Part 1 Remote Observing at UCO/Lick Observatory:

Discovering Earth-Like Planets, Supernovae, and Gamma Ray Bursts Geoff Marcy (UC Berkeley) Robert Kibrick (UCO/Lick Observatory) 11 March 2008

Lick Observatory

Are There Other Planetary Systems

Similar to our Solar System ?

Lick Observatory Mount Hamilton, California

Owned and Operated by The University of California For Astrophysics Research and Education of Students

World Renowned Planet Search

1987 – Present

Survey: 400 Nearby Stars

Lick Observatory 3-meter Telescope

• First System of Planets • First Double, Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Planetary Systems.

Detecting Planets Orbiting other Stars Star Wobbles Due to

Gravitational pull by the planet

Star Wobbles due to Gravitational Pull of Planets Spectrum of starlight

Doppler Effect of Star Light

Starlight From Telescope

High Resolution ``Echelle”

Spectrometer

Echelle Spectrometer

CCD

Echelle Grating 7 Meters

Collimator

Saturn of induces Spectrum Star:

3 m/s Wobble in Sun :

Doppler Effect

Required Doppler Precision: 1 m/s = 0.0005 pixel = 7.5 nm

4096 CCD Pixels 17 Mb per image - - - 0.5 Gb per night

John Stoke, John Godfrey, Vanessa Thomas (STScI)

16 Cygni B Mass = 1.7 MJUP

(Min)

Orbit Period

Eccentric Orbit

2.2 yr Velocity Amplitude

Lick Observatory

16 Cygni: Planet & Moon

55 Cancri (Solar-Type, G8 Star)

Lick Observatory

Fischer et al. 2007

(Two Decades)

Discovered at Lick Observatory Last Year:

First Quintuple Planetary System

55 Cancri vs Solar System 5 Planets &

Gap

Gliese 436 Msini = 22.6 MEarth

Eccentricity: Non-zero ! No explanation.

.

Doppler Discovery: Butler et al. 2004; Maness et al. 2007

! = 1.5 gm/cc

Unknown Interior: 1.

Degeneracy: Rock, Ice, Gas

or liquid? 2. Di!erentiated vs Partially mixed Model from Fortney, Marley, & Jones 2007 Dave Stevenson, Deming et al. 2007, Chiang & Murray-Clay 2007

Milky Way Galaxy 200 billion stars ~10% of all Stars have detected planets.

Detected so far: • Jupiter-mass • Saturn-mass • Neptune-mass

~ Earth-Mass ?

Earth-Sized planets are probably common. But how common are

What conditions are necessary for life ?

New Lick Observatory:

Automated Planet Finder Search for the

First Earth-Like Planets

Detect Earths (rocky planets) • Ultra Doppler Meas.: 1 meter/sec • Robotic, Nightly - Lick Observatory •

Habitable Planet Finder Lick Observatory

New Lick Observatory

Automated Planet Finder

Automated Planet Finder

Team of Astrophysicists Dr. Debra Fischer

Dr. Steven Vogt

Dr. Paul Butler

Simulation: New Telescope During 1/2 Year Hypothetical Planet: 10 Earth-Masses Orbital Period = 50 days

Time (Days)

* Temp = 80 C

50.29 days Peak Power

Power of the Dedicated Telescope: Repeated Orbital Cycles Confirm Planet

Lick Observatory:

World’s Most Prolific Supernova Search • 0.76-meter robotic telescope. • Hunts for Supernovae every clear night. • Finds more Supernovae than and other telescope in the World. • Measures Brightness of SNe. • Real-time data transfer (to UC Berkeley) and image processing, 2000 images: 2 GB of data per night.

Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope (KAIT)

• Accepts NASA Alerts for real-time observations of gamma-ray bursts.

Supernova 1998dh before & after

Supernova Explosions discovered at Lick Observatory

Supernova Explosions: Follow-up Observations within hours and days (Dr. Alex Filippenko, UC Berkeley)

•Optical spectroscopy of supernovae. • Remote observing from UC Berkeley. Shane 3-meter

• Measure Brightness of supernovae. • Remote observing from UC Berkeley.

Nickel 1-meter

Gamma-Ray Bursts 1-Minute Response Time

Brightness (mag)

at Lick Observatory

KAST spectrum of GRB060206: Redshift = 4.048

Minutes since Burst: Feb 5, 2008, 7:55:51 UT Lick Obs. KAIT – Rapid (