List of illustrations Acknowledgements Preface

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88180-7 - A Handbook of Lexicography: The Theory and Practice of Dictionary-Making Bo Svensén Table of Contents More information

j Contents

List of illustrations Acknowledgements Preface

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

2 2.1 2.2 2.3

3 3.1 3.2

4 4.1 4.2 4.3

5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

6 6.1 6.2

Lexicography Lexicography and society Lexicography and related disciplines The terminology of lexicography A simple descriptive model for lexicography

Types of dictionaries Linguistic activities, dictionary functions and dictionary types Dictionary typology Dictionary types dealt with in this book

Data collection and data selection Sources and their use Data selection

The dictionary as text Main components of the dictionary Dictionary structure Textual condensation

The lemma Functions of the lemma Establishment of lemmas Grammatical form of the lemma Presentation of the lemma

Spelling and word division Spelling Word division

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Contents

7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

8 8.1 8.2

9

Pronunciation Reference needs Types of information Norms and variation Types of notation Presentation formats

Morphology Inflection Word formation

Part-of-speech membership

9.1 9.2

Function, position and form Types of information

10

Constructions

10.1 10.2 10.3

11 11.1 11.2 11.3

12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5

13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7

Syntactic valency Dictionary and grammar Presentation formats

Collocations Different types of word combination What is a collocation? Collocations in dictionaries

Idioms and other fixed word combinations What is an idiom? Other fixed word combinations Idioms, dictionary types and dictionary use Idioms and dictionary structure Presentation formats for idioms

Meaning description in monolingual dictionaries Meaning analysis and division into senses Meaning description: general aspects Synonym definitions Lexicographic definitions: the traditional format Lexicographic definitions: the COBUILD format Other types of meaning description Presuppositions in meaning description

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Contents

vii

13.8 13.9 13.10

Adaptation to the needs of the users Defining vocabularies Information about semantic relationships

243 246 248

14

Equivalents in bilingual dictionaries

253 253 254 255 261 266 267 271 275 276

14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9

15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4

16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4

17 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6

18 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4

Problems of bilingual lexicography Different concept formation in different languages Types of equivalence and equivalents Equivalent differentiation Choice of equivalents Presentation of equivalents When equivalents are lacking Alternative equivalents Division into senses

Examples Types of examples Examples and authenticity Functions of examples Presentation of examples

Encyclopedic information Linguistic and encyclopedic information Encyclopedicity of dictionaries and dictionary entries Encyclopedic information in language dictionaries Encyclopedic dictionaries

Illustrations Purpose and functions of illustrations Illustrations, dictionary types and dictionary users Illustrations and dictionary structure Presentation formats for illustrations Types of illustrations Illustrations in bilingual dictionaries

Marking Marking and labelling systems Purpose and functions of marking information Marking information and dictionary structure The diasystematic part-systems

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Contents

19 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4

20 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6

21 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4

22 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5

23 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4

24 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5

Etymology Who needs etymologies? Etymology and dictionary types Types of etymological information Etymology and dictionary structure

Microstructure Microstructure and other structural concepts at micro-level Microstructure: monosemous lemma Microstructure: polysemous lemma Microstructure: lemma representing several parts of speech Polysemy structure In the borderland between macrostructure and microstructure

Macrostructure Two main types of macrostructure Alphabetization Types of alphabetical macrostructure Systematic macrostructure

Megastructure Main components of the dictionary Components providing object-language information Components having a metafunction Components being part of the access structure Components having other functions

Cross-reference structure Position and direction of cross-references Functions of cross-references Form of cross-references Cross-references in use

Dictionary projects Project basis Planning Implementation Follow-up Aids and tools

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Contents

25 25.1 25.2 25.3

26 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5

27 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5

28 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5

Legal and ethical aspects The problem area Law and ethics in lexicographic work Legal and ethical aspects of the marketing of dictionaries

The electronic dictionary Old and new media Typology General features The dictionary in cyberspace The pocket electronic dictionary

Dictionary use User research: problems and methods The look-up process Better dictionaries or better dictionary users? User research in practice Towards a uniform theory of user research?

ix

427 427 427 436 437 437 438 439 447 450 452 452 456 459 461 478

The concept of dictionary criticism Types of dictionary review Methods in dictionary criticism Demands on a good dictionary review Ethical aspects of dictionary criticism

480 480 480 482 485 486

Bibliography Index

488 521

Dictionary criticism

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j Illustrations

2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1

13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 16.1 16.2

1

An entry in a thesaurus. (Source: Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases) page 32 Extract from the index of a thesaurus. (Source: Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases) 33 Extract from a reverse-order dictionary. (Source: Reverse Dictionary of Present-Day English) 34 Extract from a KWIC concordance. (Source: Cambridge International Corpus) 53 Example of indications of marking in the form of indication symbols. (Source: Sachs-Villatte Enzyklopädisches französisch–deutsches und deutsch–französisches Wörterbuch, 1911) 85 Superordinate, subordinate and co-ordinate concepts. 219 Intensional definition: noun. 219 Intensional definition: adjective. 219 Intensional definition: verb. 220 Difference in conceptual structure (after Malmberg 1969: 166). 254 Difference in semantic range (after Malmberg 1969: 167). 255 Relationship between English wood and French bois. 255 Relationship between English wood and German Wald. 255 Full equivalence for several meanings of the lemma. 258 Full equivalence for one of several meanings of the equivalent. 258 Convergence from source language to target language. 259 Divergence from source language to target language. 259 A combination of divergence and convergence. (Source: Rettig 1985: 95) 260 Procedure in identifying possible equivalents. 266 Various types of equivalence. 272 Degrees of encyclopedicity. 290 A mixture of linguistic and encyclopedic explanations. (Source: W3)1 295

By permission. From Webster’s Third New International® Dictionary, Unabridged. © 1993 by MerriamWebster, Incorporated (www.Merriam-Webster.com).

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List of illustrations

16.3 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7

17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18

A special encyclopedic section within the entry. (Source: Grand Larousse universel) Prototypical illustrated object (magnet). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Prototypicality of illustrated object questioned (compass). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) One of several types in illustration (bridge). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Part of object sufficient in illustration (brush). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary [adapted]) Parts of object specified in illustration (eye). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Several types of object in illustration (insect). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Illustration where there is only a finite number of types (suit [of cards]). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Highlighting object in illustration (dormer). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Immediate surroundings shown in illustration (propeller). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Highlighting object in illustration (gutter). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Highlighting object in illustration (gangplank). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Function hinted at in illustration (revolving door). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Function shown in diagram (cloverleaf). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Sequential illustration (long jump). (Source: Bonniers Compact Lexikon [adapted]) Sequential illustration (metamorphosis). (Source: Bonniers Compact Lexikon [adapted]) Nomenclatory illustration (skeleton). (Source: Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary [adapted]) Illustration showing only part of a subject (basketball). (Source: Bonniers svenska ordbok [adapted]) Illustration showing only characteristic aspects of a subject (rococo). (Source: Bonniers svenska ordbok [adapted])

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306 306 306 307 307 307 307 308 308 309 309 310

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List of illustrations

17.19 17.20a 17.20b 17.20c 17.21a 17.21b 17.22 18.1 18.2 22.1 22.2 22.3 24.1 26.1

Scenic illustration (bathroom). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Illustration of an adjective (horizontal). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Illustration of a verb (drop). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Illustration of an adverb (clockwise). (Source: Cambridge Essential English Dictionary) Illustration of a phrase (walk single file). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [adapted]) Illustrations of phrasal verbs (get on + set off). (Source: Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary) Culture-specific words illustrated in a bilingual dictionary. (Source: Svensén 2004) Addressing status of differentiating labels, alternative 1. Addressing status of differentiating labels, alternative 2. Pronunciation key. (Source: Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary) Explanation of syntactic codes. (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) Explanatory chart (extract). (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of American English) User interface for a dictionary editing system. (Source: Norstedts) User interface of an electronic dictionary. (Source: Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary online)

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