Ro,
9
s
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Contents 1. Technology of the Marshal Tire 04 Technology 2. Tire Basic Knowledge 10 Tire Manufacturing Process 12 Tire Raw Materials 14 Tire Structure 16 Sidewall Information 17 Tire Dimensions 18 Factors Affecting Fuel Economy 26 Factors Affecting Tire Life 29 RFID TAG(MLM Tracking System) 30 Certificate (SmartWay, EU Labeling)
KUMHO TIRE CO., INC. Kumho Asiana Main Tower, 76, Saemunan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03185, Korea Tel : 82-2-6303-8114 / Fax : 82-2-6303-8389
Pattern Naming System
Brand
Application
K L
R
X
C
M
F
W
Long Haul
Regional
Multimax
City Transit
Mixed Service
Off the Road
Winter
http://www.kumhotire.com
KUMHO TIRE CO., INC.
3. Tire Management 36 General Tire Management 40 Pressure Maintenance 44 Driving Habit 45 Balance and Runout 46 Periodic Rotation of Tires 47 Storage 48 Mounting & Demounting 52 Alignment 56 Tire Damage & Abnormal Wear
Kumho Asiana Main Tower, 76, Saemunan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03185, Korea Tel : 82-2-6303-8114 / Fax : 82-2-6303-8389
4. Warranty Regulation 64 Limited Tire Warranty
http://twitter.com/Dr_Tire http://www.facebook.com/Kumho Tires http://blog.kumhotire.co.kr
http://www.kumhotire.com
KUMHO TIRE CO., INC. Kumho Asiana Main Tower, 76, Saemunan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03185, Korea Tel : 82-2-6303-8114 / Fax : 82-2-6303-8389
www.marshaltire.com
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Appendix 68 Ply Rating & Load Ranges 69 Load Index 70 Speed Symbol 71 Pressure Unit Table
Position
Index
S
D
T
A
Steer
Drive
Trailer
All Position
50 Serial No.
01 . . . . . . 99 Serial No.
Serial No.
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Pattern Selection Guide
Positioning Map Low stress
Steer
KLS02e
Drive
KLS03
KLD01e
KLD02e
Trailer
KLD03
KLT02e
All Position
KLT03
KLA11
Long Haul
World Wide Marshal Tire One small new idea breaks the
Long Haul
old paradigm. One little advance Steer
KRS01
Drive
KRS02e
KRS03
KRS04
KRD01
Trailer
KRD02
KRT01
All Position
KRT02
KRA11(KRA18)
Steer/Drive
KRA06(NEW)
KXS10(NEW)
in technology gives birth to a
Regional (Multimax)
Unpaved
Paved
newer, fresher feeling. The “modern premium” of the Marshal tire company begins now, using a new vision and new technologies to create
Off the Road
Mixed Service
City Transit
the most contemporary and idealistic values. KRS15(KRS28)
KRS24
KRS50
KRD03
KRD50(KRD28)
KRT03
KRT68
KRA09
High stress
KXD10(NEW)
KRA50(NEW)
Application
Regional
KMD01(KMD18)
KMD36
Trailer
KMD31
KMD41(NEW)
All Position
KMT01
KMA01
KMA02
KMA03
KMA11(KMA21)
Long Haul
1,600 to 4,800 km(1,000 to 3,000 miles) one way Long hauls between countries or states Very slow wear rate Fairly constant loads
Regional (Multimax)
Distance varies, 160 to 800 km(100 to 500 miles) typical Medium distance hauls between cities Speed vary (56-104KMH / 35-65MPH) Medium wear rates Load may vary Multimax: R egional tire with excellent performance for all season conditions
Long Original Tread Life Good Stability / Handling Good Ride Good Traction
City Transit
Within city / urban area Speeds very variable with lots of stop & go & turning Loads vary greatly Very fast wear rates
KMA12
Mixed Service Mixed Service
Off the Road
Drive
Steer
Drive
All Position
KFD04(KFD18)
KWS01
KWD01
KWA02
Winter
All Position
KCA11
City Transit
KCA03(NEW)
Performance Criteria Very Smooth Ride Minimize Uneven Wear Good Stability / Handling Long Original Tread Life Good Retreadability
Multimax
Drive
Service Characteristics
Off the Road
Winter
Tire runs on & off road Off road % is usually less than on road (10-50%) Variable speed, high loads Rock, gravel, mud, etc Tires used mostly off roads Off road % is more than 50% Severe road conditions Low speeds (0-56KMH / 0-35MPH) High risk of damage High loads / over loads High loads Tires used on & Off Roads Snow, Ice, Mud, Rain conditions Low temperatures
Maximum Tread Wear Good Traction Good Sidewall Durability Good Retreadability Low Heat Build-Up Good Cut & Chip Resistance Good Traction Maximum Tread Wear Sidewall / Casing Durability Cut & Chip Resistance Good Traction Maximum Tread Wear Overall Casing Durability Superior Traction & Grip Under Severe Conditions Good Tread Wear
Technology of the Marshal Tire
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Technology of the Marshal Tire •Technology
2
3
Technology of the Marshal Tire
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
TECHNOLOGY Performance Analysis
Ride & Handling
MARSHAL has developed an exclusive performance analysis system for controlling & analysing tire performance factors. These techniques are used to accurately measure various performance attributes of each tire.
Ride & Handling
Noise & Vibration
Cleat Impact Analyse ride performance
Noise & Vibration
Modal Dynamic Analyse noise & vibration
Air Cavity Analyse cavity noise performance
Inflation Pressure Vertical Force Lateral Force
Tire Cornering State Analyse handling performance
Performance Analysis
Durability & Rolling Resistance 4
Wear & Traction
Tire Thermal Analyse temperature & rolling resistance
Dry Road Analyse footprint & even wear
Stress- Strain Analyse carcass durability
Wet Road Analyse hydroplaning performance
Crack Propagation Analyse tire fatigue life
Snow Road Analyse snow traction & braking
Durability & Rolling Resistance
Wear & Traction 5
Technology of the Marshal Tire
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
TECHNOLOGY Structure Optimization (ICOS)
Rubber Compound Technology
·ICOS means Intergrated Component Optimization System.
We applied new materials, Surface Activated Carbon Black (SACB) and Low Heat Generation Carbon (LHGC), to develop new tread compound.
·This is the finite element design technology and optimization systems used by Marshal.
Heat Generation
·This enhances the performance of the tire through the optimal combination of shape, structure and materials. This is based on neural networks and genetic algorithms.
Belt & Carcass Durability
Carbon Black
120
115
115
110
110
Tread Durability
120
Structure Optimization
RR & Handling
6
105
105
100
100
95
95
90
90
85
85
80
80
CB Surface
LHGC Conventional
Polymer
Time
Fuel Economy
Wear & Traction
110
110
105
105
100
100
95
95
90
90
85
85
80
80
Improvement of wear performance
Improvement of fuel economy
SACB has the best dispersion in the material matrix and best cohesion with Polymer Chain to improve wear and cut & chip performance.
LHGC increases the interaction in the Polymer-Filler to improve low heat generation performance and thereby minimizes energy loss. This improves fuel economy through decreasing Rolling Resistance.
Durability & Rim Slip
7
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Tire Basic Knowledge •Tire Manufacturing Process
•Factors Affecting Fuel Economy
•Tire Raw Materials
•Factors Affecting Tire Life
•Tire Structure
•RFID TAG (MLM Tracking System)
•Sidewall Information
•Certificate (SmartWay, EU Labeling)
•Tire Dimensions
8
9
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
TIRE MANUFACTURING PROCESS Mixing
Building
Raw Materials
- Weighing the raw materials according to each Compound Recipe. - Mixing the raw materials by use of banbury mixers.
Tire Building
- The tire builders assemble the beads, treads and ply stock to form the uncured tires. Rubber Bales
- Proceeding to the further mixing stage for making of finished rubber compound. Chemicals
Extrusion
Tread and Sidewall Extruding
- Extruding the rubber compounds to tread, sidewall and other components.
Calendering & Cutting
Banbury Mixer
Curing
Tire Curing
- Tires are cured(vulcanized) in molds under high heat and pressure to produce the finished product.
Steel Belt Calendering
- Making steel and fabric cord. - Rolling of the uncured rubber onto a sheet of steel(or fabric) to form a continuous sheet of rubber coated steel(or fabric).
Steel Belt Cutting
- The sheets are then cut by the bias cutter into appropriate lengths and at the proper angle.
Inspection & Finishing
Visual Inspection
Finished Tire
Balance Inspection
X-Ray Inspection
- The finished tires are trimmed. Bead Assembling - After the bead wire is coated with rubber it is then wrapped into the circle-shaped bead that will be used in constructing the bead assembly.
10
Bead Assembling
- Tires are sorted and labelled to identify type and size. - Final inspection of the finished tires.
11
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
TIRE RAW MATERIALS All tires may look similar, but tires are different due to variations in internal structure, rubber compound, shape and design. Tires are made from over 100 types of materials, and can be considered as a combination of high technologies and latest engineering research. Elastomers
Chemical Additives Synthetic Rubber
Natural Rubber Natural rubber is sourced from rubber trees from Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa. It has the attribute of reducing internal heat generated by friction when the tire is rolling. While it is used in many parts of the tire it is commonly used making treads for truck tires.
About 60% of synthetic rubber and 40% of natural rubber is needed in the tire industry. Synthetic elastomers deform under stress and return to their original shape when the stress is removed. Additionally, synthetic rubber enhances mileage and rolling resistance.
Anti Oxidants
Accelerator
Antioxidants are added to rubber to fight degradation by oxygen and ozone, which can shorten the life of tires.
Accelerators are used to control the cure rate, so different types of rubber can cure fully in the same amount of time.
Sulfur
Oil
Sulfur is a vulcanizing agent that transforms the rubber from a plastic to an elastic state. Its vulcanizing action is in company with other retarding and accelerating products. It also gives rubber resistance to both heat and cold.
Reinforcing Fillers Carbon Black Carbon black enhances the rubber compound to improve wear resistance of the tires. It comprises of about 30% of the rubber compound and gives tires their distinctive color which is effective in acting against ultraviolet rays to prevent cured rubber from cracking. 12
The oils serve as plasticizers that are used to improve rubber properties such as tensile strength, elasticity, tear strength, hardness and elongation at break. Additionally, the oils aid the processing by affecting the viscosity of rubber mixtures.
Type of Cord Silica
Silica enhances rubber compounds to improve resistance from tearing. These compounds make tires with low rolling resistance and good grip on cold surfaces and also improved mileage.
Fabric Cord Fabric cord quality is based on its strength, stretch, shrinkage, and elasticity. The yarn used is first twisted, and then two or more spools of yarn are twisted into a cord.
Steel Cord Steel wire cord quality is based on tensile strength, elongation, and stiffness. It is manufactured from steel rods with high carbon content and whilst the steel wires used have different configurations, all are brass-coated strands which are then twisted together into cords. 13
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
TIRE STRUCTURE COMPONENTS TREAD
TREAD
UNDER TREAD BELT
FUNCTION Tread is the contact surface to the ground, provides traction and wear resistance.
This has the role of shock-absorbing between tread and belt.
SIDEWALL
BODY PLY
BODY PLY (CARCASS)
Consist of steel cords that withstand the load and protect from the outside impact.
INNER LINER STEEL CHAFER
BELT
Multiple steel cord layers that protect from punctures, and also maximises the tread surface footprint for driving stability.
BEAD WIRE
TREAD
UNDER TREAD
SIDEWALL
To protect the carcass from outside impact, and withstand flexing.
BEAD WIRE
The steel assembly construction that fits tightly to the rim to prevent air loss and slippage.
INNER LINER BELT
BODY PLY INNER LINER
SIDEWALL
BEAD WIRE
APEX
STEEL CHAFER
APEX
A rubber filler that protects the bead by minimizing outside impact.
It protects the cord from direct contact between rim and carcass.
RIM FLANGE STEEL CHAFER
14
A layer of rubber in tubeless tires that prevent loss of air.
RIM FLANGE
The rim flange is attached to the out-side edge of the bead and prevents rim deviation.
15
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
SIDEWALL INFORMATION
➒ Speed Symbol
Tube Type or Tubeless
Speed Symbol
Speed (km/h)
Speed Symbol
Speed (km/h)
E
70
M
130
90 Series
70, 80 Series
65 Series
F
80
N
140
7.00 R16
8 R17.5
205/75 R17.5
-
G
90
P
150
7.50 R16
8.5 R17.5
215/75 R17.5
-
J
100
Q
160
8.25 R16
9.5 R17.5
245/70 R19.5
-
K
110
R
170
9.00 R20
10 R22.5
255/70 R22.5
-
L
120
S
180
10.00 R20
11 R22.5
275/70 R22.5
-
11.00 R20
12 R22.5
295/80 R22.5
385/65 R22.5
12.00 R20
13 R22.5
315/80 R22.5
425/65 R22.5
➓ Load Index (Single/Dual)
Tube type
Tubeless
TIRE DIMENSIONS •Section Width : Distance between outside of sidewall and an opposite outside of sidewall.
Section Width
Tread Width
Rim Width
➋ Pattern Name ➌ Size Information
12 R 22.5 Radial Rim Diameter(inch)
Low Profile
315 / 70 R 22.5 Section Width(mm)
Tubetype
Series
Radial Rim Diameter(inch)
11.00 R 20 Radial Rim Diameter(inch)
Section Width(inch)
➍ Load Range Load Range
16
PR
Load Range
PR
D
8
H
16
E
10
J
18
F
12
L
20
G
14
M
22
•Nominal Rim Diameter : Diameter of the rim from bead section to bead in inches.
➐ Max Load Max. load at Max. air inflation Load Index Max. Load(kg)
Nominal Rim Diameter
Load Index Max. Load(kg)
90
600
135
2180
95
690
140
2500
100
800
145
2900
105
925
150
3350
110
1060
155
3875
115
1215
160
4500
120
1400
165
5150
125
1650
170
6000
130
1900
175
6900
➑ Regroovable It is permitted for the tire to be regrooved
•Rim Width : Distance between the two opposite inside edges of the rim flanges. •Section Height : Distance from the bead section to the tread surface of an unloaded tire.
Overall Diameter
➏ Sidewall Construction Sidewall * steel
Section Width(inch)
Section Height
➎ Tread Construction : Tread * steel
➊ Manufacturers or Brand Name
Conventional
•Tread Width : Distance across the tread face of an unloaded tire.
•Loaded Width : The maximum section width when the tire is loaded. •Loaded Radius : The distance from the ground surface to the horizontal centerline of the tire & wheel assembly under maximum dual load and inflation pressure.
Loaded Radius
•Overall Diameter : The measurement of the distance of an unloaded tire between tread and an opposite side of tread. Loaded Width
•Aspect Ratio : Section Height / Section Width x 100 % 17
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
FACTORS AFFECTING FUEL ECONOMY Axle Weight Distribution & Position Contribution to Fuel Economy
Total Axle Weight
Environment
Operation
15,000kg (34,000Ib)
5,000kg (12,000Ib)
Axle Weight Distribution
42%
42%
16%
Fuel Consumption
43%
39%
18%
Tire
Various factors are affecting Fuel Economy
TIRE
DRIVER
VEHICLE
18
Single Trailer
15,000kg (34,000Ib)
Driver Vehicle
35,000kg(80,000Ib)
Total Axle Weight
Pattern, Compound, Type/Size, Percent Wear, Inflation Pressure, Tread Depth, Retreading
Attitude, Idle Time, Driving Habits, Engine Brake Use
35,000kg(80,000Ib)
22,000kg (51,000Ib)
Multi-Trailer
8,000kg (18,000Ib)
5,000kg (11,000Ib)
Axle Weight Distribution
63%
23%
14%
Fuel Consumption
64%
20%
16%
Transmission, Air Resistance, Maintenance, Alignment, Load
ENVIRONMENT
Traffic, Terrain, Road Surface, Weather, Temperature
OPERATION
Long Haul, Regional, Off the Road, Speed, Fuel Quality, Route
Fuel consumption factor is different from influences of each position steer, drive and trailer axles. Note that the contribution of drive tires to tire fuel economy factor was a bit less than predicted by axle weight distribution.
19
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Effect of Load on Fuel Efficiency Factor
Running Resistance(HP)
Fuel Savings(%)
Effect of Speed on Fuel Efficiency Factor
20
15.5%
15
10
Air Resistance
Tire Rolling Resistance
7.7%
5
3.9%
36,000
30
40
50
60
70
80
27,000
31,500
(80,000Ib)
(70,000Ib)
(60,000Ib)
18,000
(40,000Ib)
Load weight (kg)
Vehicle Speed(km/h)
Load is an important factor in the fuel consumption of heavy duty trucks.
Air resistance exponentially increases as vehicle speed increases.
Above Image indicates that reducing payload 4,500kg(10,000lb) produces about a 3.9 percent savings in fuel.
51% More
Fuel Required Load
33%
Speed Limit
90KMH
34%
37%
(55MPH)
Speed Limit
120KMH
46%
GROSS WEIGHT
(75MPH)
17%
33%
Rolling Resistance
Air Resistance
Everthing Else
Tire Rolling Resistance
Comparing 90KMH to 120KMH, air resistance will be a highly increased factor.
20
Driving
Rolling Resistance is related to Load.
21
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Fuel Economy(%)
Effect of Inflation on Fuel Efficiency Factor
Effect of Alignment on Fuel Efficiency Factor
4
TEST#1
TEST#2
TEST#3
TEST#4
TEST#5
0"
1/4"
1/4"
3/8"
3/8"
0"
0"
1/2"
1"
1"
0"
1/2"
1/2"
1"
0"
-1.7
-2.2
2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 Under Inflation -10
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tire Inflation Pressure (psi)
Tires under - inflated by 10psi = 1% poor fuel economy
Regardless of the type of tires you use, maintaining correct inflation pressure for the load will optimize tire performance, tire life and fuel economy.
Proper inflation pressure and load is important to maintaining proper stress distribution in the tire. This reduces flexing and then prevents wasting fuel and shortening casing life. Inflation pressure has a direct effect on fuel economy. So we have to monitor and maintain regularly. In addition, proper inflation will minimize irregular wear for longer tire life. And that of course reduces tire cost as well.
Steer Tire. Toe in : Drive Axle. Non-Parallel : Trailer Axle. Non-Parallel :
Non-Perpendicular to Frame, 1-1/2" % Improvement in Fuel Economy :
-0.6
-0.8
Proper alignment is important to improve fuel economy.
22
23
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Effect of Tread Depth on Fuel Efficiency Factor
new
30% worn = 2% savings
Effect of tire design & construction on Fuel Efficiency Factor Much of the rolling resistance of a tire, about 58 percent, comes from the tire tread. For that reason, many manufacturers have focused on fuel-efficient tread compounding. Some compounds can reduce tire rolling resistance significantly. The tread compound is chosen for high resistance to wear, long tread life and high traction on wet roads. The tread compound with these strong points
tends to generate more heat, at the base layer, between the tread and the body. By use of a cooler tread compound the overall tire temperature is therefore lower, this leads to longer tread life and better retreadability. Lower temperature also means lower rolling resistance which gives better fuel economy because less fuel energy is wasted through heat generation.
50% worn = 4.5% savings
80% worn = 6.5% savings
58.3% Tread
Fuel Savings at Various Tread Wear Levels
Tread depth has an important effect on tire fuel economy. As the tread compound is worn away, the fuel efficiency of a tire increases.
25.2% Side
Less tire weight has the advantage of reduced rolling resistance. 16.5% Bead
Effect of Tread Design on Fuel Efficiency Factor
RR Contribution of Tire Components Rim Flange 11.12% Apex 5.25% Bead Wire 0.13% Inner 7.03% Ply 5.35%
Bead
Side
Tread
Tread 51.75%
Side Wall 12.80%
Rib designs tend to be more fuel-efficient than lug or block designs. This suggests that if you can achieve sufficient traction, the more fuel efficient tires might be shallow-tread rib designs. 24
Belt Cushion 2.02%
Belt 4.55%
The percentage will be slightly different as tire size and way of mearsuring. 25
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
FACTORS AFFECTING TIRE LIFE Effect of Inflation on Tire Life Factor
130
Tread Wear (%)
Tread Wear (%)
Effect of Speed on Tire Life Factor
120 110 100
100
80
60
90 40
80 70
20
60 50
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
90
80
Speed (km/h)
70
60
Inflation (%)
Under-inflation adversely affects tread wear, so we have to check air regularly.
Effect of Load on Tire Life Factor
Effect of Road Condition on Tire Life Factor
140
Tread Wear (%)
Tread Wear (%)
As speed is increasing, tread wear rate will be down.
120 100
100
100 90 70 60
80
50
50
60 40 20 0
90
100
110
120
130
Paved
Concrete
Partially Gravel
Gravel
Off Road
Load (%)
Overloading of the vehicle also adversely affects tread wear directly. 26
Tread wear rate will be decreased as the road condition deteriorates. 27
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
RFID TAG (MLM Tracking System) Effect of Surface Temperature on Tire Life Factor
Tread Wear (%)
What is RFID Tag? RFID is Radio-Frequency Identification technology to recognize stored information by using a magnetic carrier wave. This tag also has the advantage of being able to hold and read information. This is a system to manage the history of production, distribution and sales through a RFID tag attached near the interior bead area of tire.
120
100
Manufacture department - Control of materials - Automatic classification and storage of products
80
▶
Quality control - Products quality tracking system - Quality grade control
60
20
30
40
50
60
70
As tire surface temperature increases, tread wear rate will be decreased.
▶▶
Tire Surface Temperature(˚C)
130
125 RFID Tag
120
100
Summer 30˚C
▶
100
It is attached to the top of the 30~50mm of bead area.
Sales - Dealer inventory management
110
110
Spring & Fall
Temperature is an important factor to tread wear rate. 28
▶▶
Tread Wear (%)
Effect of Ambient Temperature on Tire Life Factor
Winter -5˚C
Logistics -Stock control in warehouse -To prevent the shipment of wrong size and pattern products
Application of RFID This technology allows efficient and systematic product management in all departments such as manufacture, quality control, logistics and sales. 29
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
CERTIFICATE (SMARTWAY) •SmartWay Transport Partnership The SmartWay Transport Partnership is a collaboration between freight shippers, carriers, and logistics companies to voluntarily achieve improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions from freight transport. The program is administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and is currently housed with the USEPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) •Goals of the SmartWay T he SmartWay Transport Partnership is likely to have increasing appeal in the coming years as fuel prices rise and as the prospect of global warming influences businesses and individuals to reassess their environmental footprint.
By 2012, the SmartWay Transport Partnership aims to save between 3.3 and 6.6 billion gallons of diesel fuel per year, which translates to eliminating between 33 - 66 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions and up to 200,000 tons of nitrous oxide emissions per year. The Partnership also aims to reduce large amounts of particulate matter (PM). The SmartWay Partnership is committed to helping freight shippers and carriers discover ways to improve the efficiency of their supply chain and achieve superior environmental performance.
Applicable Standards and Enforcement Applied Vehicles
RRC Taget Values ISO2850
Steer
6.5
Drive
6.6
Effective Date
Remarks
■For multi-position tires, if the tire qualifies for verification as a railer tire, it qualifies for verification at all positions. If it qualifies for verification as a steer tire, it also qualifies for verification as a drive tire.
Tractor-Trailer (Long-haul business)
2011. 03. 31
■A minimum sample of three tires is to be tested. The average rolling resistance coefficient of the sample is the value to be compared with the target values.
Class 7,8 Vehicles Trailer
5.1
Marshal SmartWay Certification Use
Long-haul
Regional
30
Mounting Position
Position
PTN.
Primary Standard
Steer
KLS02e
Certification standards 295/75R22.5
275/80R22.5
11R22.5
11R24.5
285/75R24.5
295/75 R22.5
◯
◯
◯
◯
◯
KLD01e
295/75 R22.5
◯
◯
◯
◯
◯
KLD02e
295/75 R22.5
◯
◯
Trailer
KLT02e
295/75 R22.5
◯
◯
◯
◯
Steer
KRS02e
295/75 R22.5
◯
Drive
◯
31
Tire Basic Knowledge
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
CERTIFICATE (EU LABELING) The new tire label : for increased transparency and safety
External Rolling Noise
On 1 November 2012, the new EU regulation 1222/2009 on the labelling requirements for motor vehicle tires comes into effect. The tire label applies to all new tires produced after 1 July 2012. The new label will make it easier to identify and compare three important performance characteristics:braking performance in wet conditions, noise levers and fuel efficiency.
Fuel Efficiency Fuel Savings depend fundamentally on the vehicle and driving conditions. If a vehicle is fitted all round with Class A tires as opposed to Class G, fuel consumption can potentially be reduced by up to 20%. This value can be even higher with commercial vehicles.
Wet Grip The degree of effectiveness depends fundamentally on the vehicle and driving conditions. With full brake application, the braking distance can be shortened by up to 30% on a vehicle fitted all round with Class A as opposed to Class G tires. On a “normal” car travelling at a speed of 80 km/ h, the braking distance on a road surface with average grip can be up to 18m shorter.
…………………………………………… + 0.101
One black stripes indicate that the external rolling noise of the tire is more than 3dB below the EU upper limits that will apply until 2016.
+4m
………………………………………… + 0.131
+5m
……………………………………… + 0.141
+6m
…………………………………… +0.151
+7m
…………………………………… +0.161
32
Two black stripes indicate that the external rolling noise of the tire complies with the EU upper limits that apply until 2016 or are up to 3dB below the lomit.
+3m
…………………………………………… + 0.121
Example(car tires) Litres more over 100 km with an average consumption of 6.61 A(geatest efficiency) to G(least efficiency)
The extemal rolling noise of the tire is measured in decibels. It should be noted here that the extemal rolling noise of the tire does not correlate with the noise in the vehicle interior.
The pictogram with three black stripes means that the external rolling noise of the tire complies with the EU upper limits that apply until 2016.
+8m
Example(car tires) Braking distance from 80 > 0km/h
33
Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Tire Management •General Tire Management
•Storage
•Pressure Maintenance
•Mounting & Demounting
•Driving Habit
•Alignment
•Balance and Runout
•Tire Damage & Abnormal Wear
•Periodic Rotation of Tires
34
35
Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
GENERAL TIRE MANAGEMENT Good tire management is an important key in making a transport operation profitable. Investing time and commitment to correctly manage tires will return major reductions in the cost of tires, fuel and service, which will then repay the cost of the management process many times over. This section explains some of the basic steps of good tire management. Of course, there is a lot more to tire management than what we will cover here, however the greatest benefits are usually achieved just by putting into place the relatively easy processes that are in this section. We all should know these basic steps but unfortunately we often ignore them.
We will cover selecting the right tire for each application and understanding pressure maintenance. We will explain some of the ways that good tire service and vehicle maintenance affects tire performance, particularly in relation to tire mounting and alignment maintenance. And we have photos showing the impact that ignoring these factors can have on tires and also how to identify and correct the causes of abnormal tire wear. The information in this section will make it easier to communicate with the technical support people from your tire suppliers, your vehicle suppliers and service specialists. These people appreciate that customers who understand the concepts of good tire management will be able to make their products perform more effectively.
•Tread Design Choosing the correct tread design is another part of specifying the correct tire. Different applications, and even the position of the tire on the vehicle, may require very different types of tires to achieve optimum vehicle performance and economy.
On Paved Road PERFORMANCE Long Tread Life Good Stability and Handling Good Ride and Traction Sidewall Durability Low Heat Generation Rib
Rib-Lug
Block
Mixed Service(Paved + Off Road) PERFORMANCE Good Cut & Chip Resistance Good Traction Sidewall & Body Durability. Rib-Lug
Lug
Rib-Lug
Block
Off the Road PERFORMANCE Best Cut & Chip Resistance Good Traction Overall Tread & Body Durability.
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Braking Distance for Tread Design •Compound(Rubber)
BRAKING DISTANCE(Comparison)
All tires are not created equal. "On-paved" road tires are designed to run on roads with smooth, hard surfaces. Off road tires are designed for gravel, dirt or stone roads. Mixed Service tires are designed for vehicles which run on both types of road. "On-paved" road tires have a long life, high heat resistance tread compounds which will provide better handling and cooler running on good roads but may have cut & chip problems when run on dirt, stones or broken surfaces. Off road tires have best cut and chip resistant
118 %
RIB Type
100 %
BLOCK Type
tread compounds and may have a thicker, more rigid carcass construction. These features resist the physical damage that may be encountered in harsh operation conditions but may cause heat problems when run long distances at high speeds. Of course, it is not the good roads which damages Off road or Mixed Service tires that are run in highway conditions. Rather, it is the high temperatures developed within the tire which can cause rapid tread wear and internal damage such as tread, belt or body ply separation.
Rib type braking distance is longer by about 18% than block type. Having a rib type tire on the front axle gives better performance in driving stability, comfort and noise than block type.
Braking Distance for Worn-out & New Tire BRAKING DISTANCE(Comparison)
126 % Classification
WORN
HRC (Heat Resistance Compound)
100 %
NEW Braking Distance for a worn-out tire is 26% longer than for a new tire. Therefore, we recommend that any 80% worn-out tires must be changed to rear axle positions.
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CRC (Cut/Chip Resistance Compound)
Characteristic - Low Heat Generation - Excellent Wear Resistance - Poor Cut & Chip Resistance
Usage ㆍLong Haul ㆍCity Bus ㆍTrailer ㆍWinter(Snow)
-B est Cut & Chip Resistance - Low Modulus / High Elongation
ㆍOff Road
- Poor Wear Resistance
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
PRESSURE MAINTENANCE Good pressure maintenance is essential for good tire performance. Servicing tires must be a planned maintenance procedure rather than a series of emergency actions. The process of regularly checking and recording pressure, wear rates and kilometers of service can enable you to achieve much greater average tire life and lower cost per kilometer.
This process is not just another non-productive administration task but is the first step toward managing tires and tire service. The cost of good management will be repaid many times over by savings in tread life, body failures, service calls and down time, as well as significant fuel savings.
•Importance of the Inflation Pressure The easiest first thing that must be done to keep your tire safe is to maintain the proper pressure of your tire. A tire which is either over or under inflated can cause both damage and also reduce tire mileage. Uuder-Inflation
1) Danger of Under pressure
Uuder-Inflation
Over-Inflation
Over-Inflation
2) Adverse effect of Over pressure
UnderInflation
OverInflation
It is the air within the tire which supports the weight of your vehicle. If the tire is underinflated the rubber structure of the tire will over flex and create heat buildup.
Over inflation will also cause problems. whilst it is the air in the tire that supports the vehicle too much air inflation can also cause damage to the tire.
While the tire is designed to withstand high temperatures once a certain temperature point is reached a chemical change occurs within the rubber compound leading to tire weakness and then failure. Also if a tire is underinflated the tread footprint becomes distorted leading to irregular wear of the tire and increased tread wear. The tire is designed to perform best at the correct tire inflation.
As per the above picture the center of the tire bulges out to the road surface (rather than the entire tread face) which causes rapid tread wear, shortens the life of the tire and gives an uncomfortable ride due to reduced elasticity of the over inflated tire.
3) Mismatch of Pressure of Duals Dual tires must have the same effective rolling circumference so that each tire does not try to travel a different distance to the other every time the wheel rotates. Any difference in circumferences can cause erratic, uneven wear on one or both tires There are several factors which can alter the effective rolling circumference of tires including quite small
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Tire Management
3) MatchinginDuals differences pressures. As well as all other factors such as case size and depth, requires which must be correctly Dualtread assembly thealso matching of 2 matched, the same pressures in dual should tires with the pressures andtires diameters. be kept matched to +/-has 3 psi(20kPa). If either of the tires larger or smaller diameters it will cause rapid wear, irregular Unfortunately, and pressure wear and highmatching levels of the slip.size Higher or lower of duals is an area where specifications inflation pressures will also have rapid and work practices irregular wear ashave well.been carried over from the bias-ply tiresars ago and do not apply to the modern radial product. Modern radial tires that are fitted as duals must have the effective Tire Width rolling circumferences matched accurately to
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
less than +/- 2mm of variation for each meter of circumference of the tire. Therefore when we consider choosing the tire at the duals, we generally choose the same brand, pattern, size, load index and speed symbol.
4) Hints to maintain proper pressure - Consult a MARSHAL Truck Tire dealer for the proper inflation pressures of your tire. - Check inflation pressures on all your tires at least once a week, especially if you drive for commercial purposes.
Less than 9.00”
More than 9.00”
Overall diameter difference
6mm
8mm
- When checking inflation pressures tires must not be too hot. The pressures are changed by temperature variations therefore you should only add additional air when tires are cold.
Tread depth difference
3mm
4mm
- Use a properly calibrated tire gauge.
Inflation pressure difference
5) Self Inspection method of the tire - Pressure when checked varies more than 5psi. You must check for tire penetration/ valve leakage/rim damage which may have caused air loss. - Please check your tire surface. If your tires have any defects as per the below photos. Please consult your tire dealer.
5% Sidewall Penetration
Sidewall Cut
Shoulder Cut
Tread Penetration
Tread Cut
Tread Impact
Matching limits for dual tires should be kept as above.
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
DRIVING HABIT 1) Rapid Starts/Sudden Stops - This can cause rapid wear and irregular wear. Excessive acceleration of the drive axle may result in slippage and cause sectional rapid wear. This leads to irregular wear over long term use and can even cause chipping/chunking of your tire tread.
2) Road with Poor condition surface - Gravel roads or unmade roads with sharp stones and road hazards such as pot holes can damage tires during high speed use. You should drive carefully and reduce the speed when on roads with poor road surface.
BALANCE AND RUNOUT 3) Hard Cornering - This is especially applicable for trucks on paved roads at high speed. When cornering at excessive speeds there may be slide slips of the tire tread and apart from causing power loss it will contribute to tire wear and also cause chipping/chunking and tearing of the tire tread.
4) Excessive load - As previously explained the weight of the vehicle and the load carried is not only supported by air pressure but also by the rubber composition of the tire. Excessive load on the tire even with additional air pressure may cause the tire stress above its design parameters especially to the bead area (the section of the tire closest to the rim). This overstress may cause internal defects within the bead possible leading to sudden bursting or deflation of the tire.
If a driver reports vibration either through the driver steering wheel or the vehicle body the first step to rectify is to check the balance and runout of the tires. The following steps should be taken to determine the cause of the vibration.
3) Third step is to check runout of the tire as excess amount of tire runout can cause vibration.
1) First step is check to make sure the wheel is not bent, the tire is correctly mounted and that there is no flat spotting of the tire tread. These will cause vibration to the vehicle. These cannot be corrected by additional tire weights to the tire wheel component
- A device (such as an off the vehicle balancer or on the vehicle balancer) must be used to spin the tire without ground contact. Also check that the axle of the vehicle is aligned properly and that the tire rim assembly was properly bolted to the axle hub.
2) Second step is to measure and then correct any out of balance by the use of a bubble balancer/gravity balancer or the more preferred electronic wheel balancer that tire dealers have.
- Use a tire dial runout indicator gauge to measure radial/lateral runout of the tire. - Check the radial runout of the tire by using the gauge in the center of the tread (as much as you can avoiding any grooves) check for one complete radial spin and also one complete reverse spin. - Check the lateral runout of the tire. Use the gauge on the sidewall of the tire where the brand letters are embossed. Again check for one complete radial spin and also one complete reverse spin.
On the Car Balance
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- You must check air inflation of the tire. Adjust to the proper inflation.
Off the Car Balance
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
PERIODIC ROTATION OF TIRES
STORAGE
To lengthen the life of tires and to reduce uneven wear of the tire which can shorten the life of the tire, it is recommended that radial tires be rotated on a regular basis.
1) Tires should be stored in a cool dry place indoors where there is no likelihood of water pooling or other contamination sources.
For example: steer tires should be rotated at 25,000kms and 50,000kms for drive tires. By correctly rotating tires to this schedule you will minimize steer tire vibration. Please follow the procedures as shown on this page.
Single Axle
2) Water can cause serious problems to the internal structure of the tire. Water permutation can modify and damage the internal construction components of a tire.
5) Tires should also be stored upright instead of lying flat or stacked on top of each other. Incorrect storage can cause deformation to the shape of the tires and then cause difficulty in the correct mounting of the tires to the rims.
Dual Axle
Tri Axle
Dual pairs should be rotated in the same pairing.
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4) Grease/gasoline/chemicals can cause permanent deterioration to rubber compounds.
3) Excessive heat and ozone can cause cracking of the exterior of the tire. This is more prevalent to the sidewall.
Steer tires can be rotated to the drive and trailer axles. And drive tires can be rotated onto the trailer axle.
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
MOUNTING & DEMOUNTING General Instructions for Tubeless Tire Mounting Correct Mounting / Demounting is very important for personal safety and best tire performance. To prevent serious personal injury or death and to ensure tire performance, it must be mounted / demounted by correct procedures, proper tools and by specially trained Person. - Check the tire, rim and valve for any damage - Check correct size of a tire and matching rim / wheel - Use correct tools and fully lubricate beads - Only specially trained personnel should mount and demount a tire using correct procedures - Always use a safety cage to inflate a mounted tire to standard air pressure
1. Prepare correct rim, tools and lubricant.
4. Fully lubricate both beads (in and out) of the tire.
7. U se proper tools to fit over first bead.
11. Inflate to standard pressure in safety cage. This is an important Safety Issue.
8. Seating top bead with the same method.
12. Inspect for proper seating on the rim and for any air loss from damaged spot or from valve.
Measure this distance
2. Inspect the tire and rim for damage and deformation, clean any dirt and foreign material.
5. L ocate rim on a clean flat area. Place the tire on the rim with proper downward pressure.
9. Use proper tools; do not use duck Bill hammer or related equipment to avoid impact or cut damage to the tire.
3. Fully lubricate both flanges and drop center.
6. Use the proper tools to protect against personal injury.
10. Locate mounted tire on flat surface, inflate no more than 5 Psi to seat the beads.
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13. Measure the distance between tire and rim after mounting.(As shown above) - Measure a minimum of 4 positions of tire. - The difference of all position's distance has to be within 1.5 mm.
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
General Instructions for Tubeless Tire Demounting
Danger of Tire Mounting
1. Open the valve core and deflate tire fully.
4. Step forward into the drop center, push down the bar.
7. Note! Non-lubrication of the bead may cause severe damage to the bead area.
2. Lubricate inside bead to avoid demounting damage.
5. Progressively work tools around the rim until the first bead is off the rim.
8. Lift tire and rim, push tire to rear of rim to allow insertion of fitting tool.
Only trained personnel using proper tools and procedures should do Tire mounting. Failure to use safe mounting procedures could cause faulty positioning of the tire and cause the assembly to burst with explosive force sufficient to cause serious personal injury or death. Always inspect tire for kinked beads or other possible damage that may have occurred in shipping or storage. Clean rim and lubricate beads with rubber lubricant. Always lock rim on mounting machine or place in safety cage prior to inflation. Always use a clip on chuck, an in-line valve with a pressure gauge or adjustable regulator and a remote inflation/ deflation device.
Never inflate a tire without placing first into safety cage.
3. U se a Slide hammer as a wedge.
6. This shows the first bead unseated from the rim.
9. Allow the assembly to drop, and rock the tire from the wheel. Safety cage
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
ALIGNMENT As tires have been improved to give better handling and directional stability, they have also developed a much lower tolerance to misalignment. Maintaining correct alignment of all of the wheels on trucks and trailers is critical if we are to achieve good results from tires as well as optimum fuel economy. It is also important to understand that badly worn steering and suspension components will adversely affect alignment and vehicles must be kept in good mechanical condition to minimize tire and fuel expenses. Although there are many mechanical factors which affect wheel alignment, at the tire surface the results of these factors are two conditions which can cause rapid wear. They are Toe, Camber, Caster, Ackermann, Axle thrust and Tandem Axle Scrub.
Toe
Camber
Toe is the most important alignment condition affecting steer axle tire wear. The purpose of setting toe rightly is to allow the tire to run straight without creating any tire damage during normal operating conditions. Toe settings affect three major areas of performance: tire wear, straight-line stability and corner entry handling characteristics.
Camber is the angle of the wheel relative to vertical, as viewed from the front or the rear of the car. If the wheel leans in towards the chassis, it has negative camber; if it leans away from the car, it has positive camber.
Toe-In
(+) Camber
Toe-out
(-) Camber
•Camber Failure This is referred to as being out of camber, or it is sometimes referred to as a one side wear. This is due to excessive camber in your front suspension.
•Toe-In Failure This is evidenced by a tire wear situation. where the tread rib becomes slightly rounded on one edge, and a there is a sharp edge on the opposite side of the tread.
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Caster
Ackermann
Axle Thrust
Tandem Axle Scrub
Caster is a bit harder to conceptualize, but its defined as the angle created by the steerings pivot point from the front to back of the vehicle. Caster is positive if the line is angled forward, and negative if backward.
When we have Ackermann effect present in our steering design, it means that the amount of toe-out increases as the steering wheel is turned and with Reverse Ackermann, toe is reduced. There are different static settings for front end toe that are dependent on the size of the road, the banking angle, and the type of tire used.
The thrust angle is an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the rear axle's centerline. It compares the direction that the rear axle is aimed with the centerline of the vehicle. It also confirms if the rear axle is parallel to its front axle and that the wheelbase on both sides of the vehicle is the same.
Tandem drive axles that are not parallel or axles that are not perpendicular to the chassis centerline have a definite effect on steer tire wear.
•Axle Thrust Failure Any deviation from this setting will cause the vehicle to travel away from the straight ahead line, causing the tires to scrub.
•Axle Scrub Failure Excessive tandem axle non-parallelism is usually detected in irregular steer tire wear. And parallelity errors on trailer axles also cause rapid tire wear on these as well.
+
0
18o
•Caster Failure Insufficient caster reduces stability and can cause steering wander. Excessive caster increases steering effort and can cause shimmy as well.
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20o
•Ackermann Failure This is evidenced by tire scrubbing, which also creates unwanted heat and wear in the tire. It can be eliminated by turning the inside wheel at a greater angle than the outside one.
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
TIRE DAMAGE & ABNORMAL WEAR Tread Damage
Sidewall Damage
•Severe Breaking & Impact to Tread area will lead to internal damage • Impact with a curb, pothole, road debris, etc •Severe impact with any blunt object
•Severe Breaking & Impact to Sidewall area will lead to internal damage •Impact with a curb, pothole, road debris, etc •Severe impact with any blunt object
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Tread Cut
Tread Shock
Sidewall Impact
Sidewall Impact
Tread Shock
Tread Shock
Zipper Crack
Other (Stone holding)
Tread Shock
Other
Other(C.B.U = Cord Break Up) 57
Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Bead Damage
Abnormal Wear
Weakening of Bead Durability is affected by the below reasons
Abnormal wear is caused by various operating condition
•Heat generated during heavy braking operations transferring to tire •Incorrect wheel width •Excessive flex from overload & under-inflation •Mounting & Demounting Problem (Insufficient lubrication, improper tool use)
•Not using correct tire design for vehicle use and application •Defective wheel alignment / Vehicle component wear •Weight imbalance of wheels •Under inflation or overloading •Mismatched duals and inconsistent dual inflation
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Bead Cut
Broken above Bead
Bead Deformation
Broken above Bead
Both Shoulder Wear
Bead Deformation
Broken Bead Wire
Irregular Wear
One-Sided Wear
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Tire Management
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Other Damage •OverLoading / Under inflation caused by a leaking valve or an improper repair will have an effect on to tire durability •Sudden air loss caused by penetration / impact leading to Run - Flat
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Inner Liner Crack
Inner Liner Separation
Run-flat
Run-flat
Inner Liner Damage
Improper Repair
Run-flat
Cut & Chip
Object Penetration
Object Penetration
Leaking Valve
Side cracking 61
Warranty Regulation
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Warranty Regulation •Limited Tire Warranty
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Warranty Regulation
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
LIMITED TIRE WARRANTY To : Our Valued Customers / Users
WHAT IS COVERED BY THE WARRANTY AND HOW LONG?
WHO IS ELIGIBLE UNDER THE WARRANTY?
The new original usable tread has worn down to 1.6mm(worn down to the top indicators in the tread grooves), before 5 years from the date of manufacture for every light truck and heavy duty truck tire (whichever comes first) any Marshal tires covered by warranty becomes unusable due to a material or workmanship condition.
Marshal Tire Co., Inc., warrants to the original consumer purchaser that all Marshal radial tires either directly or through an authorized Marshal dealer.
A. Within the first 10% of treadwear, Marshal will replace such tire with a comparable new Marshal tire free of charge. Applicable taxes on the new tire and costs of mounting and balancing service are payable by the owner. B. After the first 10% of treadwear, adjustment for compensation will be made on a pro-rate basis calculated by the percentage of remaining usable tread depth. Applicable taxes on the new tire and costs of mounting and balancing service are payable by the owner.
To obtain the credit percentage, please utilize the following example: (R.T.D - T.W.I) (O.T.D - T.W.I) - P:P urchasing Price From MARSHAL of New Tire
CREDIT = P x
* tax and expenses not included
- R.T.D : Remaining Tread Depth on the Defective Tire
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WHAT IS NOT COVERED BY THE WARRANTY?
OWNER'S OBLIGATION
1. Tire damage or irregular wear due to
In order to be eligible for MARSHAL's Limited Warranty service, the owner must:
1) Road hazards such as punctures, cuts, snags, scuffs, carcass bruised, stone drill or impact breaks. 2) Improper inflation, overloading, high speed spinning, improper mounting or demounting, running flat, off-road use, racing, vandalism, willful damage or abuse.
1. Present the defective tire to a MARSHAL authorized dealer. 2. C omplete and sign a MARSHAL warranty claim Form, which is avialable at any authorized dealer. 3. Present proof of purchase.
3) Improper use or operation, without limitation, improper inflation pressure, over-loading, use of an improper rim, vehicle misalignment, tire/wheel assembly imbalance or other vehicle condition, worn suspension components, improper mounting or de-mounting, misuse, misapplication, fire of other externally generated heat, water or other material trapped inside the tire during mounting tire alteration, improper inserting of sealant, balance or filler materials. 2. A ny tire worn beyond tread-wear indicator 3. Ride disturbance caused due to 1) d amaged wheels or flat spot while immobile. 2) after the first 10% of treadwear. 4. Tires used in racing related activities or competitive events.
- O.T.D : Original Tread Depth on the New Tire
5. Tire which have been repaired.
- T.W.I : Tread wear indicater
6. Loss of time or use, inconvenience, or any incidental or consequential damage.
※L imited warranty can be changed by manufacturer without prior notice and can be differently applied by regions. 65
Appendix
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
Appendix •Ply Rating & Load Ranges •Load Index •Speed Symbol •Pressure Unit Table
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Appendix
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
PLY RATING & LOAD RANGES •Truck tires are frequently marked with ply rating and equivalent load range. These markings are used to identify the load and inflation limits of that particular tire, when used in a specific type of service. See the table for conversion of tire markings. Corresponding loads may be found in appropriate load tables.
LOAD INDEX
Ply Rating
Load Range
4
B
6
C
8
D
10
E
12
F
14
S.I. Units
Length
m (meter)
Mass
kg (kilogram)
KG.
LBS.
Load index
KG.
LBS.
Load index
KG.
LBS.
Load index
KG.
LBS.
90
600
1325
110
1060
2335
130
1900
4190
150
3350
7390
G
91
615
1355
111
1090
2405
131
1950
4300
151
3450
7610
16
H
92
630
1390
112
1120
2470
132
2000
4410
152
3550
7830
18
J
93
650
1435
113
1150
2535
133
2060
4540
153
3650
8050
20
L
94
670
1475
114
1180
2600
134
2120
4675
154
3750
8270
22
M
95
690
1520
115
1215
2680
135
2180
4805
155
3875
8540
96
710
1565
116
1250
2755
136
2240
4940
156
4000
8820
97
730
1610
117
1285
2835
137
2300
5070
157
4125
9090
98
750
1655
118
1320
2910
138
2360
5205
158
4250
9370
99
775
1710
119
1360
3000
139
2430
5355
159
4375
9650
100
800
1765
120
1400
3085
140
2500
5510
160
4500
9920
101
825
1820
121
1450
3195
141
2575
5675
161
4625
10200
102
850
1875
122
1500
3305
142
2650
5840
162
4750
10500
103
875
1930
123
1550
3415
143
2725
6005
163
4875
10700
104
900
1985
124
1600
3525
144
2800
6175
164
5000
11000
105
925
2040
125
1650
3640
145
2900
6395
165
5150
11400
106
950
2095
126
1700
3750
146
3000
6610
166
5300
11700
1 pound per square inch
107
975
2150
127
1750
3860
147
3075
6780
167
5450
12000
1 kg/cm2 - 98.066 kPa
108
1000
2205
128
1800
3970
148
3150
6940
168
5600
12300
109
1030
2270
129
1850
4080
149
3250
7160
169
5800
12800
170
6000
13200
Other Units 1 inch (") = 0.0254 m or 25.4 mm 1 mile = 1609 m (1.609 km) 1 kilometer = 0.621 mile
1 pound (lb) = 0.4536 kg 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.205 lbs. 1 bar* = 100 kPa
Pressure
Speed
kPa (Pascal)
m/s (meter per second)
International Load Index Numbers Load index
Units of Measurement Quantity
•The load index represented by the numerical value is related to the maximum weight that tire can carry. So in this case, '150' would refer to a load capacity of 3,350kg(7,390lbs).
1 psi = 6.895 kPa
1 kilometer per hour (kph)* = 0.27778 m/s 1 mile per hour (mph) = 0.4470 m/s (or 1.60935 kph)
* Non S.I. unit to be retained for use in specialized fields. 68
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Appendix
Marshal Tire Technical Guide
SPEED SYMBOL
PRESSURE UNIT TABLE
•The speed symbol indicates the maximum speed at which the tire can carry a load corresponding to its load index. So in this case, 'L' would refer to a maximum speed of 120KMH(75MPH).
70
kPa
bar
lb/in2*(p.s.i.)
kg/cm*
100
1.0
15
1.0
150
1.5
22
1.5
200
2.0
29
2.0
250
2.5
36
2.6
300
3.0
44
3.1
350
3.5
51
3.6
400
4.0
58
4.1
450
4.5
65
4.6
500
5.0
73
5.1
550
5.5
80
5.6
600
6.0
87
6.1
650
6.5
94
6.6
700
7.0
102
7.1
750
7.5
109
7.7
800
8.0
116
8.2
850
8.5
123
8.7
Speed Symbol
Speed(Km/h)
Speed(MPH)
F
80
50
G
90
55
J
100
62
K
110
68
L
120
75
M
130
81
N
140
87
P
150
93
Q
160
99
R
170
105
S
180
112
T
190
118
U
200
124
900
9.0
131
9.2
H
210
130
950
9.5
138
9.7
VR
240
150
1000
10.0
145
10.2
ZR
OVER 240
150+
1050
10.5
152
10.7
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