Making the Intelligent Oil Field a Reality

IBM Global Business Services Petroleum Industry Making the Intelligent Oil Field a Reality Executive Brief Operations leadership envision a smarte...
Author: Sharon French
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IBM Global Business Services

Petroleum Industry

Making the Intelligent Oil Field a Reality Executive Brief

Operations leadership envision a smarter way of running their business where they are able to visualize their entire operation, call and retrieve data about production effortlessly and seamlessly, and collaborate across the entire enterprise to decrease production costs while increasing recovery. They also have heard many times that achieving their vision is just not possible: there are too many systems, no consistency of data, and the technology needed to connect information on assets and performance would be too costly and too difficult to achieve. A new approach is needed that makes the vision achievable and affordable. With this new approach, the business can be transformed into an environment where production data and documents are readily available, delivered in consistent formats despite their ties to diverse assets, sophisticated alerts are triggered based on business rules, and it is all delivered in an interface that visualizes the entire operation via intuitive hierarchies. This bold new vision is becoming a reality enabled by new technologies and approaches from IBM.

I. An Impossible Dream? The Vision for the Intelligent Oil Field Can Be Realized Leaders in the oil business always want to perform better. Improving production and yields, monitoring and improving business operations, improving quality, and ensuring worker and environmental safety are all vital business objectives. The largest and most powerful levers for achieving these objectives are in the field, where the most valuable assets – experienced people, equipment, and producing assets – must be continually optimized to deliver maximum value. In this day and age, leaders are advancing their game beyond new machinery and better sites. The areas of drilling and completion, reservoir and production management, and operations/ maintenance now all benefit from technology and data-driven functions, but few are connected to show the big picture. Leaders have a vision for producing assets more intelligently whereby they boost production, quality, and safety by seeing the big picture and being “omniscient” about their operations, using data throughout the production processes to drive how they make decisions and measure performance. Call this vision the Intelligent Oil Field (or IOF). In the Intelligent Oil Field, oil workers and engineers are able to visualize the entirety of their operations by being able to instantly access key data about their assets, measurements, and documents in consistent and intuitive formats. This information, in turn, provides them a consistent, comprehensive and unified view by which they can make decisions. Beyond merely referencing the state of the oil field, the environment is proactive and action-oriented by means of alerts and events triggered or activated by key metrics and the ability to act on these events as they occur. They are able to collaborate with experts on problems and solutions effortlessly. The result is smarter and more effective management of resources, ultimately improving production, reducing errors, and compressing decision times. The Intelligent Oil Field, at its heart, is an extension of business capabilities where leadership can manage the value chain and not just equipment. New possibilities present themselves across large production environments that have multiple assets and multiple geographies. The Intelligent Oil Field enables production optimization across sites, supports inter/intra-site regulatory compliance, and enables collaborative manufacturing performance management. It creates the ability to effectively maintain equipment relationships, track events and conditions across multiple sites. It enables assets to operate closer to the optimum by improving business processes, including real-time visibility and process collaboration, event management in business real-time, and predictive analysis and optimization.

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Figure 1

Technology practitioners need their desires answered as well. In most operations, the technology puzzle is too difficult. To start, like most long lived assets, each field, acquired and produced over time and geographies, have their own standards and methods for naming and delivering data. There are many incompatible and inconsistent systems, from site-level production and asset systems to broad enterprise systems, such as ERP and sourcing systems. On-boarding new facilities or functionality is difficult, time consuming and costly. There is often weak process and systems interoperability. There is no consistent data foundation, ownership, or structure. The main barriers include: • Numerous different applications deployed across the enterprise at both the business and production levels to manage and record operations performance. • Each application instance has its own unique reference and data model, creating a lag time before data is available for comprehensive analysis. • Process tag information and its context to equipment is not conveyed in real time, thus placing a heavy reliance on engineering interpretation. Processes are embedded within applications, equipment and employees. • Cross location and cross work process transactions and events are not captured in the context of equipment configurations or production relevant events.

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• Operational views are incomplete; overall analysis is sub-optimal and localized. Integrating additional facilities or introducing new functionality is difficult, time consuming and costly. • Process events, alerts cannot be distributed and handled across the enterprise to initiate business processes or personnel collaboration or attention. Traditionally, these barriers proved to be too much to overcome, or, at least, too expensive or expansive to tackle. This has put engineering and IT groups at unwitting, frustrating loggerheads, where the two can never come together to move effectively towards the vision.

Making it real: A new approach makes the Intelligent Oil Field vision achievable With a new approach to technology enablement, the vision for an Intelligent Oil Field can now be achieved. This new IBM Integrated Information Framework (IIF) utilizes Reference Semantic Model, Global Industry Standards, and a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach that enables data and connectivity without rip-n’-replace updates of existing systems. It is an approach that uses the existing technology and infrastructure base, regardless of its disparity, platform layout, or age, and brings it forward as a foundation for the future. By using this new approach, the asset owner is free to envision a new, more productive oil field where they have visibility, collaboration, event management, and better measurement. For IT, the new approach makes realizing the vision achievable at the right cost, with lower deployment risk, faster delivery times, and flexibility for the future to add new application function without re-tooling.

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Making it real: Partnership between engineering and IT is key In the following sections, we will discuss the functions, capabilities and benefits of the Intelligent Oil Field for both the end-user and the IT delivery team. For the enduser or oil field engineer, the vision is best described by how it changes day-to-day oil field operations, for example, describing the new ways in which engineers will access information or new metrics to help improve performance and make business decisions. For the IT practitioner, it is valuable to describe the underlying technology infrastructure and strategy, describing how the different data and technology components work together, and even expressing this in a reference architecture that represents an idealized solution. While it is important for us to describe the Intelligent Oil Field in two distinct languages, one business-focused, and one IT-focused, it also important to describe how these two views must work together. Because success in this endeavor requires understanding and cooperation between both groups, it becomes vital that the oil operations leadership and IT come together in partnership, mutually advocating for its creation and forming a coalition to champion its delivery. Due to the large scope and the equally impressive opportunity for benefits, companies who embark on this journey must be prepared to bring different constituent types together to embrace the cause. This partnership will require different people, with different expertise, to examine, analyze and plan for this endeavor using different mindsets: operational, behavioral, technological, financial, etc. It may also require strong leadership to facilitate and mediate the exchange of ideas and plans between the invested stakeholders in this transformation. In many ways, the ability to work together becomes as important as the new technology approach itself.

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II. New IOF Capabilities Enable Operations to Work Better The best way to understand the new vision of the Intelligent Oil Field is to understand what new information and new actions the oil practitioner can see and make. Sometimes this is describing the new process by which people work, other times describing software or tool functionality, and other times describing new entities such as alerts or reports that are created. We will attempt to describe all of these while putting a human face to how a workday may change in context of the new vision. The users in our oil field operation are not limited to just the analysts or crew. We include the production supervisor, platform engineers, engineering technical support, quality engineers, remote expert collaboration groups, and business users outside of the oil operations, such as the COO, finance and supply chain practitioners.

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Each of these users is empowered through computer interfaces that provide new views to information about the oil field and the oil field assets previously unavailable. This information is gathered and presented in new ways, in right-time, and converted into analysis and intelligence enabling the users to make better decisions and take better action in their daily operations. The new functionality can be described in three top-level categories: Real-time visibility and process collaboration: Provide a single source access point for users to manage all applications, services, and functions across the enterprise using an intuitive, hierarchal visual interface. This tool and its underlying technology enable the user to: • Create situational awareness and understanding to make better and faster decisions on factors such as production efficiency, drilling efficiency, or overall cost control • Obtain a single point of information access for the entire well platform or field • Be able to provide a defined synoptic or graphic for all aspects of operation associated with an area • Be able to drill down to lower levels of an aggregated area to look at measurement details • Create and modify graphical displays to best fit business needs • Seamlessly share data and collaborate with other knowledge workers, including technical resources, management, expert advisors, and supply chain practitioners. • Operate in this mode in well equipped business control rooms optimally designed to support these functions

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Sophisticated alerts and event management: A sophisticated system of gathering data real-time, applying complex business rules and predictive models, and executing business actions in the forms of alerts and system events to consuming users, services or applications. This includes: • Driving business services based on problems or opportunities discovered in real time • Enabling alert mechanisms for all users based on present profiles and deviations from trend norms • Enabling the assignment of priorities to the alerts by the user • Sending of alerts and alarms to notify people or applications of specific events • Providing animations of associated graphical displays to better indicate and illustrate the alarm occurrence • Providing a means to add comments to the alert and to acknowledge the alert within the system • Providing the ability to capture and archive alerts and events for future modeling and occurrences Measurement, predictive analysis, and optimization: The ability to create business-driven KPIs and performance metrics that enable measurement, reporting, forecasting, operational planning, and decision-making on making improvements to the operation. Features include: • Providing a graphical means to generate, view and manipulate key performance indicators • Enabling the definition of inputs to be real-time process measurements or derived calculations in emitting systems such as historians (i.e., a system that collects, contextualizes, analyzes and stores information as a snapshot for future analysis, such as trend identification or model building) • Being able to specify many property parameters, such as frequency of calculation • Perform data validation and data smoothing on input data to KPIs • Being able to write the production, asset, and quality KPI’s back to a historian • Be able to specify the input of pseudo-static data (i.e., benchmarks provided by equipment manufacturers) for comparison to the calculated KPI

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Envisioning the Intelligent Oil Field: A Day in the Life Transformed We can describe the new vision by describing how an engineer’s or production supervisor’s workday may change. In a given day, production supervisors may have to perform well tests and monitoring, manage rotating equipment, manage reservoir performance, or monitor down-hole equipment. Their ability to gather information, act on events, and make decisions often determines how quickly breakdowns are fixed, how accurately equipment is calibrated, how well the oil field performs, and how quickly downtime is reversed into profitable production time. In many current environments, these functions are executed suboptimally. The varying assets in the field may all collect data in different formats and supply it at different cycles and on different systems. Rectifying or comparing data across different areas may require manual calculations done by hand or in spreadsheets. A well may have performed poorly for hours or even days as the team identified the problem in very delayed manual reports. Alerts and event management is handled by crude alarms and slow voice alerts by people near the equipment. Getting help or accessing expert knowledge can be slow and difficult, and getting the data into the hands of supply chain managers who need production data to build their plans and forecasts has a latency that drives manual data entry, delays, inaccuracy, and rework.

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In summary, the current environment is slow and unresponsive. And unresponsive means that production is lower, sub optimal business decisions are made, and the enterprise as a whole suffers from lost opportunity. In the new environment, the production supervisor is able to view and take action from the business control room, receiving accurate information quickly, and being to able to spend more time making better decisions with the facts. Shown below is a “day in the life” of Clint, a production supervisor, who monitors his well operations, deals with emergencies, and excels at continually improving his production operations.

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8:30 AM - Clint starts his shift with a well performance management scan Clint, a production supervisor, begins his shift by logging into his IOF interface that has all of his well production equipment and separator train connectivity visualized using a graphical, hierarchal display. The system displays key metrics across the equipment he is in charge of, acting as single point of access or overview for the well platform and field. Through this interface he is able to monitor daily production and injection well performance and compare that to planned production and oil/gas ratios.

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In addition to making sure the operation continues to run smoothly, he also plans to gather active well data and well history with the intent of identifying some opportunities for performance improvement and to develop an optimization plan. He initiates a well monitoring visual and scans attributes across all of his wells, including production manifold/separator operation; well / riser test processes; well bore down hole pressures, virtual flow metering, choke and wing valve telemetry; and indicated gas-oil ratio properties measured versus aggregate gas-oil ratios predicted by the well three phase virtual flow meters. 9:00 AM – Clint requests a fix During the well performance monitor scan, the system checks each well’s valve opening versus various pressure sensors down hole and across equipment. The scan detects a well pressure profile not in compliance with the flow throttling position to achieve an indicated flow of oil/gas/water. A well retest is recommended and Clint initiates this through the platforms control system. Analysis of the well test occurs automatically and in real-time immediately as it completes. Results of the analysis are presented visually in the form of several graphs and which are displayed and distributed to subscribing systems and people on and off platform.

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Well 14’s test indicates a distinct change in supplying reservoir characteristics. And the IOF automatically sends a trouble report to the field engineer with detailed metrics and documents via e-mail and SMS (the field engineer’s preference) which he receives on his iPhone. The Field engineer makes it his priority to check the well’s testing history. Based on the finding, he uses the design interface to tweak the performance measurements and alert criteria, for the well and applies the model to other wells adjacent in the reservoir. Based on this the field engineer collaborates with others to change the injection well strategy.

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10:30 AM – Multiple alerts! Equipment not performing! Unexpectedly, an event alert triggers on the “A” separator train’s Turbo-Compressor set, popping up on Clint’s overview of platform equipment, showing that the compressor’s Polytropic Efficiency has trended beyond an acceptable “rate of decrease” from vendor specifications. The alerts are based on a sophisticated pattern of performance deviations from trend norms based on the compressors’ vendor specification. A summary of historic measurements for the compressor is brought on a drill down graphic confirming the compressor been steadily slipping away from standard performance.

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Clint remains calm knowing that this information was automatically posted to a company “Compressor” collaboration group and the compressor’s vendor service group for analysis on the occurrence of the event detection. Clint brings up longer range trends of the compressor’s operating data for the imminent collaboration session. Also, he checks the production schedule for possible outage periods that will minimally impact production plans. 10:50 AM – Expert consortium helps with a solution The IOF has automatically sent notifications to a company ‘Compressor” collaboration team, including a notice to supply chain planning management, field repair staff, and logistics management. The system also notifies and assembles an off-site vendor support expert consortium based on availability. They are dialed in to the problem to discuss solutions. The remote experts are able to instantly view the field’s compressor equipment and comparable compressors running at other platforms through the same graphical interface that Clint sees, as well as the documentation and notes that Clint has added/recorded in his analysis.

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The team decides on a likely solution for the problem. The vendor support expert feels sure that the compressor can safely operate until the next maintenance window but will require a replacement of certain parts beyond simple inspection maintenance. Clint is kept in the teams deliberations in real time. Detailed instructions and maintenance plans are sent via email to a field engineer tasks which are immediately reprioritized to get the compressor fixed and back online at vendor specifications.

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3:00 PM - Production delay averted, Clint goes back to work The compressor problem solution plan is resolved by the time Client finishes a late lunch. Leveraging an expert team and sensing a complicated but deserved analysis of performance might well have been over looked or brought to others attentions for many hours or even days. The IOF has improved the team identification of the problem side stepping reliance on manual reports. Clint logs the problem into the knowledge system log, with a detailed account of the situation, the triggers that were implemented, and the team’s solution, so that next time the problem will be better proceduralized and added to the predictive modeling alert system for Event Early Warning.

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Using the interface, he graphically edits the rules for this event and adds a new expert to the event subscription list. He also “publishes” his findings within the system to share with other production supervisors at shift or crew turn over. Based on the event response a maintenance work order was generated in the MRO system. With the compressor and separator train event resolved, Clint turns back to platform surveillance and searching for improvement opportunities. 3:30 PM – Stan updates supply chain forecasts Back on shore, Stan the supply chain analyst receives automatic updates on the performance of the field, the status of the platform, and the Event signaling the decline in compressor performance that happened. Stan is able to update his supply and demand curves automatically in his ERP interface based on the information he received. The company’s production level reports and forecasts are automatically updated to supply chain, finance, economic models, and logistics. In the past, he may not have known about the possibility of a compressor failure until the window to acquire spot cargo’s to cover production short fall was closed. Now the company is making accurate reports and forecasts, and is able to nimbly respond to inventory demands, logistics planning, and anticipate equipment failure.

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Stan e-mails his finished forecasts to the COO’s staff office. Today, the Intelligent Oil Field system has made many people’s day more effective, from a production supervisor in the field all the way up the executive office.

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What makes a good collaboration environment? Clint’s story only shows a few of the many collaboration features within the Intelligent Oil Field. A more detailed view into his control room illustrates some of the breadth of the Intelligent Oil Field environment.

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This story illustrates how just a few of the features in one specific area of oil production can deliver big improvements. The Intelligent Oil Field, though, spans across many different phases and areas of oil production, and has much more functionality than described above. Some of the other areas of impact include: Supported Well Measurement Functionality

Well Performance and Equipment

Well Performance Monitoring IO Applications

Conditioned Based Monitoring - Rotating Equipment

• Down Hole pressure and temperature transmitters • Pressure and temperature transmitters before and after all major shutdown or well element devices master, wing, choke valves. • Differential pressure transmitter reading of bore multi-phase flow measurement device to the manifold and test separator, • Annulus pressure and temperature transmitters • Wet gas meter off the primary and test separators • Water fraction meter off the primary and test separators • Oil flow meter primary and test separators • MEG flow, pressure and temperature if a gas well • Acoustic sand detector • Erosion Probe

• Production wells • Injection wells (gas and water) • Test and production separators • Production loops/branches (flow line, trunk lines and risers) • Injection lines • Water injection pumps • Methanol pumps • Methanol storage tanks • Gas train elements (dryers, compressors, turbines, metering) • Oil elements including metering to pipelines

• Well Test Orchestration • Riser Test Orchestration • Steady State Analysis of Production Operations • Manifold operations and optimization • Reservoir parameter inference and Surveillance • Field and Well productivity calculations • Lower well completion integrity • Erosion monitoring • KPI calculations • EBOD - Equivalent Barrels of Oil per Day • Synoptic views and Reporting

• Centrifugal Compressors • Gas turbine for Turbo Compressor • API pumps • Gear boxes • Lube oil • Seal gas system • Scrubbers and Air Coolers

The benefits of the Intelligent Oil Field described in business terms become readily apparent: more information, better access to intelligence, better business decisions, more equipment uptime, improved oil production, and a more nimble enterprise. With this vision, business and operations leadership bring a powerful story to the table and can likely make a compelling case for why they should begin the journey towards achieving it. 13

III. Building the IOF: New Approaches for IT Achieving the Intelligent Oil Field vision technologically requires some new thinking and some innovative techniques. At first blush, meeting the challenge may seem prohibitively expensive. Even seasoned IT leadership could look over the vast array of equipment, sensors, databases, applications and systems and see how their different data definitions, lack of integration, unruly governance, and disparity in technologies could never come together. The idea of “integration” may be the most deceptively problematic here. In most instances of integration, we might think of how we need to transform all of the existing systems and data sources as they have been deployed through the oil operation’s long history. This would include standardizing or reinventing application databases, creating extensive middle tiers and translators, or needing to codify hundreds of different data sets. Because of this, we must rethink about how we achieve “integration” in a way that doesn’t require a wholesale and expensive transformation of our existing technological environment, but instead leverages that chaotic environment to achieve our desired benefits.

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With this in mind, we highlight three very important aspects of the Integrated Information Framework (IIF) that achieves integration in a way that looks forward, not towards changing the past. These concepts are the reference semantic model, global standards, and service oriented architecture (SOA) approach. Two additional concepts complete the technological basis for the Intelligent Oil Field. These are more application-focused, creating the interface and functionality the users interact with to perform analysis and take action. These are visualization and analytical toolset and configurable event rules engine. All of these concepts are popularly discussed in the practices of business intelligence and master data management, and the understanding of these broader practice areas certainly help us understand what is needed for the Intelligent Oil Field solution. Following are the five major concepts and functions that support the Intelligent Oil Field. There are many other foundational aspects that are employed when actually enabling this solution (things such as database design, technology design, infrastructure, or data quality), but these five represent the distinguishing factors our new technology vision.

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Reference Semantic Model (RSM) The RSM is one of the distinguishing technology components that makes the IOF possible. Because data is kept in different formats across the assets and systems, it is necessary to create a universal translation device that enables the data to be captured “apples-to-apples” without actually modifying how the source machine or system is designed to deliver it. The RSM repository maintains meta data (instance data) of enterprise components, providing a consistent data and object naming service. We can think of it as technology neutral lingua franca or Rosetta Stone to reference the framework plant model based on recognized global standards. The RSM ontology distinguishes itself from a traditional ETL type tool in some interesting ways: • It is a federated access to data, not a “replication”, meaning that data remains in emitting systems avoiding expensive replication in data warehouses. • The RSM is not a data model and does not constrain the way applications implement the information contained within the model. The RSM facilitates the exchange of information. • The RSM provides multiple enterprise hierarchies that models process equipment, measurements, and document connectivity for visualization and processing, and thus provides role based information that traverses different capabilities.

Global standards Central to the RSM’s ability to translate data is the use of global standards. Using global standards, as opposed to using a proprietary set, speeds the creation and upkeep of the RSM across the hundreds of diverse data sources. By using global standards, we are able to quickly bring in the translation criteria by placing the burden of establishing that among the many equipment manufacturers or software vendors, with the hopes that custom systems that don’t prescribe to one of the global standards will be few and far between. In many organizations it may be tempting to eschew global standards under the belief that the environment is too specific and custom, and that it would be a hardship to change internal proprietary standards towards global ones. It is our belief that it ultimately makes things easier to move to global standards, even if some of the changes are uncomfortable in the short term. The mix of standards may be applied to best represent the varied aspects of oil operations. For example, a high quality solution may use OPC & WITSML/PRODML for information mapped to the RSM ontology, Measurement Values functions, and classes; S88/S95, ISO 15926, IEEE 61970/68 for asset and physical hierarchy representation; and ISO 15926, & Mimosa for asset life cycle management.

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Smart SOA A smart SOA approach is an architectural strategy that enables new functionality to be rapidly deployed without a “rip n’ replace” approach to old systems. It creates a winwin for technology and business stakeholders alike: new systems and capabilities can be enabled while technology investments from the past are leveraged forward. SOA makes the Intelligent Oil Field obtainable; without it the premise of integrating so many disparate assets and systems becomes impossibly difficult. In a SOA model, discreet bundles of software functionality are componentized and delivered to other functions and systems. This enables different applications to use common parts, and in turn, new applications can be built by assembling these reusable components. This enables companies to build new technological capabilities more quickly, change their operations more rapidly, and better preserve the existing value of current systems. The fundamental building blocks for SOA are services. Services are pieces of application functionality that represent a repeatable, categorically containable business task. In the oil field, an example may be “check valve pressure” or “calculate KPIs for EBD- Equivalent Barrels per Day”. Services are only built once and maintained in one place with interaction via an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB). Other applications can access service(s) and incorporate them into its own functionality. This usage is considered service orientation. In turn, a service oriented architecture is a technological design discipline that uses a service orientation to plan, build, manage, and enable systems and technology. A smart SOA approach also allows for greater flexibility moving forward. Besides being faster to deploy, SOA does not require wholesale replacement of existing systems when it needs improvement. This eliminates the need to constantly start from scratch when deploying new systems and enables companies to realize the value and ROI of past investments more quickly. Customization and expansion of systems is also easier. As new standardized services are developed externally by software vendors, companies will be able to quickly adopt and ‘snap in’ pre-made, best-in-class services and quickly gain new functionality, providing greater oil field operations transformation and business agility. SOA in terms of this discussion of Intelligent Oil Field mostly relates to how business and operational intelligence are used in the application we describe of measuring and acting on oil field data. SOA and the enterprise service bus can be deployed beyond this application to support other functions. This extensibility is what can help bring the IOF data into the hands of other business users, such as those using ERP, financial, and transactional systems.

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Visualization and analytical toolset While the RSM, global standards, and SOA represent the key technologies that enable the feasible integration of the oil field data, the visualization and analytical toolset is the primary interface to the business user, and the only visible, interactive part of the Intelligent Oil Field platform. It is the user’s portal and metaphor for the field, with visual, clickable representations of the field’s assets. The user can view the entirety of his oil field metrics by looking at animated summary icons, each with the ability to drive down into further level of detail.

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The interface also provides customization tools so that the user can “build their own” oil field, adding new assets, establishing new KPIs, creating business rules, making comments, and logging information into knowledge bases and historians. Top-level functions include: • Visualization / Manufacturing Intelligence • Process and instrumentation views • Complex event definition and subscription • KPI definition • Operations performance views – Inter/Intra-Plant • Conditioned based monitoring of process equipment • Reporting, dash board, and analysis • Integration and inclusion of extra enterprise businesses & market-facing-units The interface itself is flexible and extensible. It supports Web 2.0 Visualization. The very thin client interface itself is unobtrusive from a system resource stand-point, and can work in nearly environment, including through SAP and SharePoint portals.

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Configurable Event Rule Engine The Configurable Event Rules engine enables business process and web services initiation acting as a non-human, intelligent agent. The rule engine monitors data and KPIs based on particular thresholds as well as on sophisticated historical models. The engine has pre-defined actions it takes when particular criteria is met, such as launching an alert, notifying different users, provisioning information, or launching other system activities. The Configurable Event Rule Engine is completely customizable from the operational leader, meaning that events and criteria can be defined without IT intervention.

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Going deeper: The IOF Reference Architecture So far, we have only highlighted the “what’s new” aspects of both the user experience and the enabling technology principles. While this tells a succinct story, it is important to know that the IOF is not a theoretical vision; there are active implementations at leading oil and chemical companies and we have tomes of technical details, designs, data models, technical specifications, and best practices that describe this solution in executable detail. One important tool in building the detailed understanding of the IOF platform is the IOF Reference Architecture. The IOF Reference Architecture provides a generic, but categorically-complete depiction of the Intelligent Oil Field. This provides a valuable tool to analyze and plan for the IOF implementations, providing a distinctive check-list of items that should be evaluated and planned for, ensuring no rock is left unturned. This view is synoptic, with the underlying detail available under separate cover.

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IV. Forging the Partnership: How Business and IT Must Come Together To Succeed Both the operational experience and the fulfillment of the information technology are significant undertakings that will require detailed planning, significant investment, and dedicated resources. The most important first step is mobilizing the organization to begin the change, and the most important part of this activity is forming a vital partnership between operational leadership and technology leadership to shepherd the project forward. This partnership must manifest itself in tangible ways and needs to be more than a tacit agreement. The partnership should have equal representation from all stakeholders. It is too simple to say there are only two groups at the table, as in reality leadership from the various geographies, operational groups, and even representation from the likes of supply chain functions, finance, human resources, and executive leadership will need to participate. At the center of this partnership is a value proposition and business case that makes sense for all parties. While not exhaustive, listed below are some good first steps in ensuring the partnership is a success: • Building multi-disciplinary teams • Understanding “what’s in it for me” for all stakeholders • Building a joint strategy, blueprint and roadmap • Developing a robust, ROI-based business case • Establishing success metrics • Using a neutral facilitator and external expertise

Change management driving the success partnership Managing the change within the organization will be a key to success of the partnership. At the top level, this means visible advocacy from leadership, behavioral changes, constant communication, and a formal investment in a change program. Tactically it will require training and mentoring, Nationalization agendas, and formal knowledge transfer between groups and functional divisions. Oil industry leadership should understand that this partnership will be challenging to forge and complicated to manage. For this, special care and investment should be expended to establish a formal process for maintaining the positive inertia of the partnership to ensure the greatest chances of success.

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V. Conclusion Achieving a new vision for oil production operations can be equally challenging and rewarding. While the current technology environments may seem impossibly difficult to transform, new techniques such as Reference Semantic Engines and SOA can be used to overcome the existing challenges while creating flexibility and the foundation for future growth. Critical to this transformation is a new vision for operational leadership that transforms how production supervisors and other oil field professionals use better information to draw more efficiency and more production from oil field assets. The most critical part of beginning and executing this transformation is establishing a purposeful and formal partnership between operational leadership and IT. Those who do will find themselves looking beyond the vision for an IOF unto the intelligent oil field itself.

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