Link to Learn Phonics

...........................

www.linktolearn.co.uk

Version 1.37

LINK TO LEARN PHONICS Teachers’ Notes •

A resource for trained SpLD teachers to use with their students (7+ yrs).

•

Used in a selective and flexible way Link to Learn Phonics supports the multi-sensory learning of any structured phonic programme. (It is not intended to be followed as a programme and a page does not need to be completed before moving on.)

•

A summary style of presentation suits the natural ‘whole to part’ learning of the dyslexic mind. This also provides a record of learning.

•

Practice pages are helpful for reinforcement.

•

Strategies for effective learning: Letter patterns are learnt by association with clue words and their clip art images. Clue words are remembered readily when two are imagined interacting together, eg paint + spray for /ā/ mid and end choices. (One letter pattern will need to be secure before introducing the second.) When linking images an even stronger memory can be made if students are encouraged to use their dyslexic ability to visualise in 3-D and colour with the added possibilities of humour and exaggeration.

Jill Rubie Cert Ed. Dip RSA SpLD

2016

With thanks to all my students and to Paul Rubie for technical support.

BBC Children’s Learning has given permission for the use of ‘Phonic Clip Art’.

Version 1.37

CONTENTS Consonant sounds How consonant sounds are made How sounds are shown

1

a-h

Vowel and consonant sounds

2

a-k

Common endings

3

a-j

Adding suffixes and prefixes

4

a-i

Syllable types and vowel sounds, syllable division

5

a-e

More endings

6

a, b

Silent letters, Greek and French letter patterns

Clue words

Appendix Memorable learning, using strategies with reviews, identifying errors

A1 - A5

Flash card cut-outs for vowel sounds

B1 - B6

Vowel choices (mid and end)

C1 - C6

Vowel choices practice

D1 - D4

Same sound; two letter patterns

E1 - E4

Endings’ choices

F1 - F6

Vowel recognition; syllable and suffixing practice

G1 - G7

Word families for vowel sounds

H1 - H13

Version 1.37

CONSONANT SOUNDS

Stretchy sounds

f

l

m

n

r

s

v

z

sh

Bouncy sounds

a

b

c

d

e

g

h

i

o

p

q

t

u

w

x

y

j

k th

ch

(from ReadWrite Inc)

Pairs The only difference between the way paired sounds are made is whether they are ‘voiced’ or ‘unvoiced’. Here are the pairs:

Using lips / teeth on lip:

b and p

v and f

Using the tip of the tongue:

d and t

j and ch

Using the back of the throat:

g and k

Version 1.37

z and s

HOW CONSONANT SOUNDS ARE MADE

Say and hear the difference between the pairs. They feel the same:

Voiced sounds are green

Unvoiced sounds are black

(vocal chords)

(whispered)

Using the lips or teeth on bottom lip: b

p

v

f

w

wh

m nasal sound

-

Using the tip of the tongue: d

t

j

ch

th (the, this, they)

th (think, thanks, things)

z

s

l

-

n nasal sound

-

r

-

y

-

Using the back of the tongue: g

k

-

h

-

q

Version 1.37

HOW SOUNDS ARE SHOWN

Vowels are red Unvoiced consonants (whispered) are black: ‘tap’ Voiced consonants are green: ‘bag’

Letters within this sign: / / indicate a sound (not a spelling) The long sound of ‘e’ (its name) has this sign: /ē/ The short sound of ‘e’ has this sign: /ĕ/

Version 1.37

1

Vowel and consonant sounds

page

record of learning

1a

R ā ē

ī

ō

ū

ă

ĕ

ĭ

ŏ ŭ

ĕ

ĭ

Sp

1b

1c

short vowels in CVC words: ă

ŏ

ŭ

R bl br cl cr dr dw fl fr gl gr pl pr sc sl sm sn sp st sw Sp R tr tw

scr spl spr squ str

ch th sh thr shr

Sp R -ft -ld -lt -sp -st -nch -nd -ng -nk -nt -mp Sp R ch sh th (voiced) th (whispered)

-ch -sh -th

Sp

1d

phonemes

a syllable

1e

y as /y/

/ē/

1f

soft c: ce, ci, cy

k before e, i, y for /k/

1g

soft g: ge, gi, gy

gu before e, i, y for /g/

1h

wa wor war

/ī/

onset and ‘rime’

o before m, n and v

Version 1.37

/s/ mid-word

/j/ mid-word

CVC with long vowel

Link to Learn Phonics 1a LONG VOWELS AND SHORT VOWELS (pages B1, B2 & G1)

Vowels

Every word has at least one vowel sound. Each of the five vowel letters has a long vowel sound and a short vowel sound.

Long vowel sounds a

Say each of these vowel letter names:

e

i

o

u

Say the clue word, listening to its first sound; say this sound and write the letter:

= …

‘OK’

…

…

Put the long vowel sign (

…

…

) above each letter.

Short vowel sounds Say the clue word, listening to its first sound; say this sound and write the letter:

…

…

…

Put the short vowel sign (

Version 1.37

…

) above each letter.

…

Link to Learn Phonics 1b SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS

Say: ‘apple, ă’

‘elephant, ĕ’

‘ink, ĭ’

‘orange, ŏ’

C…t and a r…t

‘umbrella, ŭ’

B…g and a sl…g

so

H…n and a p...n

unds

Fr…g on a l…g F…sh and a d...sh

Fill in the missing vowel when you can say each sound in the word. Can you add more words with the same short vowel sound?

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 1c CONSONANT BLENDS AND DIGRAPHS

A consonant blend is a blend of 2 (or 3) consonants. Say and listen to the word, then write the first 2 sounds:

….. …..

…..

Write the consonant blend you hear at the end:

…..

…..

…..

A consonant digraph is 1 sound made with 2 consonants. Say and listen to the word, then write the first sound (2 letters):

…..

….. …..

Write the consonant digraph you hear at the end:

..... .....

Version 1.37

…..

Link to Learn Phonics 1d (i) PHONEMES, SYLLABLES, ONSET AND RIME

A word is made up of separate sounds or phonemes. Read a word. Repeat it slowly without looking. How many phonemes can you hear? swim …

much …

fact ...

melt ... spend ...

splash ... print ...

shell … wish …

think ...

rush …

rust ...

drank ... twist ...

thump ...

chick ...

left ... pinch ...

held …

shrink ...

damp …

scrap ... crisp ...

struck ...

A syllable is a chunk of sounds said together, making up the beats in a word. Each syllable has one vowel sound: ‘but’ has … syllable and … vowel sound. ‘but / ter’ has … syllables and … vowel sounds. ‘but / ter / fly’ has … syllables and … vowel sounds.

A one syllable word can be split into ‘onset’ and ‘rime’: 1 The ‘onset’ (beginning) is a consonant (or consonant blend). 2 The ‘rime’ is the vowel and an end consonant (or consonant blend).

has the same ‘rime’ as

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 1d (ii) PRACTICE FOR ONSET AND RIME

Find a consonant (or consonant blend) to make words with these ‘rimes’: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

-and

-ent

-ink

-ing

-unch

-ump

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 1e THE SOUNDS OF ‘y’

‘y’ has 3 sounds ‘y’ has a consonant sound at the beginning of words: /…/

‘y’ is more often found at the end of a word, where it always says a vowel’s name: ‘ī’ or ‘ē’: Say each clue word (below), then the last sound. What do you hear?

spy /…/ (mostly one syllable words)

“If at the end you hear an /ī/, be sure to write it with a ‘y’”.

lolly /…/ (two syllable words)

What is ‘y’ saying? (/ē/, /ī/ or /y/)

/…/

/…/ (colour)

Version 1.37

/…/

Link to Learn Phonics 1f SOFT AND HARD ‘c’ SOUNDS ‘c’ has 2 sounds

‘c’ sounds /k/ before ‘a’, ‘o’ and ‘u’ (cat, cot, cut) ‘c’ sounds /s/ (its soft sound) when followed by these vowels:

c...

c...

c...

Add the next letter

Keeping the /k/ sound “Use ‘c’ if you can and ‘k’ when it’s needed.”

Use ‘k’ before ‘e’, ‘i’ and ‘y’:

...ite s...y

bi...e

/s/ mid word

‘c’ is used before ‘e’, ‘i’ and ‘y’ (December, decide, cycle)

suc (your word)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 1g SOFT AND HARD ‘g’ SOUNDS ‘g’ has 2 sounds

‘g’ sounds /g/ before ‘a’, ‘o’ and ‘u’ (gate, got, gun) ‘g’ usually sounds /j/ (its soft sound) when followed by these vowels:

g...

g...

g...

Add the next letter (except get, girl, give, gift, begin, anger)

Keeping the hard /g/ sound

A silent letter separates ‘g’ from ‘e’, ‘i’ and ‘y’ like a wall. This is a vowel: ‘…’

? g...ide g...ess

g...y

/j/ mid word

Always use ‘g’ for /j/ before ‘e’, ‘i’ and ‘y’ (except -‘ject’ endings) (danger, giant, Egypt) (your word)

ma

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 1h UNEXPECTED VOWEL SPELLINGS ‘w’ rules

‘w’ changes ‘wa’ to sound /wŏ/. It also changes ‘wor’ to /wer/ and ‘war’ to /wor/:

/wŏ/ /wer/

/wor/

Say the word, then the vowel sound.

Also ‘qua’ says /kwŏ/ (squash, quarrel, quarter)

/ŭ/ spelt with an ‘o’

Before the invention of printing, the sound /ŭ/ was written with an ‘o’ when next to ‘m’, ‘n’, or ‘v’, to show the vowel more clearly:

before ‘v’

next to ‘m’ and ‘n’

(nothing, some, wonder)

(above, love, discover)

Long vowel instead of a short vowel

A single vowel followed by a consonant/s is nearly always a short vowel, except:

/īnd/

(find, kind,mind)

Also -‘ild’ (child, mild, wild)

/ōld/

/ōst/

(cold, hold, told)

(host. most, post)

-‘olt’ (bolt, colt, jolt)

Version 1.37

-‘olk’ (yolk, folk)

(‘both’, ‘pint’)

2

Common endings

page

record of learning

2a

/t/

/d/

/id/

plural -es

2b

-all

2c

-ff

2d

k is no.3

2e

f l and s are no.3

2f

-k

2g

-dge

2i

silent ‘e’: VCe

2j

al-

-al

-ll

a before s, f, and th

-ss

-nk

-ck

-ck

-ke

-ic

-tch

-ful

-ge

-til

-ce

-age

Version 1.37

-se

-ic

-ve

-ore

-le

Link to Learn Phonics 2a ‘ed’ AND ‘es’ AT THE END ‘ed’ endings (the past tense of a verb)

‘ed’ at the end of a ‘doing’ word has 3 sounds:

/id/ (second syllable)

/t/

/d/

(your word)

(your word)

(your word)

The sounds /t/ and /d/ at the end of a word in the past tense are usually spelt ‘ed’. There are exceptions, eg keep - kept, sell - sold

Plural ‘es’ endings

Add ‘es’ instead of ‘s’ when a plural makes a second syllable (sounding /ĭs/) (after ‘ch’, ‘sh’, ‘ss’ and ‘x’)

Also, ‘es’ for verbs ending /ĭs/ (he crashes, she wishes)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2b /orl/, /or/ AND /ar/ ‘RIMES’

/orl/

-all abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

/or/

/orl/

(chalk, stalk, walk)

(halt, false, also, almost)

/ar/ ‘a’ before ‘s’, ‘f’ and ‘th’ in the south of England sounds /ar/

/ars/ (class, glass, pass)

/arst/ (fast, last, past)

/arsk/ (flask, task)

/arth/ (path)

/arsp/ (gasp, grasp, clasp)

/arft/ (after, craft, daft)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2c (i) /f/, /l/, /s/ AND /k/ ENDINGS

‘floss and ck’: VCC In words ending /f/ /l/ and /s/ directly after a short vowel, double the end consonant. Also: ‘ck’ for the /k/ sound.

- vff

- vll

(your words)

(except if, of)

- vss

- vck

(except yes, this, is, us, as, his, has, bus, gas)

Do all these words have a short vowel sound? yes / no

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2c (ii) PRACTICE FOR ‘FLOSS AND CK’ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z fl

-uff

sp

st

-ill

ch

-ess

Add onsets to make a few words with the same ‘rime’ sound (page 1d) Version 1.37

-ock

Link to Learn Phonics 2d /k/ ENDINGS

‘k’ is number 3 when a short word sounds /k/ at the end

“k is always number 3, the exception being silent e” Start counting from the (first) vowel

Write 1 2 3 above each word:

trŭck

trŭnk

book

bike: ‘k’ is not number 3.

Count 1 2 3 from the (first) vowel and ‘k’ will be number 3

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2e /f/, /l/, and /s/ ENDINGS

‘f’ is number 3 when a short word sounds /f/ at the end (exception silent ‘e’)

Write 1 2 3 above each word:

snĭff

scarf

leaf

‘l’ is number 3 when a short word sounds /l/ at the end (exception silent ‘e’)

Write 1 2 3 above each word:

drĭll

heel

tail

‘s’ is number 3 at the end, after a short vowel only chĕss ‘ce’ and ‘se’ (sounding /s/) end words with other vowel sounds ‘ce’ is more common than ‘se’ and follows a long vowel, (except: base, case, chase, dose, goose, geese, grease, loose, wise, use)

When a single ‘s’ is added to a whole word it makes a plural (more than one)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2f (i) SUMMARY OF /k/ ENDINGS

/k/ endings One syllable words:

use ‘k’ at the end of a one syllable word (‘k is number 3’, page 2d)

use ‘ck’ after a single vowel (short) (pages 2c & 2d)

use ‘ke’ after a long vowel (VCe, page 4b)

Two syllable words ending /ĭk/:

/ĭk/ is spelt: …. (page 2j)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2f (ii) HARD AND SOFT ‘c’ ENDINGS

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z pl

-ack

sn

st

-ake

tr

-ank

Add onsets to make some words with the same ‘rime’ sound (page 1d) Version 1.37

-ace

Link to Learn Phonics 2f (iii) HARD AND SOFT ‘c’ ENDINGS

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z pr

-ick

sl

sp

-ike

tr

-ink

(five words only)

Add onsets to make some words with the same ‘rime’ sound (page 1d) Version 1.37

-ice

Link to Learn Phonics 2g /j/ AND /ch/ ENDINGS

-/j/ sound after a short vowel Always add silent letter ‘…’ before -‘ge’

- v…ge

-/ch/ sound after a short vowel Add silent letter ‘…’ before -‘ch’

- v…ch

(except much, which, such, rich)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2h ONE SYLLABLE WORD ENDINGS WITH VCC 1

C

C

V In these words two ‘walls’ keep a short vowel ‘safe’: ‘floss’ rule page 2c (i) In words ending /f/ /l/ and /s/, after a short vowel double the end consonant:

sn …

dr …

‘ck’ for /k/ at the end:

ch …

d…

/j/ and /ch/ endings page 2g ‘d’ is a silent consonant wall between a short vowel and ‘ge’.

fr …

g e

‘t’ is a silent consonant wall between a short vowel and ‘ch’.

sw …

Version 1.37

ch

Link to Learn Phonics 2i SILENT ‘e’ AT THE END

3 Silent ‘e’ makes the vowel say its name when one consonant separates them:

VCe

a-e

e-e

i -e

these theme scene

not many one syllable words

o-e

u-e

(can sound /yoo/ or /oo/)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2j SIX REASONS FOR SILENT ‘e’

‘e’ at the end is always silent Silent ‘e’ has different jobs:

VCe (‘e’ makes the vowel say its name)

-‘ge’ sounds /j/ (never ‘j’ at the end) (‘dge’ after a short vowel)

-‘ce’ sounds /s/ (‘ce’ is more common than ‘se’) (‘ce’ usually follows a long vowel) (‘e’ has two jobs!)

-‘se’ makes a word (‘s’ is added to a word for a plural)

-‘ve’ (never ‘v’ on its own)

-‘ore’ (except: or, for)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2k (i) WORD ENDINGS: ONE OR TWO SYLLABLES? ‘all’, ‘full’, ‘till’ and ‘less’

“In two syllable words, drop the ‘l’ and keep the ‘s’, then you don’t get in a mess.”

In 1 syllable words: ‘all’, ‘full’ and ‘till’ In 2 syllable words: ‘al’-, -‘ful’ and -‘til’

grace

Both 1 and 2 syllable words have -‘ss’ at the end (less and careless)

Endings with /ij/ and /ik/

/ij/ In 1 syllable words the ending is: ….…

In 2 or 3 syllable words the /ĭj/ ending is: ….…

saus

(except knowlege)

/ik/ In 1 syllable words the ending is: ….…

In 2 or 3 syllable words the ending is: ….…

/l/ sound at the end

In 1 syllable words the /l/ ending is: -‘ll’ or -‘l’ (fell, feel) In 2 or 3 syllable words the /l/ ending is: -‘le’, -‘al’ or -‘el’ (-‘le’ is usually a noun) Which of these is the most common? ..….

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 2k (ii) ONE OR TWO SYLLABLES?

1 syllable words

2 or more syllables

“In two syllable words drop the ‘l’… all

.…so .…ways ….most ….ready ….together ….though ….right

full

help…… grate…… pain…… use…… hope…… aw……

till

un……

…and keep the ‘s’, then you don’t get in a mess.” dress

ad………

less

un……… fear……… care……… end………

1 syllable words

2 or more syllables

/ij/: m........ r........

dam........ aver.......

l...... p...... tr...... s...... t......

publ…. top…. electr…. mus…. plast….

/ik/:

Version 1.37

3

Adding suffixes and prefixes

page

record of learning

3a

recognition of consonant and vowel suffixes

3b

suffixing rule: drop the e

3c

suffixing rule: doubling

3d

suffixing rule: doubling rule for two syllable root words

3e

suffixing rule: change the y

3g

addding suffix ly

3h

prefix meanings

3i

prefix meanings

3j

double consonants: 1)

VCCV

2)

VCV

3)

Version 1.37

4)

VCCle

VCle

Link to Learn Phonics 3a ADDING SUFFIXES

A suffix is added to a complete word and alters its meaning:

root word

+ suffix

+ suffix

= new word

care help

ful ly

hope play

less

use

Sort these suffixes: -ing, -s, -ed, -ly, -y, -er, -less, -en, -ful, -ish, -ness, -est, -ment consonant suffixes

vowel suffixes

‘y’ usually sounds /ē/ at the end of two syllable words Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 3b ADDING SUFFIXES … (continued)

The three suffixing rules

1 Drop the ‘e’ rule

“When a root word ends with silent ‘e’, drop this ‘e’ before every vowel suffix.”

(your word)

Is the 1st V long? yes / no

d i ve+er = diver

VCe + V = VCV

e

For root words ending -‘ce’ or -‘ge’: drop the ‘e’ before: -‘ed’, -‘er’, -‘ing’ and -‘y’ (changing) keep the ‘e’ for suffixes beginning: -‘a’ and -‘o’ (noticeable)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 3c ADDING SUFFIXES … (continued)

2 Doubling rule

“When a root word ends: ‘1 vowel, 1 consonant’, double the final consonant before every vowel suffix.” (Two consonants are needed to make the vowel short.)

(your word)

Is the 1st V short? yes / no

hop+ ing = hopping

VC + V = VCCV

Also, before the ending ‘le’, two consonants follow a short vowel: (-‘le’ was once spelt -‘el’: VCCel)

VCCle

(your word)

Is the V short? yes / no

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 3d ADDING SUFFIXES ... (continued)

Doubling rule for two syllable root words: 1 If a two syllable word ends vowel -‘l’, always double the ‘l’ before a vowel suffix.

travel + l + er

2 If a two syllable word ends 1 vowel, 1 consonant, double the final consonant before adding a vowel suffix (unless the first syllable is stressed).

for/gót + t + en

háp/pen + ed

When the 2nd syllable is stressed, double the final consonant.

When the 1st syllable is stressed don’t double the final consonant.

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 3e ADDING SUFFIXES ... (continued)

3 Change the y rule

1 When a root word ends ‘cy’,

change the ‘y’ to ‘i’ before all suffixes (except -ing). 2 When a root word ends ‘vy’,

keep the ‘y’.

1)

-Cy + suffix = -Cisuffix

(but keep ‘y’ before -ing)

y (your word)

f r y + ed = f r i e d (but frying) Add ‘es’ for i) a plural (fries) ii) some verbs (carries, hurries)

2)

-Vy + suffix = -Vysuffix

(your word)

play+ed = played

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 3f SUMMARY OF ‘y’ SUFFIXING RULE

1) When adding a suffix to a root word ending ..........

‘i’ comes along and kicks ‘y’ out of the word (but keep ‘y’ before -ing and -ish)

2) When adding a suffix to a root word ending ..........

keep them together, always!

- cy

- vy

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 3g ADDING SUFFIX ‘ly’ makes an adverb

Just add ‘ly’

Word ending -‘le’

extreme + ly faithful + ly final + ly

Word ending -‘ic’

Drop ‘le’ and add ‘ly’

Word ending -‘Cy’ Change the ‘y’ to ‘i’ and add ‘ly’

probable + ly = probably

easy + ly = easily

automatic + ally

Version 1.37

Add ‘ally’

Link to Learn Phonics 3h SOME COMMON PREFIXES (some have multiple meanings; not all are given)

prefix

root

suffix

A word can be divided into morphemes which are units of meaning. These are not always the same as syllables.

pre- before

post- after

com (n)- with, together

sub- below, under, lesser

per- completely

mis- wrong, bad

ob- against

ex- out of, from

re- again, back

de- down, away from

anti- against, opposite

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 3i SOME COMMON PREFIXES (…continued)

ad- to, toward

ab- away from

trans- across

inter- between

dis- not

un- not

in (m)- not, in

pro- for, forward

prefix

root

ed

dis un re im pre en

suffix

cover

er

help

ing

joy

s

light

ful

press

y less ment

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 3j DOUBLE CONSONANTS

Reasons for double consonants: 1) Doubling rule (page 3c) 1 syllable root word + vowel suffix.

2) Doubling rule for two syllable words (page 3d) 2 syllable root word + vowel suffix. Double the final consonant when: a) the root word ends -‘vl’. b) the 2nd syllable of the root is stressed.

3) Adding suffix -‘ly’ (page 3g) When the root word ends ‘l’, and when two suffixes come together: ‘ful’ + ‘ly’.

4) Prefix + root word The end consonant of the prefix and first letter of the root word often form a double consonant. Many prefixes are modified to match the root word for easier pronunciation: adaacafagalanaparasat-

subsucsufsugsumsupsursus-

comcocolconcor-

inilimir-

Version 1.37

obocofop-

exeef-

disdidif-

enem-

4

Syllable types and vowel sounds, syllable division

page

record of learning

4a

the six types of syllables

1 open

4b

syllable 3: a - e

4c

syllable 4: ar

or

-ore

er

ir

4d

syllable 4: or

au

aw

air

are

4e

syllable 5: ai

ea

ee

ie

4f

syllable 5: ay

ea

ee

y /ē/

4g

syllable 5: ei

ou

ue

ue

i-e

o-e

2 closed

3 silent e

u-e

ur

ear /er/

ear /ear/

k

igh

oa

y /ī/

oi

oo

ow

oy

ew

ou

ow

syllable 5: 4h

ea /ē/ & /ĕ/

ow /ō/ & /ow/

syllable 6: VCCle

4i

1 VC/CV panda

oo short & long

ou /ow/, /ŭ/ & /oo/

VCle

2 i) V/CV tiger

Version 1.37

2 ii) V/CV dragon

3 V/V lion

Link to Learn Phonics 4a THE SIX SYLLABLE TYPES AND THEIR VOWEL SOUNDS

The six types of syllables (C = Consonant V = Vowel)

1 CV: Open syllable (below) 2 CVC: Closed syllable (below) 3 VCe: Silent ‘e’ syllable (below and 2i) 4 Vr: Vowel-r syllable (pages 4c and 4d) 5 VV: Double vowel syllable paired vowel letters + ‘aw’, ‘ew’, ‘ow’, ‘igh’, ‘y’; also diphthongs (pages 4e - 4h)

6 -Cle: End syllable no vowel sound (page 4h)

Bum / ble

bees

CVC / Cle

VV

like

fly / ing

VCe CV / CVC

o / ver

but / ter / cups

CV / Vr

CVC / Vr / CVC

1 Open syllable

2 Closed syllable

no

not

(except: do, to)

Version 1.37

3 Silent ‘e’ syllable

note

Link to Learn Phonics 4b SUMMARY OF SYLLABLES

The six syllables Add the vowel and consonant pattern: (pages 4a - 4h)

2

nŏt 1

3

nō

nōte

6

4

ap/ple

torch 5

gōat

The one syllable with a short vowel sound: .............

The three syllables with long vowel sounds: ................................................ The syllable with a vowel sound that is neither long nor short: ................

The two syllables with a silent ‘e’ at the end: ..................................

The only syllable with no vowel sound: .............

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 4c THE SYLLABLE TYPES AND THEIR VOWEL SOUNDS … (continued)

4 Vr: Vowel-r syllable

When a vowel is followed by an ‘r’ both letters make one vowel sound. The vowel will be short before two ‘r’s, eg car changes to cǎrry (doubling rule, page 3c)

/ar/

‘......’

-‘ore’ at the end (except: for)

/or/

‘......’

(page 4d for ‘au’ and ‘aw’)

/er/

1

‘......’

2

‘......’

3

‘......’

(‘ur’ is more common than ‘ir’)

also ‘ear’ (heard, earth, learn)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 4d THE SYLLABLE TYPES AND THEIR VOWEL SOUNDS … (continued)

4 Vr: Vowel-r syllable ... continued.

/or/ 1 Vr syllable: …… (page 4c)

2 Also VV syllable: …… at start of and mid-word, never at the end

3 Also VV syllable: …… at the end and before ‘n’, ‘l’, ‘er’ (lawn, crawl, drawer; except: awful, awkward)

/air/ 1 ‘……..’

2 ‘……..’ also ‘ear’ (‘wear & tear’, bear, pear)

/ear/ ‘……..’

also ‘eer’ (beer, deer, steer)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 4e THE SYLLABLE TYPES AND THEIR VOWEL SOUNDS … (continued)

5 VV: Double vowel syllable

Long vowels mid-word:

“When two vowels go out walking the first one does the talking …. and says its name.” (mid-word exceptions: ‘ie’, ‘igh’ and ‘oo’)

/ā/

......

/ē/

......

......

...... ffff

‘i’ before ‘e’ except after ‘c’ (receive, ceiling)

/ī/

........

C

/ō/

......

/oo/

......

11

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 4f THE SYLLABLE TYPES AND THEIR VOWEL SOUNDS … (continued)

5 VV: Double vowel syllable ... continued

Long vowels at the end of words:

“When two vowels go out walking the first one does the talking …. and says its name.” (end of word exceptions: ‘ow’, ‘ew’ and ‘y’)

/ā/

......

/ē/

......

......

(end of two syllable words)

/ī/

… (except: high, sigh, die, lie, pie, tie)

/ō/

...... (except: hoe, toe) and before ‘n’ (grown)

/ū/ or /oo/ ...... (except: one syllable words blue, clue, due, glue, true) Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 4g THE SYLLABLE TYPES AND THEIR VOWEL SOUNDS … (continued)

5 VV: Double vowel syllable ... continued.

Less common letter patterns for long vowels: /ā/ ......

8

mid-word (except eight)

(neighbour, reign, vein, weight)

/oo/ ......

(route, soup, through, youth)

mid-word h

/oo/ ...... at the end of one syllable words; only blue, clue, due, true and

/ū/ or /oo/ ...... at the end of multi-

val

syllable words

(argue, avenue, continue, rescue)

5 VV: Double vowel syllable (with diphthongs, not long vowels)

The vowel sound, made of two tones which slide together, is called a diphthong.

/oy/ …… mid-word

…... at the end

/ow/ …... mid-word and before ‘nd’ (sound)

…... at the end and before ‘n’, ‘l’, ‘er’ (brown, owl, flower)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 4h THE SYLLABLE TYPES AND THEIR VOWEL SOUNDS … (continued)

5 VV: Double vowel syllable same letter pattern; two (or three) sounds.

‘ea’ says /.... /

and /... /

‘ow’ says /.... /

and /…... /

‘oo’ says /…... /

and /…... /

‘ou’ says /…... /

and /... /

d

also /...... /

6 -Cle: The end syllable with no vowel sound

The ‘e’ is silent. Long ago -‘le’ was spelt -‘el’. Two consonants are still used after a short vowel. VCCle

VCle

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 4i SYLLABLE DIVISION

MOST WORDS: 1 VC / CV Put a dot under each vowel… …if there are two consonants, divide between them: CVC/CV

/

The first syllable is a ................. syllable, so the vowel is long / short. Double consonants may count as one letter if preferred: C V C C / V C (rabb/it) except when hard and soft ‘c’ are together (ac/cident)

2 i) V / CV …if there is one consonant between the vowels, divide before it:

CV/CVr g g

/

The first syllable is an ............ syllable, so the vowel is long / short. (except: -i/tion, -i/cian, -i/cial, -i/cious, -i/ous)

LESS COMMON: 2 ii) V / CV Divide as for 2 i) but say the first vowel as a short vowel if the long one sounds wrong:

CCV/CVC

/

3 V/V Two vowels are sometimes split and make two syllables: C V / V C

The first syllable is an ............ syllable, so the vowel is long / short.

Version 1.37

/

5

More endings

page

record of learning

5a

-ies -ves -oes

-er

-or

5b

-tion after long V, consonant, short ĭ -ssion after short vowels: ă ĕ ŭ -tial

-cious

-cient

-sion for voiced /zhun/

5c

-le

-el

-al

-able

5d

-ice

-ine

-ite

5e

-ary

-ory

-ery

-ible

-ive

-ous

-ate

-ious

Version 1.37

-ar

-our

-sure

-ture

(exceptions with -sion) -cian

Link to Learn Phonics 5a MORE ENDINGS

Plurals … add ‘es’ instead of ‘s’:

1 after changing ‘y’ to ‘i’ (page 3d)

(armies, copies, supplies)

2 after changing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ to ‘v’ (except roofs, chiefs)

(leaves, loaves, shelves)

3 often to words ending ‘o’ (except photos)

(heroes, potatoes, volcanoes)

/er/ endings 1 ‘……’ most common (except centre, acre, metre, litre) (boxer, butter, monster)

2 -‘t……’

3 -‘l……’

(actor, editor, visitor)

burg

col

4 ‘……...’ (-‘or’ in America)

5 -‘s………’

6 -‘t………’

(collar, regular. similar)

(flavour, rumour, humour)

trea

(leisure, measure, pressure)

pic (adventure, culture, fixture)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 5b END SYLLABLES WITH /sh/ /sh’n/ is spelt ‘tion’, ‘ssion’ and ‘cian’ 1 -/sh’n/ -‘tion’ follows: i) a ……… vowel

ii) usually a c………………

iii) short vowel ‘…’ (except: -mĭssion)

2 -/sh’n/ -‘ssion’ always follows these three short vowels:

/ă/

/ĕ/

/ŭ/

3 -/sh’n/ -‘cian’ (a person’s job)

‘ti’ and ‘ci’ also say /sh/ in these end syllables: -/sh’l/

-/sh’s/ (-‘ci’ is more common)

-/sh’nt/ (-‘ci’ is more common)

/sh/ in /sh’n/ is unvoiced but /zh’n/ is voiced and is always spelt ‘sion’.

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 5c MULTI-SYLLABLE WORDS WITH /l/ ENDINGS

-le /l/

-el /l/

If the previous letter has a stick or tail

If the previous letter has no stick or tail

skittle

kennel

most common & usually a noun

cancel

keeps ‘c’ & ‘g’ soft

-al /l/ After ‘ic’ and ‘u’ electrical

gradual

adjectives

-able /ă bl/

-ible /ĭ bl/

After a whole word

Makes a word

readable

possible

adjectives

adjectives

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 5d MULTI-SYLLABLE WORDS WITH SILENT ‘e’

-ice /ĭs/

-ine /ĭn/

justice

engine

-ite /ĭt/

-ive /ĭv/

opposite

active

-ate /ĭt/ climate

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 5e MORE MULTI-SYLLABLE WORD ENDINGS

-ary /er ĭ/ Makes a word library

most common

-ory /er ĭ/

-ery /er ĭ/

Makes a word

Usually a suffix

memory

bakery

follows s, t, m

often work places

-ous /ŭs/

-ious /ĭ ŭs/

famous

various

adjectives

adjectives

Version 1.37

6 Silent letters, Greek and French letter patterns

page

record of learning

6a

kn-

-igh

6b

Greek: ch

-st-

ph

-mb

ps

wr-

wh-

French: ch

Version 1.37

-mn

-re

gn-

-que

Link to Learn Phonics 6a SILENT LETTERS

kn-

-igh

knee, knew, knife, knit knock, knot, know, knowledge

also /ort/ bought, fought, thought taught ‘She caught her naughty daughter’

-st-ft-

-mb

castle, whistle, wrestle, fasten, listen often, soften

bomb, climb, lamb, crumb, dumb, numb, thumb

wr-

wh-

wrap, wreck, wrestle wrinkle, write, wrote, wrong answer

/wh/ what, when, where, which why, while, white /h/ who, whole

Also ‘-mn’ autumn, column, condemn, hymn, solemn ‘gn’ sign, design, reign, foreign, gnome

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics 6b GREEK AND FRENCH LETTER PATTERNS

Greek ‘ch’ says /k/

‘ph’ says /f/

‘ps’ says /sī/

French -‘que’ says /k/

-‘re’ says /er/

‘ch’ says /sh/

Version 1.37

CLUE WORDS 1c

cr, fl, sp

-st, -lk, -nk

1d

phonemes: 4, 3, 3, 4; 4, 4, 3, 3

1e

yoyo

jelly, yellow, cry

1f

ce, ci, cy

bike, kite, sky

success

1g

ge, gi, gy

guess, guide, guy

magic

1h

wash, worm, ward

money, glove

2a

kicked, dived, skated

witches, brushes, glasses, boxes

2b

ball, talk, salt

2c

sniff, drill, chess, duck

2d

wink, milk, cheek, hook, cork, kick

2f

book, trunk, truck, bike, traffic

2g

fridge, switch

2j

bike, fridge, face, goose, glove, core

2k(i) graceful

ch, th, sh 4, 3, 5 ,4; 5, 5 ,4, 4

juggle

3j

1) hopping

4a

1 CV,

dig/pig

5, 4, 4, 5; 5, 5, 5, 5

blind, gold, post

grass, mast, mask. bath

fridge, sausage

3c

-ch, -th, -sh

brick, traffic

2) traveller, beginning

3) carefully

stable

4) afford, suggest, collect, opposite kk

2 CVC,

3 VCe,

4 Vr,

5 VV,

6 -Cle

4c

car, torch, core

4d

torch, saucepan, saw

4e

paint

seal, sheep, field

light

goat

4f

spray

sea, tree, lolly

spy

snow

4g

eight, group, glue, value

4h

sēal, brĕad;

4i

runner, girl, nurse chair, square

snōw, cow /ow/;

coin, boy

spear boot screw house, cow

book boot;

house /ow/, double /ŭ/, group /oo/ apple stable 1 păn/da, răbb/it (first syllable closed) 2i) tī/ger (first syllable open) 2ii) dră/gon (first syllable open but with short V) 3 lī/on (first syllable open)

5a

flies, knives, tomatoes

baker doctor burglar colours treasure picture

5b

1 ‘long’; stātion, ‘consonant’; direction, ‘ῐ’; addition 2 compassion, confession, percussion 3 musician /sh’l/ special, /sh’s/ spacious, /sh’nt/ patient division

6a

knight, light, thistle, comb, wrist, wheel

6b anchor, photo, chef

Flash cards: long/short vowels: ācorn/ăpple, ēquals/ĕlephant, īvy/ĭnk, ōk/ŏrange, ūnicorn/ŭmbrella

Version 1.37

Appendix

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics A1

Version 1.37

XMind software

Link to Learn Phonics A2 USING STRATEGIES FOR TRICKY WORDS

Copy in cursive writing

Your chosen strategy (then fold along next dashed line)

1st review

2nd review

3rd review

(after about 10 mins)

(next day if possible)

(after about 7 days)

Stop; remember your strategy before writing

Can you write the word with your eyes shut?

3 reviews will make your memory stronger

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics A3

Tricky words learnt

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics A4 LOOKING AT ERRORS (not ‘tricky’ words)

WHICH TYPE OF ERROR: phonic / rule?

Spelt like it sounds

Letters mixed up, missed out or added

Rule not known / used

Correct word

1. Look & Say, Cover 2. Tell your hand what to

write 3. Check

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics A5 PRACTICE FOR PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Add an ‘onset’ to make some words with the same ‘rime’ sound (page 1d) Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics B1 Short vowel sounds page 1a

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics B2 Long and short vowel sounds page 1a

=

“OK”

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics B3 soft ‘c’ and ‘g’, ‘y’, ‘w’ rules, short vowel endings (pages 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h, 2c (i), 2g)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics B4 VV syllable Long vowel choices mid and end (pages 4e, 4f)

(end syllable)

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics B5 VV and Vr syllables More vowel choices mid and end (pages 4c, 4d, 4g, 4f) /oy/, /ow/, /ar/, /er/, /or/, /air/

Version 1.37

For flash cards B6

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics C1 VV SYLLABLE CHOICES

www.coggle.it Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics C2 VV SYLLABLE CHOICES blank

Fill in the missing letters www.coggle.it Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics C3 Summary of long vowel choices for mid word (the vowel saying its name followed by a consonant sound/s)

VV syllable

VCe syllable

clue word (or just letter pattern)

choose a word

a-e

/ā/

/ē/ one syllable e-e words: these, theme, scene

/ī/

i-e

/ō/

o-e

/ū/

u-e

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics C4 Summary of long vowel choices for end of a word or syllable

CV syllable

VV syllable clue word (or just letter pattern)

1 syllable word

word with 2 or more syllables

/ā/

(no word)

... / corn

/ē/

= he

... / quals

I

... / vy

/ī/

/ō/ ‘OK’ no

... / k

/ū/

(no word)

Version 1.37

... / nicorn

Link to Learn Phonics C5 VV SYLLABLE CHOICES

www.coggle.it Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics C6 VV SYLLABLE CHOICES blank

Fill in the missing letters www.coggle.it Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics D1 VV syllable Long vowel choices: mid and end of word

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics D2 VV syllable Long vowel choices: mid and end of word

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics D3 VV syllable /oy/ and /ow/ choices: mid and end of word

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics D4 VV and Vr syllables /or/ and /er/ choices

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics E1 (pages 1a, 4e and 4h)

/ĕ/

/ē/

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics E2 (pages 1a, 4e, 4g and 4h)

/ŭ/

/oo/

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics E3 (pages 1a and 1h)

/ŭ/

/ŭ/ next to m, n & v

/ŏ/

/wŏ/

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics E4 (pages 1h and 4c)

/er/

/wer/

/or/

/wor/

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics F1 Endings for one syllable words (pages 2c and 2g)

Inspiration software

any other vowel sound (and short vowel + n)

d

V

Repeat the word and listen to your voice; say the vowel sound Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics F2 /k/ endings for one syllable words (pages 2c and 2d)

-/vk/

-/k/ following any other vowel sound and ‘vn’

‘k’ is always number 3 (start from the vowel, or if two vowels, from the first)

Repeat the word and listen to your voice; say the vowel sound

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics F3 ‘floss’ endings for one syllable words (pages 2c and 2e)

-/vs/

-/vf/

-/f/ following any other vowel sound

-/vl/

-/l/ following any other vowel sound

-‘ce’

Version 1.37

-/s/ following any other vowel sound

-‘se’

Link to Learn Phonics F4 -/j/ and -/ch/ endings for one syllable words (page 2g)

- /vj/

-/j/ following any other vowel sound and ‘vn’

-/vch/

-/ch/ following any other vowel sound and ‘vn’

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics F5 /ĭj/ and /ĭk/ endings (page 2j)

1 syllable

2 syllables

1 syllable

2 syllables

Repeat the word; tap the number of syllables

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics F6 End syllable /sh’n/ (page 5b)

Repeat the word and listen to your voice; say the sound before /sh’n/

-tion

-ssion

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics G1 PRACTICE READING SHORT AND LONG VOWELS BY SWITCHING BETWEEN THEM

short vowel

long vowel (its name)

u

o a

i

e u i

a

o

e

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics G2 RECOGNITION OF A LONG OR SHORT VOWEL SOUND IN CV, CVC AND VCe SYLLABLES (page 4a) Make the words ‘no’, ‘not’ or ‘note’ by moving the appropriate flaps and hear the vowel sound change according to the syllable type.

1. Paste onto thin card and cut out. 2. Fold along the lines as shown. 3. Stick the backs of the ‘t’ and second ‘o’ together.

no t o e valley fold

mountain fold

Version 1.37

valley fold

mountain fold

Link to Learn Phonics G3 Practice for vowel recognition

Listen to a word; say the vowel sound, write the word

CVC

V Ce

short vowel

long vowel

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics G4 Practice for vowel recognition

Listen to a word; say the vowel sound, write the word

CVC

VV

short vowel

long vowel mid word

Version 1.37

end of word

Link to Learn Phonics G5 Adding vowel suffixes (pages 3b and 3c)

Listen to a word; say the first vowel sound, write the word

V

V

1 vowel is short

1 vowel is long

VC / CV

V / CV

st

st

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics G6 Adding suffix ‘le’ (-Cle syllable, page 4g)

Listen to a word; say the first vowel sound, write the word

V

V

1 vowel is short

1 vowel is long

VC / Cle

V / Cle

st

st

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics G7 Practice for Change the y rule (page 3e)

Root word ends Cy

Root word ends Vy

Root word ends Cy

Root word ends Vy

Version 1.37

WORD FAMILIES for vowel sounds /ā/ /ē/ /ī/ /ō/ /ū/ and both /oo/s /ar/ /air/ /er/ and /or/ /ow/ /oy/ /ŭ/ and /ĕ/

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H1

sounds of ‘y’

y-

-y

-y at the end of 2 syll. words

1 syllable words: “If at the end you hear an /ī/, you need to write it with a ‘y’.”

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H2

long /ā/ sound

‘pale face’ a-e

‘paint spray’ -ai-

-eineighbour reign rein vein weigh weight

Version 1.37

-ay

Link to Learn Phonics H3

long /ē/ sound

‘free feast’

‘happy thief’

-ee-

-ee

-ea-

-ea

-ie-

mid

end

mid

end

mid

Version 1.37

-y at end of 2 syll. words

Link to Learn Phonics H4

long /ī/ sound

‘wide smile’ i-e

‘bright sky’ -igh-

-y at the end of 1 syll. words

-ie (exceptions)

die lie pie tie

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H5

long /ō/ sound

‘mole in a hole’ o-e

‘goat in the snow’ -oa-

-ow at the end & before n

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H6

long /ū/ and long /oo/ sounds

‘huge tube’ u-e

‘loose screw’ -oo-

-ew

-ue (1 syllable exceptions)

blue clue due glue true

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H7

‘oo’ has two sounds

‘good

food’

short /oo/

long /oo/

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H8

/ar/ and /air/ sounds

‘far star’ -ar- and -ar

‘square chair’ -are

-ear (exceptions)

bear pear tear wear

Version 1.37

-air

Link to Learn Phonics H9

/er/ sound

‘clever spider’

‘dirty shirt’

‘surprise burger’

-er- and -er

-ir-

-ur-

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H10

/or/ sound

‘short horse’

‘faulty saucepan’

‘paw’

-or-

-au-

-aw at the end & before n, l, er

-ore (exceptions)

core more sore tore wore

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H11

/ow/ sound

‘loud cow’ -ou-

-ow at the end & before n, l, er

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H12

/oy/ sound

‘noisy boy’ -oi-

-oy

Version 1.37

Link to Learn Phonics H13

short /ŭ/ and /ĕ/ sounds

‘a couple of feathers’ -ou-

-ea-

Version 1.37