LIGHT THERAPY User Guide

LIGHT THERAPY Frequency Modulated Photobiomodulation Index 1. THE HISTORY OF THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON THE HUMAN BODY .................................................................................... 3 2. PHOTOBIOMODULATION ............................................................................... 4 3. THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON CELLULAR PROCESSES .......................... 4 4. FREQUENCY MODULATION .......................................................................... 5 4.1 NOGIER and VOLL FREQUENCIES 5. FREQUENCY MODULATED LIGHT THERAPY FOR COMPETITIVE AND RECREATIONAL ATHLETES .......................... 7 6. SPORTS INJURIES SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH LIGHT THERAPY ................................................................................... 9 6.1 MUSCLE, TENDON AND LIGAMENT INJURIES due to repeated strains 6.2 INJURIES TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 6.3 BONE AND CARTILAGE INJURIES 7. MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL INJURIES AND OSTEOARTHRITIS ........ 9 7.1 RELEASING MUSCLE TENSION 7.2 OSTEOARTHRITIS 7.3 ALLEVIATING PAIN 8. LIGHT THERAPY FOR COSMETIC PURPOSES ....................................... 10 8.1 PHOTOREJUVINATION OF SKIN 8.2 ACNE 8.3 CELLULITE 8.4 SKIN INFLAMMATIONS 8.5 SKIN TREATMENT FOLLOWING ABLATIVE PROCEDURES 9. RECOMMENDED PARAMETERS OF PHOTOBIOMODULATION ........ 11 10. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FOR YOUR HEALTH ........................................ 12 11. SOURCES ............................................................................................................ 13

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1.THE HISTORY OF THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON THE HUMAN BODY The positive effects of light on the human body were known long before modern phototherapeutic sources were discovered. Ancient Egyptian cultures already began to display evidence that there was an understanding of the direct connection between life and sunlight. The German Raum und Zeit medical journal published a study confirming that not only the retina but the whole body is covered in structures that absorb light, i.e. the socalled cryptochromes. The use of devices for implementing light therapy is a modern and innovative approach to treating and preventing illnesses and injuries. A few years ago, NASA scientists discovered something that can in many ways be classified as a global medical revolution. In studying light that would be appropriate for staying in outer space, NASA’s scientists discovered the therapeutic effects of red light on the functioning of the entire human organism. The first data on the use of light for therapeutic purposes were found in relation to Aristotle. In the early 18th century, there were a number of researchers studying light, among them Sir Isaac Newton, who discovered the visible and invisible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum of light. The antimicrobial effects were proven at the end of the 19th century, and light was being used at the same time to treat depression in mental health facilities across Europe and in North America. Knowledge on the effects of light grew, and in 1903, the Danish doctor Dr Niels R. Finsen received the Nobel Prize for his contribution to the treatment of individual skin diseases with certain wavelengths of light. Slovenians played an important role in the development of light therapy. While staying in Bled in 1885, the Swiss hydropath Dr Albert Rikli recognised the advantages of the special climatic conditions and the favourable geographic position of the town for a long swimming season. He set up a Natural Health Resort and began implementing medical treatments through natural light. In the 20th century, laser light established its position in medicine, enabling precise and unique medical procedures. It is used in surgeries for operating on various types of tissue. At the same time, effects of so-called low-energy lasers, which have beneficial effects on the regeneration of injured tissue, were studied. The latest research established that coherence and polarisation of light are not the core properties for light therapy. Light stimulation can thus be implemented in two ways: via low-energy lasers (requiring professional control) or via light-emitting diodes or LEDs that are appropriate for independent use. The evolution of living beings took place under the effects of electromagnetic waves, and the use of non-coherent light for medical purposes is thus appropriate and justified. “Air is good, water is better, light is best!” (Dr Albert Rikli)

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2. PHOTOBIOMODULATION Photobiomodulation is the regulation of cellular processes with the help of specifically determined light regimes. Red light and near infra red light (NIR) are predominantly used for therapeutic purposes. Red and NIR LEDs emit light in the broadband light spectrum (600–1000 nm), typically in frequency bands at 20–25 nm, with special variations with a broader spectrum also being possible. In order to cover several bands (e.g. one band in the red and one in the NIR region, which is often the case), we need to use several different diodes or one diode that emits at several wavelengths simultaneously. The main reason for using light sources emitting light in the red spectrum is the fact that haemoglobin does not absorb this light and the light is thus able to penetrate deep into the living tissue. This part of the spectrum has the best effects and does not have any detrimental effects, provided that the limitations of light regimes are considered. The professional term for the light in this region is the phototherapeutic window. Light in the phototherapeutic window is absorbed by our cells, which triggers reactions in our tissue and therapeutic effects. Systemic effects on the level of communication between the immune, nervous and endocrine system have been proven, enabling a comprehensive treatment with the help of the body’s innate intelligence. Another established term for light therapy is LLLT or Low Level Light Therapy. The main difference between low-energy lasers and LEDs is that laser therapy can only be implemented by a trained professional, while light stimulators with red and NIR LEDs can be used as a therapeutic aid at home. LED light systems have other advantages over lasers: -

they can emit light at various wavelengths simultaneously, they illuminate larger tissue surfaces, there is no need for safety goggles, they do not cause thermal tissue damage due to excessive energy, they have an increased therapeutic effect due to their effect on various chromophores and various depths of tissue.

3. THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON CELLULAR PROCESSES

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Many physiological processes depend on the light cycle. There are special photoreceptive molecules in our cells called cytochrome c oxidases, which are enzymes of the respiratory chain of mitochondria. Mitochondria are cellular organelles that supply cellular energy. Cytochrome c oxidases absorb light in the phototherapeutic window (NIR and R spectrum), triggering a sequence of redox reactions on the inner mitochondrial membrane. The photobiological response of these primary mechanisms is evident in the photo signal transduction to secondary mechanisms that ensures a number of clinical effects: wound healing, improved blood and lymph circulation, regeneration and immunomodulation. Photobiomodulation provides the organism with substantial support in maintaining homeostasis of the body.

Numerous scientific studies, including clinical studies, have confirmed the effects of light in treating various illnesses and injuries. This applies particularly to the red and the near infrared spectrum. Light contributes to maintaining or re-establishing balance in the organism at even cellular level, where it: -

acts as an antioxidant contributing to the protection of cells from free radicals, affects the proteins that protect cells from degenerative processes, enhances the osmotic resistance of red blood cells, thus preventing haemolysis, affects the growth factors in the nervous system and microvessels and the muscular and connective tissue, affects cell signalling, regulates inflammations, the immune response and circadian rhythms, supports tissue regeneration, stimulates local circulation, supports the lymphatic system.

Light affects the mechanisms of disease incidence and substantially shortens the recovery time. It thus helps reduce medical costs, as it cuts down on the use of medicinal products. A light stimulator cannot replace a healthy lifestyle and medical care required in injuries or illnesses, but complementary effects have been proven. The irradiated area shows better circulation, cellular metabolism and the production of energy in cells improves and the healing and regenerative effects on the tissue are stimulated. The light stimulator can be used as an independent or complementary therapy.

4. FREQUENCY MODULATION Therapeutic light devices can be modulated at various frequencies. Technological advances enable us to join light therapy with frequency stimulation. Modulation unites the properties of light with technically compatible frequencies that additionally stimulate the body’s regenerative abilities and enhance the effects of light therapy. 4.1 NOGIER and VOLL FREQUENCIES Seven different frequencies are used to treat different injuries and alleviate illnesses through light (Table 1). These frequencies, Nogier frequencies, regulate various conditions. Dr Paul Nogier was a French neurologist and the founder of auriculotherapy, who determined frequencies for treating individual types of tissue. The seven experimentally determined Nogier frequencies can be used in light therapy as support in the rehabilitation of an affected organ through acupressure points or of injured tissue.

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Furthermore, these frequencies help establish a healthy balance of energies through meridian and acupressure points according to the principles of acupressure and acupuncture. Light devices can also be modulated by Voll frequencies. These frequencies are used for bioresonance therapy with individual electronic devices that include both frequencies for diagnosing and frequencies for treating conditions that occur as a result of impaired cellular activity. The 2.45 Hz Voll frequency is effective for acute, subacute and chronic conditions. Using light of a wavelength of 610–670 nm and 830-870 nm, it helps with muscular and skeletal injuries, pain, tendon and ligament injuries and injuries to the nervous system. It affects the acupuncture points. It strengthens and relaxes the body and has a direct effect on individual systems of the organism or individual organs. It is used for oedema, sinusitis, insomnia and vegetative disorders. Light therapy is often complemented by Nogier and Voll frequencies that stimulate the treatment of various types of tissue and offer effective support to treating various medical conditions and injuries. The type of injury or the medial condition determines the appropriate frequency to be used. Table 1: Seven Nogier frequencies to achieving a healthy energy balance of the body that are most commonly used in light therapy. Frequency Value (Hz)

A 292

B 584

C 1168

D 2336

E 4672

F 73

G 146

It generally applies that lower frequencies are used to facilitate cell activity and for, regeneration, while higher frequencies (C-E) are used for alleviation and relief of pain. The effects of these frequencies are enhanced if several frequencies are included in one therapy. The following combinations of frequencies are especially effective (Table 2): Table 2: Combinations of Nogier frequencies enhance the desired effect. Effect

ANALGESIC

REGENERATIVE

RELAXATION

Frequency

C, E

F, G, D

A, B, E

Table 3: Nogier frequencies FREQUENCY EFFECTS OF NOGIER FREQUENCIES F Facilitates cellular activity, especially when this activity is reduced. Activates bodily functions. Stimulates acupuncture points

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G

A

B

C

D E

Anti-inflammatory function, stimulates the immune system. Accelerates recovery. This setting is often combined with other settings, as inflammations comprise several phases. It has a stimulating effect on tissue of ectodermal origin (the central and the peripheral nervous system, the sensory epithelia, the epidermis with hair, nails, cutaneous glands, the pituitary gland, the epiphysis). It facilitates recovery following surgical procedures, restores the skin and the mucous membrane (wounds, wrinkles, ulcers, aphthae, herpes). Helps with migraines. This frequency is used as the universal frequency for acupuncture points. It has a stimulating effect on tissue of endodermal origin (the liver, gall bladder, pancreas, intestinal loop, the urinary bladder). In enhances blood and lymph circulation. It also affects the conduction in nerve fibres. It prevents the development of blisters in the initial phase of herpes and facilitates the healing of wounds in the mouth cavity. Together with settings C and G, it helps treat bruising and contusions. It has a stimulating effect on tissue of mesodermal origin (connective and supportive tissue, striated and smooth muscle tissue, haematopoietic organs, the lymph, kidneys, the genitals). It supports bone healing and facilitates recovery following muscle, ligament and joint injuries. It relaxes the muscles and improves joint mobility. Complements frequencies A and C. Relieves pain.

Modern light devices for photobiomodulation are frequency modulated and are intended for specific therapies that we wish to conduct. This means that in addition to treatment with the seven basic frequencies, they enable the use of preset programmes that automatically combine various frequencies in recommended time intervals. The frequencies change automatically with regard to the type of the injury or the medical condition. After the therapy, the devices shut down automatically.

5. FREQUENCY MODULATED LIGHT THERAPY FOR COMPETI TIVE AND RECREATIONAL ATHLETES Sports injuries and illnesses originate in wrong training methods, structural irregularities that put more strain on individual parts of the body and the weakening of muscles, tendons and ligaments. Many injuries are the result of chronic deterioration, when repetitive movements put too much pressure on sensitive tissue. Light therapy is intended for competitive and recreational athletes for better sporting prowess, better utilisation of muscles, fast relief following muscle, tendon and ligament injuries and alleviating pain and swelling.

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Photobiomodulation is an effective therapy for inflammatory processes that are the result of the body’s response to the injury, as it initially supports the inflammation and in later phases, when the structure and function of the injured tissue start to regenerate, it limits or affects it with regard to the injury caused to the tissue. With the most common sports injuries (torn muscles, tendons and ligaments), the aim of the inflammation is to “remove” the injured tissue and prepare the tissue for regeneration. Photobiomodulation affects the regeneration and organisation of collagen fibres after the injury and thus prevents scaring of the injured tissue when healing. The blood and lymph flow are facilitated so that the cells of the injured tissue are able to receive enough oxygen and nutrients for regeneration. The excretion of metabolic waste that is generated due to inflammatory processes, e.g. lactic acid, is facilitated. Light stimulation affects the cell’s self-regenerative processes, thus contributing to the regeneration of injured muscle, connective, cartilaginous and bone tissue and also preventing injuries, as it reduces the level of creatine kinase enzyme that occurs with intensive training and causes injury to muscle fibres. Light therapy is effective: -

for faster regeneration and relaxation, for better sports performance, in muscle, tendon and ligament injuries, in injuries to the nervous system, in bone and cartilage injuries, for replenishing energy.

When to irradiate with the light stimulator and what are the effects of light stimulation: a)

before practice:

- it enhances blood flow and energy supply to the muscles, thus increasing their performance. The muscle is prepared for the strains and its resilience, mobility and functionality are increased and the likelihood of an injury reduced, - it increases joint elasticity and mobility, - it reduces the level of the creatine kinase enzyme that occurs with training, thus reducing the likelihood of injuries to muscle tissue. b)

after practice:

- it strengthens the flow of blood and lymph through the injured and strained tissue, thus enabling faster regeneration and shortening rest times, - it facilitates the excretion of metabolic waste in the muscle after intensive training (lactic acid), with the light facilitating the decomposition of lactic acid that causes muscle cramps and pain, - it improves tissue elasticity, - it alleviates pain, - it creates a general feeling of relaxation.

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c)

in sports injuries:

- a stronger blood and lymph flow through the injured tissue provide the tissue with nutrients, oxygen and energy, thus facilitating the healing process and simultane ously also the excretion of cellular waste, - it facilitates the regeneration of bone, cartilaginous, connective and muscle tissue in case of injuries, - it has an anti-inflammatory function, - it facilitates tissue regeneration after injuries and surgical procedures; it affects the better connectivity and configuration of collagen fibres thus preventing scaring, - it facilitates the formation of the synovial fluid that improves joint elasticity and flexibility, - it alleviates swelling and pain.

6. SPORTS INJURIES SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH LIGHT THERAPY 6.1 MUSCLE, TENDON AND LIGAMENT INJURIES due to repeated strains: - sprains, dislocations, strains, - chronic Achilles tendinopathy, - tennis and golfer’s elbow, iliotibial band syndrome, - bursitis, tendinitis, epicondylitis, capsulitis, - supraspinatus tendonitis, conditions following muscle and joint surgery, contusions, - De Quervain tenosynovitis, - plantar fasciitis, fibrositis, - arthralgia, injuries and degenerative joint illnesses, 6.2 INJURIES TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM - carpal tunnel syndrome, - injuries to the peripheral nerves. 6.3 BONE AND CARTILAGE INJURIES - fractures, metatarsal fractures, cartilage injuries.

7. MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL INJURIES AND OSTEOARTHRITIS 7.1 RELEASING MUSCLE TENSION Light therapy facilitates the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy in cells, leading to faster regeneration and the restoration of the function of injured or strained muscle fibres. The decomposition of lactic acid is stimulated and elements of movement are improved.

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7.2 OSTEOARTHRITIS The beneficial effects of irradiation on the regeneration of joint parts at the cellular level consequently improve the quality of life. NIR light alleviates pain, reduces stiffness, regulates inflammations and swelling and improves joint mobility. 7.3 ALLEVIATING PAIN It has a distinctly analgesic function according to the gate control theory of pain, via the release of endorphins and via detoxification mechanisms.

8. LIGHT THERAPY FOR COSMETIC PURPOSES 8.1 PHOTOREJUVINATION OF SKIN The discovery of this non-invasive method helps fight against skin aging. The aging process causes skin alterations due to internal factors of slower metabolism and due to a reduced collagen formation. These alterations are additionally facilitated by various external factors, especially UV rays. Various studies have shown that photobiomodulation with red and NIR light, which is emitted by low-energy LEDs, is a safe and effective method of skin regeneration. The therapy facilitates the synthesis of collagen and elastin in the dermis, improving skin elasticity and flexibility. It acts as an antioxidant protecting the cells from free radicals. Photobiomodulation is a process that regulates cell activity using light sources without thermal effects. Studies of LED photobiomodulation have shown skin textural improvement accompanied by increased collagen deposition with reduced MMP-1 (an enzyme that breaks the peptide bonds in collagen) activity in the papillary dermis. LED photobiomodulation is a safe, efficient, painless and non-ablative approach to photoaging. As it affects endorphins, encephalins and anti-stress hormones, the skin appears rested, radiant and youthful. The increased blood and lymph circulation provide the skin with nutrients and oxygen while facilitating detoxification. Excellent synergic effects of light therapy and green tea have been proven if the skin is irradiated prior to treatment with pharmacological substances and cosmetic preparations. The face and décolletage are irradiated. 8.2 ACNE

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One of the main reasons for the onset of acne is increased sebum production (in addition to hormonal imbalance, metabolic effects and effects of nutrition). Sebaceous glands are microscopic glands that secrete sebum, which forms a protective layer over the skin.

The majority of sebaceous glands are located on the face and the scalp. Excessive sebum secretion blocks the follicle and acne appears. The bacteria in the glands cause an inflammatory reaction, which light therapy alleviates. It facilitates detoxification and regenerates injured skin while also preventing scaring. It supports the local and systemic immune response, enhancing the skin’s resistance. Microcirculation of blood and lymph improves and thus also the supply of skin cells with nutrients and oxygen. It also facilitates the excretion of toxic metabolic products. The affected area is irradiated from a distance of 10–20 cm once a day until skin condition improves. 8.3 CELLULITE Light therapy is exceptionally suitable as an anti-cellulite treatment, as the light reaches deep into the subcutaneous tissue, where it enhances the microcirculation of blood and lymph, thus enabling the excretion of retained water and toxins from the body. It dissolves fatty tissue and tightens the skin, making it firm and smooth. The thighs and buttocks are irradiated. Irradiation is a very effective part of anti cellulite programmes. Irradiation can be used as the finishing touch to an anti cellulite massage, lymphatic drainage or for preparing the skin to better absorb anti cellulite substances in creams. LED light therapy can also be used independently as an anti cellulite treatment. In addition, light relaxes the muscles. 8.4 SKIN INFLAMMATIONS Skin inflammations are usually accompanied by redness and intense itching. Scratching additionally breaks the epidermis and irritates the skin. Irradiation with red light helps regenerate skin and soothes irritated skin. It has a soothing effect on the redness that accompanies inflammation. 8.5 SKIN TREATMENT FOLLOWING ABLATIVE PROCEDURES LED light therapy facilitates the healing of the skin surface following laser ablation and other invasive cosmetic treatments and shortens the duration of the accompanying side effects of these treatments.

9. RECOMMENDED PARAMETERS OF PHOTOBIOMODULATION Photobiomodulation supports the normal healing processes and includes both biostimulation and bioinhibition. This is why we need to consider the use of the correct light parameters: - The phototherapeutic window: from 600 to 1000 nm. - Energy flux density: from 0.5 J/cm2 to 5 J/cm2; most commonly 2.5–5 J/cm².

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- Power density: from 5 mW/cm2 to 100 mW/cm2; most commonly in the 10 mW/cm2 to 30 mW/cm2 region for surface tissue, while for deeper joint and muscle tissue a power density from 30 mW/cm2 to 80 mW/cm2 is used. Acute conditions are treated once to twice daily and chronic conditions twice to three times a week. Light therapy should commence as soon as possible following the injury.

10. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FOR YOUR HEALTH The stimulator is a self-help aid. Light therapy cannot replace medical care, rehabilitation methods or a therapy prescribed by a medical professional. It is an efficient supplementary method of healing and self help. Do not look directly into the light while irradiating your face. Cover or close your eyes. If you are taking photosensitive medication, you urgently need to consult your doctor before starting with light therapy. In treating chronic conditions, discomfort (e.g. a tingling sensation) or slightly increased pain may occur for a brief time due to the natural balance in the body being reestablished. Discontinue use and continue with irradiation after six hours with shorter irradiation times. Each local or systemic bacterial or viral infection may cause the organism to react differently. Apply caution with increased body temperature and infections, with certain blood disorders, in cases of major blood loss, neuropathy and irradiation of the lower abdomen. There is still not sufficient research regarding the effects on sex glands. The stimulator facilitates cellular metabolism and thus enhances detoxification of the body. Make sure to drink sufficient amounts of water every day. Despite numerous studies into healing with light, certain questions still remain to be answered. The use of light therapy is not advised in individual cases even though there have been no reports of unfavourable effects. CONTRAINDICATIONS -

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during pregnancy (the abdominal and vaginal region), benign and malignant diseases, hyperthyroidism, with newborns and small children, in cases of epilepsy, around moles, direct exposure of the retina.

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES -

febrile states and infectious diseases, major blood loss, burnout syndrome, the epiphyseal area of youth and unclosed fontanels (soft spots on a baby’s head), pacemaker, diabetics.*

* With diabetes, the dosage of light therapy should be dispersed into several smaller doses, e.g. three times a day for five minutes. Pay attention to blood sugar levels. The same applies if you suffer from impaired renal function or vein disorders, as irradiation facilitates cellular metabolism and thus increases detoxification. When in doubt always consult your physician.

11. SOURCES These recommendations have been prepared on the basis of data from Healing Energies of Heat and Light by Dr Charles T. McGee and in accordance with the recommendations of the Guide to Low Energy Photon Therapy by Gerald Cartier. They have been completed with the findings published in renowned medical journals (The Lancet, Nature, Science, Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine and Surgery, Lasers in Medical Science, Circulation (Journal of the American Heart Association), Clinical Dermatology, Biochemistry (Moscow), Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Pain, The Journal of Pain, European Journal of Pain, Volumes of Congresses on Low-Energy Light Therapy, etc.) and are in accordance with the recommendations of European and global photomedical associations and the latest studies.

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1. Douris P, Southard V, Ferrigi R et al. EFFECT OF PHOTOTHERAPY ON DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS (DOMS). Photomed Laser Surg. 2006; (3): 377–82. 2. Ramagole DA. EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL LIGHT THERAPY IN TREATMENT OF OVER USE SPORTS INJURIES IN PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES – DESCRIPTIVE PILOT STUDY. Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pretoria, South Africa. 3. Junior EC, Lopes-Martins RA, Baroni BM et al. COMPARISON BETWEEN SINGLE-DIODE LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY (LLLT) AND LED MULTI-DIODE (CLUSTER) THERAPY (LEDT) APPLICATIONS BEFORE HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE. Laboratory of Human Movement, University of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. 4. Smith R. SEEING THE LIGHT. HOW LIGHT THERAPY IS SURPRISING SKEPTICS AND GAINING CONVERTS. Cover Story Physical Therapy Products, April/May 2004; 13–17. 5. Thomasson TL, D.D.S., FaciaI Pain/TMJ Treatment Centre, Denver, CO. EFFECTS OF SKIN- CONTACT MONOCHROMATIC INFRARED IRRADIATION ON TENDONITIS, CAPSULI TIS, AND MYOFASCIAL PAIN. J Neurol Orthop Med Surg 1996; 16: 242–45. 6. Min Wu, Ling Zhu, Bina Hu, Timon Cheng-Yi Liu. EFFECTS OF RED LIGHT AT 640 NM FROM LIGHT EMITTING DIODES ON THE RESPIRATORY BURST OF HUMAN NEU TROPHILS. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences (JIOHS) 2008; 1(2): 285–94. 7. Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Iversen VV. A RANDOMISED, PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIAL OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY FOR ACTIVATED ACHILLES TENDINITIS WITH MICRODIALYSIS MEASUREMENT OF PERITENDINOUS PROSTAGLANDIN E2 CONCENTRATIONS. Br J Sports Med. 2006; 40: 76–80. 8. Karu T. TEN LECTURES ON BASIC SCIENCE OF LASER PHOTOTHERAPY. Graengesberg: Prima Books AB, 2007. 9. Vladimirov YuA. Osipov AN. MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR BIOSTIMULATIVE ACTION OF LASER AND LED RADIATION. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2008; 5(1): S2(4). 10. Kendric C. Smith (PhD., Professor Emeritus of Radiation Oncology (Radiation Biology), Stan ford University School of Medicine, Founder and First President of American Society for Photobiology), LASER AND LED THERAPY IS PHOTOTHERAPY. http://www.photobiology. org, e-mail: [email protected]. 11. Bastos JLN1, Parizotto NA2, Maciel CD1, Lizarelli RFZ.3 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LASER AND LED SYSTEMS OF LOW INTENSITY APPLIED TO TENDON HEALING (1. Department of Electrical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, EESC – USP São Carlos, SP, Brazil; 2. Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil; 3. Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil). 12. Siposan GD, Bobe S. DOES LOW LEVEL LASER RADIATION GIVE ENERGETIC SUP PORT TO RBC-S METABOLISM? Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2008, 5(1): S25(7). 13. Frangež I, Smrke DM, Škarja M, Strgar R. TERAPEVTSKE INDIKACIJE FOTOBIOMODU LACIJE Z LED-DIODAMI. Zbornik predavanj/ IV. konferenca o ranah z mednarodno udeležbo, Portorož 2009; 37–45. 14. Frangež I, Smrke DM. VPLIV FOTOBIOMODULACIJE Z LED-DIODO NA CELJENJE RAN. Zbornik predavanj/ IV. konferenca o ranah z mednarodno udeležbo, Portorož 2009; 49–53. 15. Frangež I, Kuralt T, Strgar R, Smrke DM. UPORABA LED PRI BOLNIKIH Z OSTEOAR TROZO. 5. simpozij o kronični rani, okužbi mehkih tkiv in skeleta z mednarodno udeležbo, Portorož 2010; 141–44 . 16. Carroll JD. LOW LEVEL LASER/PHOTOBIOMODULATION DOSIMETRY. WHAT ARE THE TRESHOLDS AND WHAT ARE THE LIMITS? Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2008, 5(1): S25(71). 17. Smalley P. LASER SAFETY: BEYOND SIGNS AND GOGGLES. Photodiagnosis and Photody namic Therapy.2008; 5(1): S1(3). 18. Hode L. WHAT LASERS CAN MAKE YOU BLIND? Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2008; 5(1): S1(2).

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