Metering and monitoring systems for power reliability and availability

Metering and monitoring systems for power reliability and availability 1 Learning objectives Internal and external influences on the electricity su...
2 downloads 2 Views 777KB Size
Metering and monitoring systems for power reliability and availability

1

Learning objectives Internal and external influences on the electricity supply Standards and how they effect power quality How a metering and monitoring system helps compliance Defining a metering and monitoring system

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

2

Audience > Designers > Specifiers > Consultants > Contractors > Facilities Managers > Owner –occupiers

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

3

Contents Introduction & Market trends

5 mins

Power quality phenomena

5 mins

Standards and regulations

10 mins

Metering and Monitoring System

20 mins

Further reading

5 mins

Q&A

10 mins

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

4

How do we define power quality? > Power quality determines the health of electric power to consumer devices > The term is used to describe electric power that drives an electrical load and the load's ability to function properly > Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

5

Market trends We are becoming more dependent on continuous availability of electric power

E-commerce is changing the way we interact with the world

Intelligent technology demands power that is free from interruption or disruptions

The growing use of renewable energy have resulted in an increase of power quality issues The level of quality perceived by the supplier (or regulator) may be different from the customer that is required or desired Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

6

The effects of power quality issues on end users > Power quality disturbances are among the main causes for > Unexpected Business Downtime > 30 to 40% of business downtime is caused by power quality disturbances > Poor power quality costs 4% of annual turnover (Industry sector) > Estimated financial loss of €150 billion per year in Europe

> Equipment Malfunction and Damage > Overheating of motors, capacitors, cables and transformers > Accelerated wear and tear on critical components > Improper function > Premature aging > Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers

70% of the PQ disturbances are originate within the customer’s premises while 30% are in the network side [A. E. Emanuel and J. McNeill, "Electric Power Quality]. Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

7

Power quality phenomena

8

Long-term power problems Disturbance category

Waveform

Long-term disturbances > > > > > >

Harmonics Unbalance Under and over voltages Frequency variations Voltage fluctuations (flicker) Power-factor

Under voltage

Over voltage

Harmonics

Unbalance

> Effects > Equipment failure > Malfunctions > Overheating and damage

Voltage fluctuations

Power frequency variations

Power Factor * Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

9

Short-term power problems > Short-term disturbances

Disturbance category

> Short-duration voltage variations - Interruptions - Sags and Swells

> Transients

Waveform

Transients

Interruption

Sag

> Effects > Visible and immediate impact

Swell

- Unscheduled downtime - Equipment malfunction and damage - Reduced efficiency of electrical equipment

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

10

Interruptions or dips > Many operations are very sensitive to even short interruptions. Continuous process operations - Paper making industry Disrupt the synchronisation of machinery and results in large volumes of semi-processed product

Data processing - Share and foreign exchange dealing Where the value of the transaction is high but the cost of processing is low

Multi stage batch operations – Semi conductor industry Where an interruption in one process can destroy the value of the previous operations Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

11

Standards and regulations

12

The Distribution Code > The Distribution Code covers the technical aspects relating to the connection and use of the electricity distribution licensees’ distribution networks. > The Distribution Code shall be complied with by the DNO and by potential and existing Generators, Suppliers and Customers connected to or seeking connection to the DNO’s Distribution System being referred to as Users as expressly defined in the various parts of the Distribution Code. > The DNO and all Users have a duty under this Distribution Code to provide such information and resources as are necessary to facilitate compliance with and implementation of the Distribution Code. DNO – Distribution Network Operator Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

13

Key points from the distribution code > Distribution Planning and Connection Code (DPC) > DPC4.2.2 Frequency and Voltage > DPC4.2.2.1 The DNO’s Distribution System and any User connections to that System shall be designed to enable the Normal Operating Frequency and voltages supplied to Customers to comply with the ESQCR. > (ESQCR – Electrical Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations – Legislation from HSE)

> DPC4.2.3 Voltage Disturbances and Harmonic Distortion > DPC4.2.3.1 General - Under fault and circuit switching conditions the rated Frequency component of voltage may fall or rise transiently. The fall or rise in voltage will be affected by the method of earthing of the neutral point of the DNO’s Distribution System and voltage may fall transiently to zero at the point of fault. BS EN 50160:2010 ‘Voltage Characteristics of Electricity Supplied by Public Distribution Systems’, as amended from time to time, contains additional details of the variations and disturbances to the voltage which shall be taken into account in selecting Equipment from an appropriate specification for installation on or connected to the System.

> DPC4.2.3.2 Voltage Disturbances - (b) The harmonic content of a load shall comply with the limits set out in DGD Annex 1, Item 1 Engineering Recommendation G5/4-1, “Planning levels for harmonic voltage distortion and the connection of non-linear equipment to transmission and distribution systems in the United Kingdom.” Confidential > Source Propertywww.dcode.org.uk of Schneider Electric

14

BS EN 50160:2010 (Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks)

> Describes and specifies the characteristics of the supply voltage > Frequency, magnitude, waveform and symmetry of the line voltages.

> Defines acceptable levels, measurement periods and intervals of power quality phenomena, including: ● Power frequency ● Flicker ● Supply voltage dips ● Short & long interruptions ● Temporary over voltage

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

● Supply voltage magnitude ● Supply voltage unbalance ● Harmonic voltage ● Inter-harmonic voltage ● Mains signaling voltage

15

Engineering Recommendation G5/4-1 Engineering Recommendation G5/4-1 > Sets the planning levels for harmonic voltage distortion and the connection of nonlinear equipment. > G5/4 was written to ensure the levels of harmonic current in the Public Electricity supply system do not give rise to problems for connected users > Consumers of Electricity are identified at the point of common coupling with other users (PCC) > This regulation provides the standard basis of assessment for use by Network Operating Companies (NOCs) and their customers > Forms part of the connection agreement signed by the NOC and customer > The final decision for connection and compliance of any customer or load is at the discretion of the NOC (Network Operator Company) Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

16

G5/4-1 Maximum permissible Harmonic current emissions > For all installations where there are concentrations of non-linear equipment, the aggregate emissions per phase should not exceed the values given in table 7

Meter needs to be IEC 61000-4-30 Class A compliant

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

17

Metering and Monitoring System

18

There are three components of a power quality strategy Determine what the goal is for the monitoring system

Selecting the correct meters to capture data and events

Using the right software to visualise and carry out analysis.

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

19

Determine what the goal is for the monitoring system Energy

Power Monitoring

Drivers > Monitor energy consumption by different areas, different systems enables the owner to identify opportunities to save energy. > Observe energy flow in, energy flow out and where its been used. Level of detail > Identify billing discrepancies > Allocate costs/tenant billing > Reduce peak demand, power factor penalties > Find opportunities, verify savings > Green standards compliance > Reduce rates with energy suppliers Drivers > Maximising the efficiency and reliability of the electrical infrastructure > Measuring the quality and quantity of power flowing through a given part of the electrical system Level of detail > Increase facility uptime > Verify reliable power equipment operation > Improve response to power related issues > Ensure PQ/energy contract compliance > Network protection and control

Many systems (BMS, EMS) may offer energy monitoring functions do not have power monitoring capabilities Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

20

Selection of meters > The cost of the meter determines its limitations. > Metering devices are constrained by hardware, firmware and software functionality. > Complex meters provide greater accuracy, and more information

Evolution of fixed metering capabilities

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

21

Where to measure and why? > The most important location to measure power quality is at the main switchboard(s) > Although every building is different, their loads can be divided into three common categories. > Incoming power meters are designed to monitor connections points with external utility sources or local powers sources (renewables, generators) > Critical loads power meters for critical loads or speciality equipment. > Feeders metering to monitor power distribution that serve non-critical loads

Incoming Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Critical Load

Feeder 22

Types of meters and their core features Power meters (Incoming) Energy data (active, reactive, apparent) Electrical parameters (V, I, PF, F) Power Quality (THD, Individual Harmonics up to 511th) 512 Samples per cycle or greater Waveform capture, Detection of sags and swells and transients On board logging and alarming with device time stamp Gateway functionality 0.2% accurate Power meters (Feeder) Disturbance Direction Detection Energy data (active, reactive, apparent) PQ standards comparison Electrical parameters (V, I, PF, F) IEC61000-4-30 Class A Basic Power Quality (THD, Individual harmonics up to 31st) On board logging and alarming with device time stamp 64 Samples per cycle 0.5% accurate

Power meters (Critical Loads) Energy data (active, reactive, apparent) Electrical parameters (V, I, PF, F) Power Quality (THD, Individual Harmonics up to 127st) 256 Samples per cycle or greater Waveform capture, Detection of sags and swells and transients On board logging and alarming with device time stamp Gateway functionality 0.2% accurate Disturbance Direction Detection

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

23

Disturbance Direction Detection > Disturbance direction detection helps determine the location of a power system disturbance. > Meter analyses the disturbance information to determine the direction of the disturbance relative to the meter. > Analysis includes a confidence level indicating the level of certainty that the disturbance is in the determined direction.

> Disturbance direction detection is enabled on meter by default. > The results of the disturbance direction detection algorithm appear in the meter’s event log. Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

A. B. C. D. E.

Disturbance location Meter #1 reports downstream disturbance Meter #2 reports upstream disturbance Meters report upstream disturbance Meter reports downstream disturbance 24

Incoming metering – application Application Energy usage monitoring Monitor total energy usage of the building Load monitoring Monitor power demand to avoid penalties and help to select the best utility contract Reliable data On board logging allows the meter to store data even if comms is lost Basic Power Quality monitoring Monitor total power factor to avoid penalties Monitor THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) to make sure electrical equipment is working within specification and enable preventive maintenance to extend life Advanced Power Quality event monitoring Monitor power quality events (sags, swells, power outages, transients) and use the information to determine the source of the event. User can use this info to ask utility for compensation in case of equipment damage Utility bill verification Revenue grade accuracy allows one to verify utility bills and detect billing issue. Alarm configuration Capturing time stamped events in a non-volatile memory Additional Inputs Bring other measurements such as water, gas consumed or temperature or pressure Standards EN50160 reporting to check incoming power supply quality IEC61000-4-30 Class A compliant to measure harmonics to comply with G5/4-1 Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

25

Incoming meter recommended features > High accurate (0.2 class) equal or greater than utility meter > High sampling rate (512 or higher samples per cycle) for accuracy, individual harmonics and to capture high resolution waveforms of high speed PQ events (20μS) > Short-term disturbances Transients, interruption, sag and swell > Long-term disturbances under voltage, over voltage, harmonics, unbalance, voltage fluctuations, power frequency variations, power factor, flicker > Disturbance direction detection helps determine the location of a power system disturbance > On board logging with device time stamp for reliable and accurate capture of historical trend data and Power Quality waveforms in non-volatile memory in case of loss of communications to device > On board alarming with device time stamp for reliable and accurate capture of events including short-term and long-term Power Quality disturbances for diagnostics and root cause analysis purposes > Inputs to bring in additional energy measurements (WAGES) from other devices or to monitor status of breakers and other equipment > Outputs to share energy pulses with external sources or alarm status > High speed time stamping to determine sequence of events Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

26

Critical loads – application Application Reliable data On board logging allows the meter to store data even if comms is lost Basic Power Quality monitoring Monitor total power factor to avoid penalties Monitor THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) to make sure electrical equipment is working within specification and enable preventive maintenance to extend life Advanced Power Quality event monitoring Monitor power quality events (sags, swells, transients) and use the information to determine the source of the event. Alarm configuration Capturing time stamped events in a non-volatile memory Additional Inputs Bring other measurements such as water, gas consumed or temperature or pressure

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

27

Critical load meter recommended features > High accurate (0.2 class meter) > High sampling rate (256 or higher samples per cycle) for accuracy, individual harmonics and to capture high resolution waveforms of high speed PQ events > Short-term disturbances Transients, sag and swell > Long-term disturbances under voltage, over voltage, harmonics, unbalance, voltage fluctuations, power frequency variations, power factor > Disturbance direction detection helps determine the location of a power system disturbance > On board logging with device time stamp for reliable and accurate capture of historical trend data and Power Quality waveforms in non-volatile memory in case of loss of communications to device > On board alarming with device time stamp for reliable and accurate capture of events including short-term and long-term Power Quality disturbances for diagnostics and root cause analysis purposes > Inputs to bring in additional energy measurements (WAGES) from other devices or to monitor status of breakers and other equipment > Outputs to share energy pulses with external sources or alarm status

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

28

Feeder meter – application

Application

Energy usage monitoring Monitor energy usage by group of area or group of loads Help to plan and audit energy saving activities Load monitoring Monitor power demand to better manager electrical infrastructure (circuit breakers, transformers, etc.) Help to plan and audit energy saving activities Avoid downtime and perform preventive maintenance to critical loads Reliable data On board logging allows the meter to store data even if comms is lost Basic Power Quality monitoring Monitor total power factor to identify source of anomalies and enable preventive maintenance Monitor THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) to make sure electrical equipment is working within specification and enable preventive maintenance to extend life

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

29

Feeder meter recommended features > Good accuracy (0.5 class meter) > Long-term disturbances (under voltage, over voltage, harmonics, unbalance, power factor) > Onboard logging with device timestamp for reliable and accurate capture of historical trend data in non-volatile memory in case of loss of communications to device > Onboard alarming with device timestamp for reliable and accurate capture of events including most long-term Power Quality disturbances for increasing power quality awareness and diagnostic purposes > Inputs to bring in additional energy measurements (WAGES) from other devices or to monitor status of breakers and other equipment > Outputs to share alarms status or energy pulses with external sources

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

30

Software > To unlock the potential behind a good power quality monitoring system is an extensive link between hardware and software. > Hardware meters collect stores data and capture events

> Power Monitoring Software allows the user to carry out visualisation and root cause analysis > Features of power quality software > > > > Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Tracking of real time power conditions Analysis and isolate the source of power quality issues Verify compliance with power quality standards Visualisation of power quality alarms and events 31

Common Power Management Applications > Most applications involving energy or power meters are not possible without software. Software plays a key role in common power management applications by providing the following > > > > >

Data acquisition from multiple sources for a system wide data set long-term storage of historical metering data in a database business logic for virtual metering, aggregation and hierarchy definition ability to share power management data with other systems rich set of visualization and reporting tools

> Many systems (BMS, EMS, SCADA) may offer energy monitoring functions do not have power monitoring capabilities

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

32

Analysis and reports

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

33

Further reading > Harmonics and their mitigation CPD > PFC and application CPD

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

34

Make the most of your energy

SM

35

Suggest Documents