LIGHTING for New Lighting Products

A bright future ahead – OLED Lighting Organic light-emitting diodes offer an entirely new way to create with light: pure, sophisticated and beautiful.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) are an entirely new way for architects, designers, system integrators, planners and luminaire makers to create with light. OLED devices are ultra-flat and emit very homogeneous light. The OLED grants a high degree of design freedom to users. By combining color with shape OLEDs offer an exciting new way of decorating and personalizing surroundings with light. Area light source

OLED is the only lighting technology capable of emitting diffuse homogeneuos light from a large surface. The illuminating surface does not need diffusers or other functional ‘wrappings’ and can function both as lamp or luminaire. Ultra slim devices

OLEDs are semiconductor devices made of thin organic material layers with a thickness just 1/50th that of a human hair. The total thickness of the resulting OLED luminaire is thus only limited by the thickness of the glass, metal or other substrate used. Design flexibility

OLEDs offer superior patterning and homogeneity for individual shapes of signage. Illuminated pictograms, patterns or words can be predefined on the OLED substrate.

Transparency

OLEDs made on glass substrate can be transparent in the off state. This feature enables special lighting applications, e.g. windows or furniture with transparent or translucent elements. Color quality

OLEDs emit a very soft and attractive light and the quality of the light comes very close to sunlight. To the human eye, the perception of colors is very high with this light source. Color tunability

Based on a specific device structure of Novaled OLEDs and driving electronics it is possible to dynamically switch between white light shades and other colours. Long lifetime

Current lighting sources require regular replacement cycles due to limited lifetime. The inherently long lifetime potential of standard Novaled OLEDs and the Novaled Liternity technology address this issue. Energy efficiency

Lighting applications use around 20% of the world’s electricity. OLEDs have the potential to be more efficient than current energy saving light bulbs. Novaled OLEDs can be up to three times more efficient than conventional OLEDs. Clean technology

OLEDs will also make a significant contribution to sustainability due to their environmentally friendly materials and reduced packaging requirements.

The beauty of OLED light: Novaled Lighting Technology Novaled technology delivers high quality OLED light, long device lifetime and low power consumption.

A new light source emerges OLED combines energy efficiency with a very natural and pleasing light. The white light of Novaled OLEDs reaches a Colour Rendering Index (CRI) of up to 95 so the accuracy of perceived object colours comes very close to that experienced under sunlight. The classic incandescent light bulb fulfilled that need, but its very low energy efficiency has led to its progressive banning in many countries. Neither fluorescent tubes, compact fluorescent bulbs or inorganic LEDs can deliver light spectra similar to that of the sun.

Reasons for outstanding light quality of OLED ˘ entire visible light spectrum can be covered without any sharp peaks ˘ specific Novaled device architecture allows for almost any shade of white ˘ OLED white light is located slightly underneath the black body curve in the CIE diagram ˘ OLEDs can attain high CRI values ˘ no “green dip” such as inorganic LEDs suffer from The Novaled technology enables daylight-like OLEDs with a long lifetime and very low power consumption in comparison to standard OLEDs. These properties make Novaled OLEDs highly appealing for the lighting industry and qualified the Novaled PIN OLED® technology to play a key role in leading European OLED lighting projects like OLLA and OLED100.

A new world of lighting

The lighting industry is on the cusp of a revolution with OLED lighting technology. This unique area light source has an immense potential for entirely new applications in various industry segments.

With these devices a variety of futuristic luminaires, artistic light sculptures and signage can be brought to life. OLED is not limited to being just a source of light but also functions as furniture elements such as mirrors and surfaces or parts of interiors, rooms, buildings and more. As a light source and design element OLED fit perfectly in: ˘ Design Light: Luminaire, Fitting & furnishing ˘ General Light: Luminaire, Fitting & furnishing ˘ Appliance: White Goods, Controls, Signage ˘ Industrial: PDT, Machine vision ˘ Transport: Aerospace, Automobile ˘ Construction and Smart surface: Interior (Window, Wall, Mirror), Façade, other

OLED Exit Sign Willing/Novaled

Together with partner companies, Novaled did first concept studies on OLED lighting applications:

Trilux “Enspiro” Concept study Trilux/Novaled

“Fan” Novaled/Wolfram Design

Applications with OLED “Victory” Novaled/Wolfram Design

Novaled offers customized OLEDs on glass in different sizes and colors and in addition can process OLEDs on metal substrates such as steel or aluminium.

Fasten Seat Belts Sign Airbus/Novaled

OLED parking light Novaled/Magneti Marelli

“4 x 4 is 34” Ingo Maurer/Novaled

OLEDs on metal can provide additional value: Easy integration of OLEDs in modules or systems ˘ Direct soldering onto the substrate ˘ Connector options like magnetic clipping Thermal management ˘ Metal substrate is a much better thermal conductor than glass ˘ Increased lifetime and more homogeneous light emission under temperature stress Bill of materials ˘ Substrate can function as one of the OLED electrodes ˘ More robust and less need of support framing Design freedom ˘ Appealing and highly reflective off state appearance ˘ Bended applications will be possible in future

“Palm frond” Novaled/Wolfram Design

The OLED Lighting User’s Manual

Technology, market and practical insights for all involved in the lighting business

All you want to know about OLEDs – the OLED Lighting User’s Manual provides indepth coverage of technological, marketing and practical aspects related to OLED lighting. It describes and positions the state-of-the-art technologies for organic and inorganic lighting to facilitate the appreciation of the OLEDs’ unique selling points. It brings a revolutionary perspective on the lighting market and its value chain to support a wide range of business considerations. The Manual also describes novel case studies to help the reader understanding what it takes to make an OLED luminaire. This is a complete guide to OLED lighting. The objectives of this OLED lighting report is to: ˘ provide a reference point for OLED outsiders and lighting experts wondering why and when they should engage into OLED for lighting ˘ help the reader to appreciate the USPs and challenges of OLEDs at various application levels ˘ offer the basis to model a possible OLED lighting business plan: from technology to market to product levels

“ZigZag” Novaled/Wolfram Design

)NTEGRATED OLED lighting can be thought of as a “thin film” lighting technology. With this in mind, the de-

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The other losses occur due to the refactive index mismatch between the organic layer and the

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substrate (guided modes) and the substrate and air (substrate modes). To extract the substrate mode, light extracting structures can be attached on the substrate, which are then called external extracting structures. These external extracting structures are films that have microlens arrays,

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In order to extract the light from the organic layers, a light extracting structure is embedded inside the OLED. It is typically a scattering layer that is embedded between the ITO and the substrate. Instead of scattering layers, one can also use structured ITO or photonic crystal layers

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LED Long life, efficiency

between the ITO and substrate. The light propagates in the plane of the thin film structure and

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OLED Thin, flat light 1900 Conceived/ Invented

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1. No outcoupling improvement

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OLED stack Metal cathode

OLED stack Metal cathode

2. Scattering layer to improve energy extracting from OLED into substrate

a new value proposition is created. In such cases the lighting function would be part of a holistic

presence of lighting products and concepts at recent design and lighting exhibitions. At present, the OLED lighting industry is very young and technology driven, contrasting the lighting indus-

Exhibit 7.17: Novaled light sculpture “Palm Frond”

design concept.

potential of the market for its lighting products and services. In the scheme of any self-fulfilling prophecy, connecting those two self-serving ends is the means to success.

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Against this background there is a need to move the discussion beyond technology and onto the application level. There is also a need to reset short term expectations, which appear to be infected with visions of fully flexible and extremely cheap lighting. This should be achieved by dem-

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OLEDs are thin area light sources emitting uniform diffuse light. This technology enables light-

the lighting market. However, the overwhelming interest in the technology rests on the assump-

ing capability to be directly embedded in architectural materials, such as metal and glass. OLEDs

tion that OLED lighting can become a mainstream lighting technology and capture a significant share of a $90 billion global lighting market.

do not require light distribution optics - OLED lighting is pure lighting.

At present, a typical 10x10 OLED module may provide a light output of 50 to 100 lumens when operated in a normal range of 2,000 to 5,000 cd/m2. This means that the equivalent of 10 pieces

space, but also not producing uniform illumination and needing to be combined with optical light

of current 10cmx10cm OLEDs are required to replace a single 1,000 lumen lamp (efficiency loss

the total integration of lighting and architectural materials – something that is not possible today. In addition, both on-state and off-state can be utilized for decorative impact.

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try which is very experienced in delivering end-user solutions. The successful conversion of market interest into commercial products requires a high level of financial investment in the OLED lighting industry. This in turn requires confidence in the growth

There is a growing appreciation that OLED lighting will find acceptance in specific segments of

Scattering layer ITO anode

ent OLED can act as a luminaire at night. The original functional properties are preserved and

onstrating that OLED lighting is already a viable, exciting and unrivalled lighting technology.

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Substrate

The key to the successful use of OLED lighting technology may be to consider OLED as an additional functional layer on top of the existing function, e.g. a skylight combined with a transpar-

high color rendering properties and this results in a very pleasing and comfortable light. Furthermore, they are fully dimmable, can be switched on and off without any time delay, and already

2020

Source: Wikipedia and named companies ITO anode

but the adoption of thin internal wall paneling or artificial windows can already be envisaged.

OLEDs are thin area light sources that emit uniform diffuse light. White OLEDs display very

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Exhibit 4.19: Timescale from invention to mass market for notable inventions

Substrate

wall panels, ceiling tiles and glazing units. Realization of illuminating facades will take some years

to result in a fundamental change.

Evidence that commercial interest in this sector is increasing comes via new product-level announcements from companies engaged in OLED lighting technology and a surprisingly strong

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mercial companies expressing confidence in this new solid-state lighting technology. Whereas in the flat panel display market, OLED technology is seen as an evolutionary replacement for LCD technology, the unique technical features of OLEDs as regards lighting applications are expected

technology that can deliver a mirror-like appearance or full transparency in the off-state.

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scattering increases the amount of light going out of the organics and into the substrate.

as the photovoltaic industry is developing integrated energy generation products. The advent of OLED lighting technology as embedded lighting opens up the path to construction elements, e.g.

exhibit impressive energy efficiencies and operating lifetimes. There is currently no other lighting

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shaped structures, shaped substrates and silicon particles.

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velopment of “Building Integrated Solid State Lighting” can be imagined much in the same way

The increasing viability of OLED as a source of light has led to an increasing number of com-

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Exhibit 6.19: OLED attributes for integrated lighting

Source: Novaled AG

Conventional lighting schemes use linear and point sources, not only occupying a volume of

This luminaire concept was designed in late 2009 and is inspired by a palm frond. It is intentionally spare in design in order to emphasize the OLEDs. The stem gives the piece its structure and it is conceived as a reversible piece which can be used in suspension or free-standing.

in typical luminaires can close this gap) in the near term.

management fixtures. OLED lighting offers designers a new lighting design platform that enables

It has the additional dichotomy of two different perspectives. Side-on, it evokes the idea of a large Substrate Scattering layer ITO anode OLED stack Metal cathode

3. Microlens Array (MLA) to improve energy extracting from OLED into air

avian wing with main feathers or alternatively the form of a mammal with the rib cage attached to

Current module efficiency of 15 to 25lm/W is on par with incandescent and halogen light sources

a curved backbone. It could also indeed project the concept of an angel`s wing. Viewed edge-on, the piece is seen as a bare spine and only the glow of the OLEDs betrays some hidden depth to

at lamp level, but compared to LED and FL, which promise 50 to 100lm/w at lamp level, there

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appears to be a significant gap. However, in the next 5 years OLED should be able to close the

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Other colors and forms are possible. Alternative connection and driving options could be incorporated to develop active lighting effects, such as downward or upward sweeping, and create color Exhibit 3.8: Approaches to improve light outcoupling

Source: Novaled AG

variation according to the season or time of day.

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Content overview OLED Lighting User’s Manual

1. Introduction 1.1. OLED Lighting – ready for takeoff 1.2. The solid-state lighting century 1.3. Scope of report

20 21 21 22

2. OLED application & design aspects 2.1. What makes OLED lighting so unique? 2.2. Main application areas for OLED technology 2.3. OLED contacting and driving 2.4. OLED on glass 2.5. Transparent OLED 2.6. OLED on metal 2.7. Flexible OLED 2.8. Off-state appearance

24 25 27 33 34 35 36 37 38

3. OLED technology – the basics 3.1. Introduction 3.2. How does an OLED work? 3.3. OLED architecture 3.4. Key technology parameters 3.5. Key technology challenges 3.6. OLED manufacturing 4. OLED lighting roadmap 4.1. Lamp technology 4.2. Lighting technology 4.3. International initiatives 4.4. Manufacturing development roadmap 4.5. When will a major OLED lighting industry emerge? 4.6. OLED roadmap

40 41 42 53 54 57 59 66 67 69 74 79 84 88

5. OLED lighting market 5.1. Market drivers 5.2. OLED lighting adoption 5.3. The competitive landscape: Five forces analysis 5.4. OLED lighting market 5.5. Lighting market structure

92 93 102

6. How OLED will change lighting 6.1. The OLED lighting revolution 6.2. Nature of OLED lighting products 6.3. Lighting requirements 6.4. Application areas for OLED Lighting

140 141 145 150 155

7. Novaled OLED luminaires – concept studies, designs & prototypes 7.1. Design concepts 7.2. Design prototypes

168 169 171

Appendix

186

110 116 132

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TECHNOLOGY+ PERFORMANCE

Novaled AG Tatzberg 49 01307 Dresden Germany Tel +49(0)351/7 96 58-0 Fax +49(0)351/7 96 58-29 [email protected]

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Novaled AG is a leader in the research, development and commercialization of technologies and materials that enhance the performance of OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes) and other organic electronics. Novaled offers OLED product manufacturers a unique combination of proprietary technology, materials and expertise, and is currently the only company licensing and selling organic conductivity doping technology and materials for use in the commercial mass production of display products in the OLED industry. Novaled has developed strategic partnerships with key OLED innovators and producers throughout the world and, with a broad portfolio of more than 500 patents granted or pending, has a strong IP position in OLED technologies, structures and materials. Commercially active since 2003, Novaled was founded in 2001 as a spin-off of the Technical University and the Fraunhofer Institute of Dresden. Novaled is headquartered in Dresden with sales offices in Korea and Japan.

www.novaled.com rev19 gb