroplasts – Photosynthesis
– No cell wall – Ingest nutrients Mixotrophs Long flagellum
Eyespot Short flagellum Contractile vacuole Chloroplast Plasma membrane
Pellicle
Scott circa 2009
13
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Evolution of Eukaryotes • Prokaryotic ancestor • Plasma membrane invaginates – Remember Anabaena
• Internal membranes – Endomembrane theory
Scott circa 2009
Endosymbiotic Theory • Serial endosymbiosis • Two possible mechanisms 1. Ingest but don’t kill 2. Infect but don’t kill
• First event y – Heterotrophic prokaryote – Mitochondrion
Scott circa 2009
14
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Endosymbiotic Theory • Second event – Autotrophic prokaryote – Chloroplast
Scott circa 2009
Endosymbiotic Theory • Third event – Autotrophic eukaryote – Chloroplast
• Evidence? Scott circa 2009
15
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
The Algae • Grouped by ‘colour’ • Pigments in chloroplast – Chlorophyll a – Accessory pigments • Fucoxanthin
Brown Algae
Phycoerythrin
Red Algae
Chlorophyll b
Green Algae
Scott circa 2009
Algal Structure • Overall structure – Similarities to the land plants
• Blades – No true leaves
• Stipe – No true stems
• Holdfast – No true roots
Scott circa 2009
16
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Algal Structure • Predecessor of land plants
• Land plant
– Many similarities – Structure and function
• Cosmarium
Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Nucleus Plant Vacuole Chloroplast Pyrenoid
Scott circa 2009
Algal Life Cycles • Haplontic or Alternation of generations – No heterokaryotic stage
• Chlamydomonas
Gametes (n)
–
–
+ + Zoospore
FERTILIZATION
Mature cell (n)
Zygote (2n)
MEIOSIS
Scott circa 2009
17
Biology 1030
Winter 2009
Lichens • Symbioses • Mycobiont – Ascomycetes
• Photobiont – Alga, cyanobacteria
Scott circa 2009
18
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