Matter and Energy. Focus: Section 5.1. Matter and Atoms. Composition and Structure of Minerals. Identifying Minerals

Atoms to Minerals Atoms to Minerals Matter and Atoms Composition and Structure of Minerals Identifying Minerals Mineral Groups Focus: Section 5.1 M...
Author: Albert Allen
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Atoms to Minerals

Atoms to Minerals Matter and Atoms Composition and Structure of Minerals Identifying Minerals Mineral Groups

Focus: Section 5.1

Matter and Energy

Matter and Atoms Key Idea Ordinary matter is composed of elements that can be broken down into particles called atoms. Objectives 1)Identify the characteristics of matter 2)Compare the particles that make up atoms of elements 3)Describe the three types of chemical bonds Key Vocabulary element atomic number isotope

Everything in the universe is made up of essentially 2 things: __________ and __________. matter has mass and occupies space and is the substance of which all physical objects are made four states of matter are ________, ________, ________, and ________ energy is the ability to cause change or do work

mass number compound molecule

ion metal nonmetal

forms of energy include ________, ________, ________, and ________

Properties of Matter There are two basic properties of matter: chemical and physical ________________: properties that change the chemical nature of matter examples: release of energy, reactivity with another substance, and flammability. ________________: properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter examples: mass, color, shape, volume, viscosity, and density.

Mass and Weight We often use the terms "mass" and "weight" interchangeably, but to a scientist they are completely different things. _______ is the quantity of matter in an object. _______ is the force exerted on an object by gravitational attraction. Mass is constant all over the Universe. Weight depends on location in the Universe. If you weighed 120 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 1/6th less on the Moon because the gravitational attraction is less. Your mass remains the same in both places.

Chemical & Physical Changes ____________ result when a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance. The change cannot be “undone.”

Classification of Matter Matter can be classified as a ________ or a _____________.

example: a water molecule combines with oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide.

____________ result when a substance changes its physical appearance, but not its composition. The change can be “undone.” example: water freezes to form ice, but the substance is still water.

Mixture

Pure Substance

A substance composed of two or more components, each of which retains its own properties.

A substance with a fixed chemical composition throughout.

Heterogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous Mixture

Compound

Element

Mixture in which the substances aren't equally distributed.

Mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout.

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportion.

A substance made up of only one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Example: garden salad

Example: air

Example: table salt

Example: carbon

States of Matter

Modern Atomic Model Atoms are composed of _________, _______, and ________.

Matter exists in one of four physical states: ________, _______, _____, or ______.

Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the ________ of the atom.

Changes of physical state occur as heat energy increases.

SOLID 1.definite shape and volume 2.not easily compressible 3.does not flow easily

LIQUID 1.indefinite shape and volume 2.not easily compressible 3.flows easily

GAS 1.indefinite shape and volume 2.easily compressible 3.flows easily

PLASMA 1.indefinite shape and volume 2.ionized gas at very high temperature 3.good conductor of electricity

Ions and Isotopes

In __________ the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Electrons travel in circular orbits around the nucleus and gain or lose energy as they move from one orbit to another.

Chemical Bonding

An atom with a greater or lesser number of electrons than protons is called an _____. # protons > # electrons = ______________

____________ are the forces that hold atoms together in molecules due to the sharing of electrons between atoms. The electrons of an atom that participate in chemical bonding are called _______________. _______________ occurs when two atoms share electrons.

# electrons > # protons = ______________

_______________ results from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons than protons is called an ___________.

_______________ forms when electrons move freely around all the positive ions.

Elements

Reading the Periodic Table

An _____________ is a substance made up of only one kind of atom that cannot be further divided by ordinary chemical or physical means. There are ______ known elements of which _____ occur naturally on Earth. ____________ and ____________ are among the most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.

Focus: Section 5.2 Composition and Structure of Minerals Key Idea A mineral is a naturally occurring element or compound that is inorganic and crystalline in structure.

What Is a Mineral? A __________ is defined as a substance that: is ____________________; not man made or manufactured

Objectives 1)Identify the characteristics of minerals 2)Explain how minerals form 3)List the physical characteristics of minerals that are influenced by their crystalline structure

is a __________; not a liquid or gas

Key Vocabulary mineral crystal silicate

is ______________; not living now nor in the past silicate tetrahedron cleavage

has a ____________________ has _________________________________________

How are Minerals Formed?

What is a Crystal?

Minerals are formed inorganically as a result of specific environmental conditions.

_______________ are solids that form by a regular repeated pattern of molecules connecting together.

These conditions include:

Crystals have:

_______________ - the cooling and solidification of magma _______________ - precipitation from water caused by evaporation, chemical reactions, and temperature changes _______________ - the rearrangement of atoms in existing minerals that are subjected to conditions of high temperature and pressure

orderly and symmetrical _____ ________________ definite __________________ definite external __________ ________________ __________ and _________ properties

Crystal Structure Crystal structures are grouped into 6 ___________________. Every mineral belongs to one of these crystal classes: cubic tetragonal hexagonal orthorhombic monoclinic triclinic

Focus: Section 5.3 Identifying Minerals Key Idea Minerals can be identified by chemical and physical properties that include color, luster, crystal shape, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, reaction to an acid. Objectives 1)Identify rock forming minerals by inspection using physical properties such as color, luster, and physical shape. 2)Identify rock forming minerals using simple tests that identify both physical and chemical properties such as streak, cleavage, hardness, and specific gravity. Key Vocabulary mineralogy rock forming mineral luster

streak fracture specific gravity

Physical Properties of Minerals Most common minerals can be identified by inspecting or testing their ___________________.

Color ____________ is directly related to one of the major elements in the mineral and can be characteristic and serve as a means of identification.

Some of the characteristics used for identifying minerals are: __________

____________________

__________

____________________

__________

____________________

__________

____________________

Color is not a reliable indicator of type of mineral because most minerals occur in more than one color. For example, quartz comes in several colors: rose quartz clear quartz

Streak The _______________ of a mineral is the color of the powder left on a streak plate when the mineral is scraped across it. Nonmetallic minerals usually leave a white streak and metallic minerals usually leave a dark streak. A mineral’s color and streak may not be the same.

smoky quartz

Luster ____________ refers to how light is reflected from a mineral. The two main types of luster are __________ and _________. Minerals with a metallic luster reflect light and have a silvery appearance. Some of the terms used for nonmetallic luster are: transparent – glassy pearly – dull silver greasy – oily metallic -shiny

Hardness

Cleavage ________ is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.

____________________ of a mineral is its ability to resist scratching. Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed a hardness scale over 100 years ago.

In some minerals atomic structure is weaker in one direction than in others, so the mineral will tend to break in that direction.

The __________________ ranks the order of hardness of minerals and common objects from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest). The hardest mineral known, diamond, was assigned the number 10.

Fracture

Density

Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture.

________ is a measure of how heavy something is for its size. So, something that is very heavy and small has a high density.

_______________ is the uneven breakage of a mineral and may be described as:

Density is defined as an object’s ____ ________________; or its mass (how much matter it contains) divided by its volume (how much space it takes up).

conchoidal

uneven or irregular

splintery or fibrous

Each box has the same volume and each ball has the same mass. Which box has the higher density? Why?

Density and Specific Gravity The ___________ of a mineral is the ratio of its mass to its volume expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³). __________________ is the ratio of the density of a mineral and the density of an equal volume of water. The density of water is 1 gram/cm³. Specific gravity can also be considered as the "heaviness" of a mineral.

A mineral has a density of 3.2 grams/cm³. What is its specific gravity? 3.2 grams/cm³ 1 gram/cm³ Specific Gravity = 3.2

Mineral Special Properties Some minerals have unique characteristics that can be confirmed by: Slide title: Mineral Special Properties #1 ________________ – glows under ultraviolet light ________________ - continues to glow after light turned off Slide title: Mineral Special Properties #2 ________________ – splits light rays that pass through it ________________ – “fizzes” when a mild HCl acid is applied ________________ – acts as a magnet ________________ – gives off subatomic particles No slide: taste and smell – salty taste of halite or smell of sulfur

Focus: Section 5.4 Mineral Groups Key Idea The most common minerals in Earth’s crust are silicates and carbonates. Objectives 1)Describe the properties of the most common minerals, silicates, and carbonates 2)Describe tests used to identify mineral groups Key Vocabulary carbonate oxide sulfide

Mineral Classification Minerals are classified as ____________, ____________, and _____________________. Silicates consist of 4 oxygen ions surrounding a silicon ion. Nonsilicates have the same atomic structure as silicates, but with atoms or ions attached to something other than a silicon ion. Native elements are composed of atoms of a single element.

Silicates Minerals that are compounds formed of silicon and oxygen are called silicates or silicate minerals. More than ______ of the minerals in Earth’s crust are silicates. The basic building block of a silicate is the ________________ _________________ (SiO4) consisting of 4 oxygen ions and a silicon ion together by covalent bonds. 

Nonsilicates

Nonsilicates & Native Elements Nonsilicate minerals are classified as _________________, _________________, _________________, _____________, _________________, and _________________ depending on their chemical composition. Nonsilicates typically display a variety of crystalline structures. Many nonsilicates and native elements have economic value for the construction trades and industry.