2011 IEEE International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk, and Trust, and IEEE International Conference on Social Computing

Locast Civic Media Extending civic engagement boundaries through mobile media and hyper-local conversations David Boardman Mobile Experience Lab, CMS Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma, USA [email protected]

Federico Casalegno Mobile Experience Lab, CMS Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma, USA [email protected]

there is an incremental progression toward more structured media circulation modes, mainly visible among social channels like Twitter, Facebook and Youtube. Secondly, there is a growing, ubiquitous presence of camera phones that allow the same event to be reported from many angles, such as the footage of Neda Agha-Soltan and other protesters being shot in Tehran [14]. Thirdly, such content has a low graphical and sound quality, but a strong emotional and informative relevance. Lastly, mobile content is filling the gaps left by official media, thus offering a plural interpretation of events.

Abstract— Always-on connectivity, video production capabilities, social networking, and location-based services make mobile phones important tools for citizen journalism. Drawing on emerging patterns, our research focuses on transposing global media production and circulation practices to local contexts. Our emphasis is on joining urban conversations with civic knowledge sharing practices to build information-based communities. We present an integrated, ubiquitous, mobile media and geo-social networking platform that proposes tools for open-publication, collaborative-authoring, and production. This framework allows social content dissemination through mobile devices and the web. In this paper, we discuss our recent findings from research on mobile civic media, presenting our design methods, implementation details, and a field study arranged in Porto Alegre (Brazil). Finally, we discuss our insights and future design considerations for platform development.

Drawing upon such case histories, the mobile cameras ubiquity [10] - i.e. being in the right place at the right time, increased image resolution, faster and always-on connectivity, and access to mobile social networks - provides the ideal setting to see media practices, like citizen journalism, flourish. Furthermore, similar civic media practices can be transposed from globally relevant newsgathering and reporting activities to local contexts and everyday issues [16]. In particular, media practices that go beyond citizen journalism can foster civic knowledge circulation, opinions exchange, and participation in public conversations on both micro and macro scales.

Mobile devices, civic media, social sustainability, hyperlocalism, geo-social networks, field study.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The technological revolution introduced by networked media is coinciding with increasing growth in civic engagement practices. The rise of a widespread participatory culture is affecting the expansion and enrichment of the public sphere [8]. In parallel, mobile communication has become an effective instrument in strengthening civic bonds through the empowerment of individuals, the creation of ad-hoc networks, and the proliferation of information [17][22].

This paper introduces our vision of civic media practices that leverage on networked tools. We designed and implemented a civic media platform that aims to extend civic participation boundaries through distinct models of citizen interactions and information circulation, both in physical and virtual environments. The following sections present an overview of related work and explain the design framework that drove the technical implementation of Locast Civic Media. After, we present a field study held in Porto Alegre (Brazil) and insights from that observation. Finally, we discuss the results, explaining how future iterations of the Locast platform may benefit from lessons learned during the initial deployment.

Mobile media has already been used to pursue civic actions, such as through phone calls and SMS [3]. Furthermore, gradual innovations in device portability, pervasive connectivity, and audio-visual recording capabilities are extending the citizen journalism practices of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and circulating news and information [1][5]. In recent years, a growing number of cases feature global events captured firsthand through mobile-based multimedia: the London bombings (UK, 2005), the execution of Saddam Hussein (Iraq, 2006), the Virginia Tech Shootings (USA, 2007), the Sichuan earthquake (China, 2008), the US Airways flight landing in the Hudson River (New York City, 2009) and the protests surrounding the Presidential re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Iran, 2009). These global events illuminate several trends. First, 978-0-7695-4578-3/11 $26.00 © 2011 IEEE DOI

Steve Pomeroy Mobile Experience Lab, CMS Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma, USA [email protected]

II.

RELATED WORK

Many have identified the potential of user-generated content for the Internet [18], such as harvesting the wisdom of crowds and aggregating information created by individuals into a new, richer source of information [23]. User-generated content has also found its way into journalism and ‘civic engagement’ [4]. Jokela et al. conducted significant research

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with an integrated mobile platform designed to complement professional journalists’ work [9]. Similarly, distributed media production is progressively blurring the boundaries between UGC and top-down content.

practices that foster social connections, spark public participation, and improve the sense of community at all scales - from metropolitan cities to local neighborhoods. Civic media intertwines with social sustainability, since it supports citizens’ democratic involvement and improves connections between communities while promoting their mutual recognition.

Several successful case histories show citizens’ mobile media regularly published to established news sites, such as CNN's iReport [18][19]. Since the spread of smart-phones with vast multimedia capabilities, mobile applications have become powerful tools for the creation and distribution of audio-visual content, especially in terms of newsgathering. Kindberg et al. have schematized the motivations driving the use of camera phones for social, personal, and affective-oriented purposes [11].

Locast Civic Media 4 is an integrated platform that combines mobile and web tools to help users create individual and collective narratives, share content, and build local conversations. In this chapter, we describe the design principles that guided the prototype’s main features and implementation. A.

1) Content basics Within Locast, a so-called cast is a media container, a single unit of audio-visual content further described by metainformation including title, geographical coordinate, short text description, creation date, and one or more geo-semantic tags. Casts are usually created through the Locast mobile application, which can be installed on any handset running the Android operating system. Likewise, a Web interface lets users share videos created with other audio/video digital devices.

Puikkonen et al. [21] wrote about a field study on video cameras as ubiquitous tools to capture and document everyday surroundings. Conversely, the ethnographic work of O’Hara et al. shows the behaviors and social motivations underlying mobile video consumption [18]. In relation to the bottom-up participation in the media production process, Peltonen et al. provide their findings on user-generated mobile media collaboratively shared on a public display [20]. Jacucci et al. highlight interactive and ubiquitous multimedia as a way to record and share experiences at largescale events, namely using mobile communication for event reporting between onsite and offsite members, coordination of group action, and sharing updates with remote spectators [6][7]. Accordingly, Salovaara et al. [23] have further developed such observations, concluding that media-based common spaces and the chance to create collective objects can increase awareness and social presence. In developing countries such as Brazil, mobile media is becoming a fundamental part of social processes; video mobile blog platforms are used to inform, coordinate, and state the collective identity of those that move around heavy-trafficked São Paulo1 [15].

A project is a compilation of casts covering a common topic. Projects can be defined in relation to a geographical area or a topic of interest. A project has a short description, a validity time (start and end date-time), and the participation modality (private or public) that defines who is allowed to join and to add casts. 2) Geo-semantic tagging and tags-recommendation system Locast leverages on a user-generated tagging system to classify content, allowing users to tag single casts and to add semantic relations between casts. 3) Networked video editing tools The Locast mobile application provides a networked multiuser video-editing tool that allows users to perform different operations on recorded videos. Users can create time-stamped text annotations (e.g. quick comments and remarks for latter editing operations), trim a video-clip, cut it into different slices, and re-order them into new sequences.

Additionally, mobile and location-based services are progressively used to build geo-social networking platforms for real-time life streaming and location sharing2. Real-time mobile video streaming applications are available for smart-phones using 3G+ networks data-transfer rate3. However, we did not encounter particularly significant integrated mobile and web platforms for local civic-oriented practices. Our study can extend the available literature in this area by offering a practical example of a civic media platform design, implementation and deployment. III.

4) Collaborative editing and open production tools Locast implements a versioning system that tracks the historical record of casts and projects. This system also chronologically separates the production from the editing process of a cast, allowing users to edit casts at a different time or access others’ casts and create personal mashups.

LOCAST CIVIC MEDIA

5) Open publishing, accountability and self-regulation Locast’s editorial system is based on an unedited and openpublishing paradigm. User submissions are not evaluated by an editorial board and all contributions are immediately available online. This self-regulatory model also lets Locast users report (i.e., flag) inappropriate casts whenever content is considered offensive or contains elements against common sense.

Civic media refers to any form of communication that strengthens the social bonds of a community or cultivates a sense of civic engagement. It differs from citizen journalism by going beyond newsgathering and reporting and embracing practices that emerge from such activities [16]. In other words, civic media denotes shared media production and consumption 1

i.e., Motoboys and Motogirls

2

e.g. Google Latitude, Brightkite, Foursquare, Gowalla.

3

e.g. Qik, Stickam, Bambuser.

Content production and community participation

6) Reputation system 4

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Locast Civic Media homepage: http://locast.mit.edu/civic/

To improve the self-regulatory model, a reputation system encourages participation and promotes social recognition for members whose contributions express community interests. Users receive qualitative labels based on their involvement; labels reflect user actions, not content popularity. B. Content dissemination, access, and conversations 1) Ubiquitous media Casts can be accessed through the website with the mapbased interface or through the mobile device.

3) Locast Mobile Locast Mobile is an application developed for the Android platform. It communicates with Locast Core using its API. All data on the mobile are stored in an SQLite database using the Android Content Provider framework. A custom synchronization engine handles change propagation, using lastmodified comparisons to determine synchronization status and direction. The Intent framework records video and audio notes using the device-native media recorders. Locast also handles intents to share videos, so other applications can integrate with Locast Mobile and users can publish non-Locast content.

2) Content filtering and location-based conversations Users define content filtering according to a tri-state modality (i.e., preferred, neutral, ignored) that defines priorities to sort available content. This method accepts both semantic and geographic tags. A cast or a project can be the starting point of text or video-based conversation threads created through mobile and web commenting interfaces. 3) Content dissemination and social networking Locast offers different sharing choices through embedded tools (i.e., "Share this" button, Embed video code) or through social media. Locast supports login processes either through a specifically registered account or through Facebook. In this case, actions in Locast are mirrored in the Facebook news feed. C. Technical platform details The platform is made up of three components: Locast Web (web interface), Locast core (backend and API), and Locast Mobile (Android mobile application). Figure 1. Snapshots of Mobile UIs

1) Locast Core Locast Core was developed in Django. Django was chosen mainly because it includes GeoDjango, a geographic web framework enabling powerful storage, querying, and geographic information manipulation. Locast Core features an extensive network-centric API to interact with client software. Through the API, data stored in Locast can be easily accessed and manipulated, allowing a wide-range of visualizations, statistical analyses, and user interfaces. The Locast API is RESTful and uses JSON - a popular data-interchange format. The API was designed to support querying content based on all available cast characteristics, such as semantic tags, geographic data, and temporal information. For content manipulation, Locast uses ffmpeg—a free open-source tool that runs conversion and manipulation routines of media data. The flexibility and power of ffmpeg allows work across a multitude of disparate platforms, media formats, and codecs. 2) Locast Web Locast Web, the Django web interface for Locast, provides a site for users to search and interact with content, and submit content from sources outside Locast Mobile. All map-based interactions and visualizations are handled by OpenLayers - a JavaScript library for displaying map data. Video casts are converted into a Flash format so content can be embedded in external sites and social networks.

IV.

FIELD STUDY

A. Workshop, participants, and apparatus The field study was a one-week workshop in collaboration with the Media and Communications Department of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). The workshop had 36 participants: 25 Media and Communication undergraduates from PUCRS/Famecos, and 11 reporters from Zero Hora - a local print and online newspaper. No participants had previous experience using mobile devices to portray urban facts and events, nor had they taken part in citizen journalism or civic media activities; however, the majority were active on social networking and micro-blogging sites and many were also authors or co-authors of blogs and other web publications. For the workshop, the Locast mobile application ran on three different models using Android-OS: HTC Magic, HTC Dream and Motorola Cliq. Such devices were distributed to participants along with SIM cards supporting 7.2Mbits HSDPA connectivity.

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aspects of the community, only one cast was flagged as inappropriate - although such notification proved to be misidentified and no censorship was applied. Lastly, 24 projects were created and for each of them, an average of 7 casts were assigned. The most active project collected 49 casts. Each project was assigned an average of 4 tags, with 78% of the casts associated with at least one tag. B. Content analysis We designed a methodology to cluster casts by typologies. To do so, we evaluated the subject of each cast, its urban and social context, eventual interactions with citizens, the narration method, and the filming style. We also considered narrative patterns throughout sequences of casts and typologies of conversations emerging from users’ contributions.

Figure 2. Locast Civic Media workshop participants interviewing a local grassroots’ activist

1) Life captures Life-capture casts provide a non-specific narration on casual everyday life dynamics in the city. They are not structured along multiple cast narration and do not portray any interaction with citizens or voice-over commentary.

B. Procedure The workshop began with a general project introduction and demonstration of Locast. Participants were encouraged to use Locast to extensively explore the city and capture personal interests and bonds with city spaces. Scenarios contained, but were not limited to, socio-cultural aspects of neighborhoods, local communities, ongoing grassroots activities, subcultures, and popular events. Every two days participants were asked to publicly display their contributions at PUCRS campus, and explain their process and motivations behind each cast and/or project. Additionally, field observations traced participants’ activities and surroundings, particularly urban context qualities and social interactions with citizens.

2) Reports Reports are single casts showing events or facts recorded as they unfold. The video is complemented by voice-over commentary that describes the reporter’s interpretation on what occurs in the scene. The camera is non-focused and shows the entire event scene with no close-ups. In some cases, the reporter pans to capture different angles of a scene. 3) Interviews Interviews are casts produced following a question-andanswer pattern with a citizen. These casts are structured with a contextual introduction given by the author followed by the interview and the final voice-over comment reiterating the place and subject of the interview.

To evaluate media consumption, we observed workshop participants while at PUCRS facilities noticing the mode in which casts and projects were watched and commented between peers. We also observed non-mediated face-to-face conversations and realized that, unlike online conversations that addressed reported content (intra-diegetic elements), such communication described the contexts and circumstances surrounding the recorded videos (extra-diegetic elements). We scheduled individual interviews conducted over two different sessions: an initial interview during the workshop and another after a week. The interviews were semi-structured and focused to investigate elements regarding the overall experiences rather than interface usability aspects. V.

4) Breaking news These casts mark contingent and unpredictable situations, which, when promulgated, can make a difference in decisionmaking processes. One day during the deployment, extreme weather conditions in Porto Alegre damaged the urban infrastructure and transportation lines. Workshop participants were able to report, in near real-time, the critical conditions from different parts of the city. 5) Coverage Coverage is a collection of reports grouped into a project, illustrating different interpretations and angles on a common event or fact. Like reports, coverage casts capture scenes with a mixture of camera languages but not with any particular commentaries added to the video.

RESULTS

A. Quantitative data In the deployment period, we observed an appreciable level of participation among the 36 participants. Overall, users uploaded 379 casts - an average of 10.6 pieces of content from each person. The entire duration of recordings amounted to 7 hours and 40 minutes - with highly variable lengths ranging from 12 seconds to 17 minutes (average length: 73 seconds).

6) Point-of-view narrations Point-of-view narrations are casts with common subject typologies, narration styles, and camera usage. These casts often depict Porto Alegre popular culture through multiple videos. The narration often follows a walk-and-talk model.

Promotion through local media channels and social networks helped Locast Civic Media casts attract more than 90,000 views, with an average of 238 visits (the most popular received 1161 visits). Analytics proved such visits to be mostly from metropolitan Porto Alegre. As to the self-regulatory

7) Investigations Investigations are collections of casts (i.e., projects) that capture urban, social, and cultural aspects of the city through

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direct interactions with citizens. These casts provide a documentary-like narration stressing neighborhood life elements: culture, collective identity, memories, and anecdotes. 8) Sequential narrations Sequential narrations cast groups showing the chronological evolution of facts in relation to a topic or location. For instance, a workshop participant portrayed the evolution of events related to a large pothole that appeared on a downtown street after heavy rains 5 . The author reported the issue in phases, beginning with the initial conditions and then capturing a car accident, the protest of local merchants6, and the ultimate intervention of the Transportation Department. C. Relevant insights Based on evaluations of field observations, user interviews, quantitative data, and content analysis we highlight the following key insights: 1) Local conversations Casts and projects can spark conversations around a topic, a location, an event, or a combination thereof. As observed in Porto Alegre, shared content can be an origin for collaborative sequences of casts – such as in the point-of-view narrations case. At the same time, participants can initiate discussions and exchange opinions upon a topic portrayed by a cast. 2) Civic pressure instrument According to the “Broken Window Theory” 7 , a prompt intervention in solving minor problems can prevent dangerous escalations from taking place. Our experience exemplified how a networked tool can help citizens address issues, and draw the attention of local institutions and authorities. 3) Youth empowerment As Kotilainen [12] points out in his research on youths as local activists on the web, interactive technologies encourage adolescent participation in the public sphere. Similarly, young participants in the field study felt empowered by using mobile technologies. Specifically, a 19 year-old user affirmed that his “ego got inflated" during the test. Another participant stated his will “to do something useful” for his neighborhood “so that everyone would recognize me in the streets”. 4) Time and space efficiency As the "breaking news" case demonstrates, locationspecific reports can anticipate the information broadcasted by official media, which does not benefit from the same ubiquity of a participatory platform. 5) Low-fi quality, pervasive cameras and trust Several participants said Locast Civic Media portrayed topics that traditional media ignores. Most users agreed that a video-based language is best at reaching all kinds of spectators 5

A re-edited version of such sequence is available here: http:// http://www.vimeo.com/9212919

6

Merchants placed a human-size mannequin in the pothole with the label “João Buracão”, literally “Johnny Pothole”.

7

Overview on Broken Window Theory: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_Broken_Windows

because of its immediacy and richness. David explains how the “public finds testimony from a direct witness or an event in real-time, to be more credible than those coming from the various mass media” [2]. Furthermore, David claims “the lowquality amateur aesthetic is perceived as being more real than edited images of high production value”. 6) Mobile cameras, social contexts, and reactions Participants noted that people act more naturally in front of mobile cameras than traditional video cameras. As David [2] points out, “not having a huge camera makes us lighter in weight and gives and facilitates more mobility; but above all, we do not upset those who are being filmed”. VI.

CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK

In the near future, we can imagine how nearly 3 billion handsets will impact our communities, culture, and global economy [13]. We expect networked technologies to extend the boundaries of citizen-centered practices and to help address issues of public concern [3]. In future designs, we plan to enrich the notion of projects – cast collections - by giving owners the option to declare style and content templates. Contributions will also follow narrative, length, and style guidelines 8 – as well as site-specific constraints. Such practices may lead to more consistent topicor location-related content, stronger collaborative patterns, and better aggregation of cast content. However, free-form casts will be still allowed to fit in certain content typologies such as breaking news, reports, and interviews. To support the conceptual shift toward template-based project – we plan to further develop networked video editing tools. By leveraging on the annotation, trimming, and cropping features, we can offer tools to fit cast sequences into the template guidelines defined for each project. Additionally, using casts and projects’ semantic tags, we can visualize the collective meaning users associate to different places in the city (i.e., location-based tag clouds displayed through augmented reality interfaces). Similarly, through timeline interfaces, we can better chronologically represent issues. Finally, alternatives to the current aerial view maps could visually superimpose casts associated with a certain physical space, location-based tag cloud, or project evolution (e.g. map-based timelines). This paper discussed the role of ubiquitous media and hyper-local conversations in civic-oriented activities. We developed a prototype to foster citizens’ proactive role through open publishing tools, community regulation, social circulation of content, collaborative authoring, and other production tools that improve work, conversations, and collaboration dynamics. The Locast research prototype was intensively tested during a field study in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Such experimentation benefited from the rich local environment and allowed us to collect a large amount of materials from ethnographic observations, user interviews, qualitative content evaluations, and quantitative analysis of data. Through this valuable experience, we gained a greater understanding that will feed the next iterations in the design process of the Locast platform. 8

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Similarly to Vimeo channels or Flickr groups

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

[12] Kotilainen, S. - Young people as local agents on the Net. A paper for The 9th Nordic Youth Research Information Symposium. Available online at http://www.nniml.net/main/papers/briefreports/r3towardsactivec itizenshiponthenet/Kotilainen_NYRIS_191205.doc (accessed January 2010) (2006)

We would like to thank Eduardo Pellanda at PUCRS and those who participated in the Porto Alegre field study. We would also like to thank Zoe Schladow for reviewing and editing this paper, as well as everyone at the MIT Mobile Experience Lab for their invaluable support.

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