Life Course Policies and the Labour Market Christine Erhel Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne, Université Paris 1 et CNRS; Centre d’Etudes de l’Emploi

Conférence OCDE, 31 mai-1er juin 2007, Paris

1- Life course and the labour market: some theoretical foundations for analysis 





Neo-classical economics: life cycle, labour supply and human capital investment Sociological approaches and socio-economics: an enlarged « life-course » perspective Transitional Labour Markets: time and transitions

2-Policy issues in OECD countries

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns across countries : some empirical evidence of the impact of policies and institutions - Age and the labour market - Gender issues 2.2 The emergence of new social risks

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: age and the labour market (1) Table 1- Employment rates by age groups in some OECD countries (2004) 15-24 25-54 54-65 40 77.6 42.5 EU 15 43 75.7 50.8 OECD 62.4 77.4 52 Australie 51.9 82.6 28.8 Austria 27.8 77.3 30 Belgium 57.8 81.3 54.8 Canada 62.3 83.7 60.3 Denmark 53.9 79 59.9 Etats-Unis 39.4 81 50.9 Finland 30.4 79.6 37.3 France 41.9 78.1 41.8 Germany 26.8 73.5 39.4 Greece 47.7 78.8 49.5 Ireland 27.6 72.2 30.5 Italy 40 78.6 63 Japan 21.4 78.7 30.8 Luxemburg 65.9 82.5 45.2 Netherlands 37.1 81.1 50.3 Portugal 35.2 72.7 41.3 Spain 39.2 82.9 69.1 Sweden 55.4 80.8 56.2 U-K Source : LFS, Eurostat, et OECD (2006)

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: age and the labour market (2) Différence de taux d'emploi seniors/population active 0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

-0,1

Allemagne

-0,2

Autriche Belgique Danemark Espagne

-0,3

Finlande France Irlande -0,4

Italie Pays-Bas Portugal Suède

-0,5

Grèce

-0,6

-0,7

Source: LFS; Davoine, Erhel (2007)

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: age and the labour market (3) 25-54

EU

UK

GER

DK

Transitions by age group

U=>

I=>

N=>

I=>

N=>

SP

N

34%

47%

44%

27%

37%

25%

43%

I

14%

10%

21%

6%

11%

13%

17%

N

13%

25%

28%

0%

3%

8%

1%

U

4%

4%

2%

1%

2%

4%

1%

U

2%

2%

1%

2%

3%

2%

4%

I

2%

2%

5%

1%

4%

2%

2%

54-65

U=>

IT

FR

EU

DK

UK

FR

GER

IT

SP

N

8%

20%

27%

3%

4%

18%

9%

I

30%

48%

27%

20%

36%

11%

25%

N

2%

1%

4%

0%

0%

2%

0%

U

1%

1%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

U

3%

4%

1%

2%

9%

1%

3%

I

11%

9%

12%

15%

8%

15%

12%

Source: ECHP, Anxo, Erhel (2006) Observed probability of transition from one status (according to ILO definition) to another between 2000 and 2001 U Unemployment, I Inactivity, N Employment

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: gender and the labour market (1) Différence de taux d'emploi entre hommes et femmes 0 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

-0,1

Allemagne Autriche -0,2

Belgique Danemark Espagne Finlande

-0,3

France Irlande Italie Pays-Bas Portugal

-0,4

Suède Grèce

-0,5

-0,6

Source: LFS; Davoine, Erhel (2007)

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: gender and the labour market (2) Transitions by age group for women, 2000-2001 25-54

U=>

I=>

N=>

EU

DK

UK

FR

GER

IT

SP

N

30%

55%

43%

25%

36%

20%

36%

I

20%

14%

38%

8%

17%

23%

24%

N

12%

15%

24%

0%

4%

1%

1%

U

4%

3%

2%

1%

1%

0%

1%

U

3%

3%

1%

2%

4%

2%

5%

I

4%

3%

8%

2%

6%

3%

5%

Source: ECHP, Anxo, Erhel (2006) Observed probability of transition from one status (according to ILO definition) to another between 2000 and 2001 U Unemployment, I Inactivity, N Employment

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: household types approach (1) EMPLOYMENT RATES, SWEDEN 1998 120,0

100,0

Male 80,0

%

Female 60,0

40,0

20,0

0,0 0

1

2

3

4

5

HOUSEHOLD TYPES

Source: ECHP, Anxo D, Cebrian I, Fagan C and Gloria M. (2007)

in Anxo, Erhel, Schippers (2007) Transitions and Time Adjustments over the Life Course, Dutch University Press, chapter (also forthcoming in the SEER)

6

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: household types approach (2) EMPLOYMENT RATES, FRANCE 2000 100,0

90,0

Male 80,0

70,0

60,0

%

Female 50,0

40,0

30,0

20,0

10,0

0,0 0

1

2

3

4

HOUSEHOLD TYPES

Source: ECHP, Anxo D, Cebrian I, Fagan C and Gloria M. (2007) Ibid

5

6

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: household types approach (3) EMPLOYMENT RATES, SPAIN 2000 100,0

90,0

Male 80,0

70,0

60,0

%

Female 50,0

40,0

30,0

20,0

10,0

0,0 0

1

2

3

4

5

HOUSEHOLD TYPES

Source: ECHP, Anxo D, Cebrian I, Fagan C and Gloria M. (2007) Ibid

6

2.1 The heterogeneity of life course patterns: household types approach (4) EMPLOYMENT RATES, UK 2000 100,0

Male 90,0

80,0

70,0

Female

%

60,0

50,0

40,0

30,0

20,0

10,0

0,0 0

1

2

3

4

5

HOUSEHOLD TYPES

Source: ECHP, Anxo D, Cebrian I, Fagan C and Gloria M. (2007) Ibid

6

2.2 The emergence of new social risks



« Time squeeze »



Career discontinuities and poverty



Cumulative inequalities (see the role of training)



Irreversibility…

3- An overview of existing policies 3.1 Targeted policies Maternity, parental, training leaves regulation ALMP (training, job subsidies…) Retirement and early retirement 3.2 General policies Working time modulation and transition to part time Time saving accounts Leaves and career breaks Social protection

Compte épargne temps Modulation du temps de travail

Droit des transitions et des trajectoires

FAMILLE

Congés parentaux Congés sabbatiques Temps partiel C H O M A G E

Politique active de l’emploi

EMPLOI

Congés formation Formation en entreprise

Préretraites Temps partiel RETRAITE

Protection sociale

Les politiques de Life Course et les transitions sur le marché du travail. Lecture : en bleu les politiques ciblées sur une transition ; en violet les politiques globales portant sur l’ensemble du cycle de vie.

F O R M A T I O N

4- Reforming social protection and labour market policies: some lessons from life course oriented approaches