LEVEL II BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Three Major Functions for Body ▫ 1. Nourishment  Food  Vitamins and Minerals  Homeopathics

▫ 2. Transportation  Blood  Lymph

▫ 3. Elimination • Colon, Kidneys, Liver, Skin, Spleen

The food we eat has three basic functions: 1. It is used for nutrition or fuel for the body to operate 2. It is stored as fat 3. It is eliminated from the body as waste

• Nutrition is defined as a food that is necessary for the functioning of a living organism. • There are two types of nutritional deficiencies.

Primary deficiency is found when then nutrient is not present. (X,V,C,K Dilutions) A secondary deficiency is found when you fail to absorb or utilize the nutrient. Example fat is needed to transport vitamin A,E,D, or K to where it is needed in the body, or B9 and B12 are needed for the body to utilize iron. Protein or the break down of proteins are necessary for the transportation of iodine to the thyroid. (M series dilutions)

Five Levels of nutrient deficiency • • • •

Reserves in the body are depleted Nutrients are depleted from body tissues Depletion is detectable in body fluids such (blood and serum) Body creates symptoms like gas, indigestion, heartburn, headaches, cramps, pain etc. • Depletion causes changes in the body such as degeneration of bones, discs, muscles etc.

• The majority of Americans fall into level 4 or 5 because of poor dietary choices, not getting proper rest and stress.

• Next time you enter a grocery store notice the majority of the food found on the shelves are nutritionally void and contain all types of chemicals and toxins. • The meat and dairy sources have been filled with antibiotics and hormones and fed from genetically modified food sources (known as GMO’s).

• The food sources for the average American has no nutritional value. • It is generally grown from genetically engineered seeds • It is then sprayed with xeno-estrogen and acid producing chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides or herbicides. • It may then be irradiated before being stored for long durations and then requires chemical stabilizers to be added. • Then it is normally cooked, frozen or canned.

• It is no wonder the number one over the counter medications sold are digestive related. • And the vast majority of prescription drugs are because of symptoms resulting from improper digestion of these foods.

• Enzymes are a key factor in proper digestion. For the large majority by the time we consume our foods there are no enzymes left in the food. • Amazingly digestion starts before we take our first bite. It begins in the brain as we think about eating our mouth begins to salivate and create enzymes to break down our foods.

Glands of the mouth which produce enzymes • The parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands begin to secrete enzymes. • Submandibular glands located underneath the tongue. It produces amylase to break down carbs. • The sublingual glands located on both sides of the tongue (under the jaw line) create Lipase to break down fats. The Parotid glands are located right below the earlobe and produce protease to break down proteins. • These glands may become tender and inflamed if you are not breaking down your foods properly.

60 % of Carbohydrates should be broken down within the first 15 minutes from amylase produced from chewing in the mouth. The ideal ph of saliva is 6.5 to 7.5 and this is necessary for the amylase enzymes to work properly. Stress, drinking excessively with meals (especially iced drinks) and improper chewing hinder this process.

• The food travels down the Esophagus which is responsible for temperature regulation. It cools hot items and warms up those that are cold. The ideal temp ranges from 94 – 104 degrees. The esophagus is 18 – 24 inches long.

• The food leaves the esophagus via the cardiac sphincter (this is where reflux can create ulcerative conditions)and enters the first part of the stomach.

The food enters the first part of the stomach. It starts out as a flat balloon and as the stomach fills it will inflate. A fully stretched stomach holds up to 6.5 cups of mass. The lining of the stomach is made up of three directional layers of muscle called rugae that expand and contract to mix food with digestive juices. Food sits in the first part of the stomach 45 minutes to 1 hour.

Production Of Hydrochloric Acid • In the second part of the stomach there are Parietal cells which secrete HCL and Chief cells which secrete pepsinogen to break down proteins as well as mucous secreting cells which protect the lining of the stomach from HCL. Pepsin from the stomach and enzymes from the mouth, as well as from foods (if present) break down the food before it moves to the middle section of the stomach where it mixes with hydrochloric acid. • We have been led to believe that HCL creates reflux but actually it is undigested food and a lack of HCL • The body must be in a relatively stress free condition to produce HCL

• The nutrients. needed to produce HCL are hydrogen, chloride and potassium. • The HCL is designed to change the PH of the food from 7 to 2.5 which is very acid. This process can create holes (ulcers) in the stomach lining (rugae) . Slippery elm and aloe are very beneficial for healing the stomach lining when this occurs. • HCL is also responsible for breaking mineral bonds so they will be small enough for the body to absorb. • HCL also has the task of killing pathogens so they can not enter the body.

After the HCL finishes its job the food moves into the third part of the stomach where the food has become chyme. This ends the pre-digestion phase.

One should note that plant enzymes are effective in PH levels ranging from 9 to 3 and digestive enzymes are only beneficial for an alkaline PH greater than 7.2 therefore plant enzymes should be taken to aid in the pre-digestion phase.

The food enters the small intestines via the pyloric sphincter in the duodenum. This is the only part of the intestines that has a mucous lining because of the acid ph of the chyme. It is approximately 8 inches. The gallbladder is triggered to secrete alkalizing bile and the pancreas is triggered to secrete alkalizing minerals (sodium bicarbonate) and thus the chyme is alkalized. The bile and alkalizing minerals (potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, manganese, iron) join together and travel through the ampule of papilla to the duodenum. If the alkalizing minerals are not available ulcerative conditions can occur due to the inability to alkalize the chyme. (the majority of ulcers take place in the duodenum for this reason)

The duodenum is found in the beginning of the small intestines in the area known as the jejunum and it contains receptor sites that does a head count and determines the amount of undigested carbs, fats and proteins and sends out a work order to the pancreas via the nervous system and blood stream. The pancreas in turn secretes amylase, lipase and protease to complete the digestive process.

Hormones found in the duodenum include: Cholecystokinin or CCK which tells the gallbladder to squeeze and release the alkalizing bile which emulsifies fats and aids in alkalizing. Adrenaline which is a stress hormone that can slow the digestive process. Acetylcholine hormone increases peristalsis which moves and mixes food. Adrenaline takes precedent because it is fight/flight mode. Thus it is important to de-stress prior to eating.

When the food leaves the duodenum it enters the ilium which contains fingerlike villi for absorption of nutrients. The majority (60%) of absorption of nutrients take place here. Capillaries in the villi absorb amino acids, glucose, fructose and galactose for the bloodstream, while lacteals absorb fatty acids and glycerol for the lymphatic vessels. This process takes place through the portal vein to the liver and exits the liver into the bloodstream.

• Fungus (candida) resides here to digest any particles of proteins or carbohydrates that are too large to be nutrition, thus protecting the blood stream from circulating food particles which could cause food allergies and auto immune disorders. • If food is pre-digested in the stomach or digested in the intestines the need for yeast is minimal.

Fungus In Ileum • This fungus acts as a protection mechanism to breakdown carbohydrates which were not properly broken down in pre-digestion. • The waste from the fungus is what creates the adverse symptoms of the body. These are known as mycotoxins.

• Carbohydrates are a mixture of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Undigested carbs make you thirsty whereas digested carbs give water to the system. • Carbohydrates not broken down properly feed yeast in the small intestine.

• Carbs fuel the nervous system (not nourish) • Healthy carbs and the fiber from such are very important. Soluble fibers such as pectin (oatmeal, hemp, chia, flax) clean the blood stream by binding with cholesterol, bile acids and carcinogens to eliminate them through the bowels. They also bring moisture to the stools and keep stools soft for proper elimination as well as improve the peristalsis. These healthy carbs assure proper fiber and energy with the least amount of stress on the body organs.

Final Phase of Digestion • The unwanted waste material enters the large intestine through the ileocecal valve. This area is very favorable for parasites. The appendix hangs off the ileocecal valve and a plays a part in immune function. Sometimes the appendix can become inflamed due to bowel toxicity and or pathogens and create much pain. • Often the ileocecal valve will become inflamed due to parasites, lack of fiber and bowel toxicity. When this occurs one will experience constipation and/or diarrhea. Sometimes the valve will get stuck in an open or shut position… • If all goes well the food goes from the ileocecal to the ascending colon. The remaining moisture is absorbed into the body as hydration through the walls of the large intestine. • The waste then moves to transverse colon and then to the descending colon and exits through the anus.

Healthy Digestive Transit Time • 12 -18 hours from the time food enters your mouth until it is eliminated. • You can check this by taking Chlorophyll, Eating Whole Kernel Corn or Jalapeno

Gallbladder The gallbladder is a small sac located on the right-hand side of the body, on the underside of the liver. Gall (bile) is a greenishbrown liquid which the liver produces. Gall is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. Gall goes into the small intestine via the bile ducts to facilitate the digestion, mainly of fats. Every time we eat some gall is released into the intestines. An over-acid PH will cause the body to recycle bile and pull out sodium to create alkalinity in the body and as it pulls the alkalizing minerals out of the gallbladder it will create a mineral imbalance and the bile will become thick and create gall stones. The gall bladder should have a ph of about 7.5 but because of our diets it is usually about 5.5.

Gallbladder • There are two main types of gallstones: Cholesterol gallstones - these form if there is too much cholesterol in the bile. They are the main type of gallstones in the UK and the USA. This is a result of mineral imbalances and of diets high in fats, and/or not enough Lipase enzymes made available for the breakdown of such fats. • Pigment gallstones - these form when the bile has too much bilirubin. They are more common among patients who have liver disease, infected bile tubes or blood disorders, such as sickle-cell anemia.

Gallbladder Symptoms of gallstones: The majority of people with gallstones have no symptoms at all. This is because the stones generally stay in the gallbladder and cause no problems. Sometimes, however, gallstones may lead to cholecystitis (inflamed gallbladder). Symptoms of gallbladder inflammation include: Pain on the right-hand side of the body, just below the ribs, back pain, pain in the right shoulder, nausea, vomiting, sweating, restlessness

Liver The Liver is the largest internal organ of the body, weighing approximately 3.5 - 4.0 lbs in an adult. It possesses the ability to regenerate itself. It produces and secretes bile, which aids in the digestion of fats. It also receives venous blood from the intestines and detoxifies and cleanses the blood. It also helps to regulate blood glucose concentration by removing glucose and converting it to glycogen and triglycerides. It converts stored glycogen to glucose for secretion back into the blood stream

Pancreas / exocrine gland • As an exocrine gland helps out the digestive system. • It secretes pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. • Secretory activity is regulated directly via the effects of hormones in the blood on the islets of Langerhans and indirectly through the effect of the automic nervous system .

Pancreas • Franz’ Donner did research in early 1940’s that said the pancreas could become enlarged (Pancreatic Hypertrophy) if only cooked foods were consumed and persons could develop Digestive Leukocytosis in which the White Blood Cells would become elevated because of improper breakdown of foods because the pancreas being overburdened by one’s dietary habits. • Pancreatitis (inflamed pancreas) • Hypoglycemia or diabetes

B-12 Deficiencies • B12 in many cases is not made available due to a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach so that it may be absorbed in the ilium. Intrinsic factor is a protein produced by the stomach that binds to vitamin B12. The combination of vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor is absorbed in the lower part of the small intestine. When the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. • If the mucosal folds of the stomach are not healthy B12 will not be available for uptake in the ileum.

Anemia • If B-12 is deficient or B-9 then the body is unable to utilize iron and this will cause anemia.

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides Monosaccharide: Galactose (from milk, cheese, ice cream) Fructose – (from fruits, honey, veggies) and Glucose (known as dextrose is the broken down form of most disaccharides and polysaccharides) these serve as quick fuel for the body Disaccharide: Often referred to as simple carbs they break down quickly and give fast energy. They will cause blood sugar spikes (found in processed fruit juices, refined sugars, refined starches such as white flour and white rice, many breakfast cereals and other processed grains, candy and milk products.

Monosaccharide & Disaccharides • Both are simple sugars that give you quick energy at a high price. Simple sugars cause a rapid increase in blood sugar which requires the pancreas to produce insulin to lower blood sugar levels. When the sugar wears off the insulin is still at work and therefore the blood sugar drops quickly causing adrenal stress because the adrenals are responsible for accessing energy stored in the liver whenever blood sugar levels drop too low (hypoglycemia) • Excess carb consumption makes you crave sugar creating a vicious cycle.

Polysaccharides (known as complex carbs)

Often referred to as complex carbohydrates. They break down more slowly. This provides energy but keeps blood sugar levels more stable. These can be found in whole grains, potatoes and other root veggies, brown rice or veggies. They also offer much needed dietary fiber needed in the body.

Signs You Are Not Digesting Carbs Properly • • • • • • • •

Voice becomes high pitched under stress Tenderness in the salivary glands Dry eyes, mouth and nose Inability to relax Frequent irritated throat Muscle Weakness Mouth Sores Person Startles easily

Fats

• Fat is needed to protect the organs of the abdominal cavity, provide warmth, create energy, absorb and transport fat soluble vitamins ADE & K, insulate nerve fibers, make hormones in the body, create prostaglandins, and moisten skin & hair

Fat Digestion Requires

• Proper Predigestion • Bile from the liver and/or gallbladder • Lipase Enzymes to break down fats to avoid fat storage which can cause obesity • Healthy Liver & Pancreas to properly digest fats

Signs you are not digesting fats properly • Soreness in the trapezius muscle (upper back of the shoulders) • Dry skin, dandruff, hair falling out • Shoulder problems, difficulty raising arms above head • History of mouth sores or boils • Pain beneath the lower ribs • Inability to take a deep breath and hold at least 20 seconds • Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones (80% not breaking down fats)

Importance of Proteins • • • • • • • •

Healing of wounds Production of Enzymes Hormone Regulation Growth & Maintenance Antibody Production Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Maintaining PH of the Blood Energy if carbs are not readily available

Symptoms of Protein Deficiency • Clicking of Jaw TMJ tenderness • History of spinal/disc problems • Inability to tolerate stress or make decisions • Irritated or receding gums, loose teeth • Cold hands & feet • Craving for crunchy, salty food

Symptoms of Protein Deficiency • Constant hunger without knowing what food is desired • Tendency toward depression/anxiety • Hormone Imbalances • Difficulty losing weight • Weak Immune System • Increased watery secretions

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: Esophagus Stomach Large/Small Intestines Pancreas Liver Gallbladder

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Transportation system of the body – carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and carries away carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes ▫ Heart – Pumps blood ▫ Blood – Transports oxygen and nutrients ▫ Blood Vessels

 Arteries – Carries blood away from heart with oxygen and nutrients  Veins – Returns blood to heart  Capillaries – Supplies blood to tissue and organs*

Problems associated with Circulatory System ▫ Poor circulation robs body of oxygen and nutrients and body slows down ▫ Plaque is primary cause of circulatory system problems

     

Calcium – hyperactive parathyroid Triglycerides - Pancreas Cholesterol Heavy Metals* Over – Acid PH Heart Issues

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: Circulatory System Blood Heart

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Body’s “sewer system”

▫ Collects and returns tissue fluid to the blood – maintains fluid balance. ▫ Filters and destroys bacteria, viruses and removes toxins Lymph

▫ Clear, watery fluid composed of interstitial fluid, proteins, and micro-organisms*

Lymph Nodes ▫ Distributed along main lymphatic routes ▫ Filter lymph ▫ Produce lymphocytes

Spleen ▫ Largest organ in lymphatic system ▫ Body’s “septic tank” ▫ Graveyard for old, worn out blood cells *

Thymus ▫ Produces hormones which support T cell development, which play a major role in the body’s defense system

Problems associated with Lymphatic System ▫ Anemia – Spleen is hyperactive – kills too many red blood cells – patient feels tired ▫ Skin rashes/breakouts ▫ Inadequate lymph “flow” – lymphatic massage and Lymphstar*

▫ Exercise and WATER– will stimulate the Lymph System

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: Lymphatic System Spleen Thymus

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Maintains homeostasis (internal balance) and secretes hormones (chemical messengers) Handout Book Pages 48-63

• The endocrine system is composed of glands that produce hormones and chemicals • Controls metabolism • Growth • Sexual development and function • Release hormones directly into the bloodstream for transportation to organs and tissues

Hypothalamus • The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. • One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).

Hypothalamus

• • • • • •

▫ Part of the diencephalon of the brain ▫ Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system ▫ Links the nervous system to the endocrine system ▫ Secretes hormones which act on the pituitary* The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brain stem. Roughly the size of an almond The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, also called hypothalamic-releasing hormones These stimulate the secretion of pituitary hormones The hypothalamus also controls body temp, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles.

Pituitary • While it is known as the master endocrine gland, the pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus. • Consists of two components: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.

Pituitary • Size of a pea and weighs approximately 0.5g. • Located at the base of the brain in a small boney cavity. • Functionally connected to the hypothalamus. • Secretes nine hormones that regulate homeostasis

Functions of the Pituitary HorProdffdfdfsdfsdfsdfsdfsdfsdfsdfdfsdfsdfsdfsdfsdfdfdsg

Production of Hormones responsible for: • Growth • Blood Pressure • Some aspects or pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during child birth • Breast milk production • Sex organ functions in both men and women • Thyroid gland function • The conversion of food into energy (metabolism) • Water and osmolarity regulation in the body • Water balance via the control of re-absorption of water by the kidneys • Temperature regulation

Anterior Pituitary Gland Produces hormones (including growth hormone) which effect the:

▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

Thyroid Pancreas Gonads Adrenals Bones Liver

Anterior Pituitary • Synthesizes and secretes the following hormones: • • • • •

Somatropins Thyrotropins Corticotropins Lactotropins Gonadotropins

Posterior Pituitary • The posterior pituitary stores and secretes the following endocrine hormones: • Magnocellular Neurons • Oxytocin • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Posterior Pituitary • Oxytocin, most of which is released from the hypothalamus • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin and AVP, arginine vasopressin)

Parathyroid • The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone. • You have 4 parathyroid glands located at the rear surface of the thyroid gland that are approximately the size of a grain of rice • They control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. • The parathyroid glands are named for their close proximity to the thyroid but they serve a completely different role than the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid • Major function of the parathyroid gland is to maintain the body’s calcium level within a range so that the nervous and muscular system can function properly • When blood Calcium levels drop below a certain point, receptors in the parathyroid gland are activated to release hormone into the blood.

Parathyroid • Parathyroid hormone (PTH, also parathormone) is a protein that takes part in the control of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, as well as bone physiology. • PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium. • PTH increases gastrointestinal calcium absorption by activating vitamin D • PTH promotes calcium conservation by the kidneys • The absence of PTH can be associated with fatigue and anxiety.

Common Problems associated with Parathyroid

▫ Hyperactive parathyroid – Sycosis Miasm  Pulls calcium out of bones – increases calcium concentration in blood and lowers calcium in bones  Leads to calcium buildup in blood vessels

Thyroid • Largest of the endocrine glands. • Situated at the front of the neck immediately below the larynx. • Consist of two lobes joined by a narrow bridge (isthmus). • The most common problems of the thyroid are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Functions of the Thyroid • Makes thyroid hormone; secretes it into the bloodstream. • Produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) • Regulates metabolism • Oxygen consumption of tissues.

• These hormones are comprised from iodine and amino acids from proteins.

Functions of the Thyroid • The primary function of the thyroid is the production of the T3 and T4 hormones. • 80%of the T4 hormone is converted to T3 by organs such as the liver, kidney, spleen & hypothalamus. • T3 is several times more powerful (up to ten time more) than T4.

Hypothyroid • Symptoms • Fatigue and weakness • Weight gain with low calorie diet • Morning headaches that wear off thru the day • Depression • Constipation • Hypersensitivity to cold weather • Poor circulation/numbness in hands and feet • Muscle cramps while at rest • Poor memory, forgetfulness, dementia • Nervousness and tremors • Needs quite a bit more sleep than normal to function properly • Immune system problems

• Signs • • • • • •

Dry or brittle hair Loss of hair/falls out easily Dry skin Low axillary temperature Facial edema Loss of outside portion of eyebrows

Hypothyroidism • Hypothyroidism is the under production of the T3 and T4 hormones. • May occur as a result of congenital thyroid abnormalities, auto immune disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency or the removal of the thyroid following surgery. • Typical symptoms are abnormal weight gain, tiredness, baldness, cold intolerance, and bradycardia. • Medically Treated with hormone replacement therapy. • Treatment is given under the care of a physician and may take a few weeks to become effective. • Naturally we use iodine , glandulars, homeopathics, Tyrosine

Hyperthyroid • Symptoms • • • • • • • • • • •

Palpitations Heat intolerance Nervousness Insomnia Breathlessness Increased bowel movements Fatigue Fast heart rate Trembling hands Muscle weakness Warm moist skin

• Signs • Weight loss • Light or absent menstrual periods • Hair loss • Staring gaze

• Root Cause • Miasm • Sycosis

Hyperthyroidism • Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, is the over production of the T3 and T4 hormones. • Commonly caused by Graves’ Disease, an auto immune in which antibodies are produced which stimulate the thyroid to secrete excessive quantities of thyroid hormones. • This can result in the formation of a toxic goiter. • Symptoms of this are often protruding eyes, palpitations, excessive sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, muscle weakness, and unusual sensitivity to heat. The appetite is often increased. • Beta blockers are used to decrease symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as increased heart rate, tremors, anxiety and heart palpitations.

Hyperthyroidism • Anti thyroid drugs are used to decrease the production of thyroid hormones, particularly in the case of Graves’ Disease. • Medications take several months to take full effect and can have side effects such as skin rash or a drop in white cell count. Which decreases the body’s ability to fight off infection. • Some patients choose to undergo radio active iodine -131 treatment. • Radioactive iodine will gradually destroy a portion or all of the thyroid. • Surgery may also be an option to remove a portion of or the entire gland. • Surgery is invasive and carries the risk that the parathyroid glands or the nerves controlling the vocal cords may be damaged.

T3 and T4 Regulation • The production of thyroxin T3 and triiodothronineT4 is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the anterior pituitary. • The TSH production itself is modulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced by the hypothalamus. • TSH production is blunted by somatostatin (SRIH), rising levels of glucocorticoids and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone), and excessively high blood iodide concentration. • In areas of the world where iodine is lacking the thyroid can become considerably enlarged (Endemic Goiter) • Iodine deficiency in pregnant women can cause the infant to be born with thyroid hormone deficiency which can cause problems with physical growth and development as well as brain development.

Thymus • The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system. • Only know function is production and “education” of Tlymphocytes (T cells) • T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system. • Largest and most active during neonatal ad preadolescent periods. • By teen years the thymus begins to atrophy and is replaced by fatty tissue.

Thymus • • • The immune system is a multicomponent interactive system. It • effectively protects the host from • various infections. An improperly • functioning immune system can • cause discomfort, disease, or even death. The type of malfunction • falls into one of the following categories: hypersensitivity, auto immune disease, or immunodeficiency.

Disease Associations:

Hypersensitivity Immunodeficiency DiGeorge Syndrome HIV/AIDS Autoimmune Disease Myasthenia Gravis Cancer • Thymomas • Lymphomas

Thymus • Common Causes of Malfunction: • Heavy Metal • Mercury

• • • • •

Miasm Vaccinations Food Allergies Inhaled Allergies Toxicity of any kind

• Support • Glandulars • Spleen & Lymph Support

Adrenal Gland • The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. • Responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress such as cortisol and epinephrine. • Affect kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone.

Adrenal Glands • Located at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebrae • Each gland has two distinct structures. • Adrenal cortex – produces cortisol, aldosterone and androgens. • Medulla – produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

• Combined weight of the adrenal glands in an adult is 7 to 10 grams • Under unstressed conditions the adrenals produce the equivilant of 35 – 40 mg of cortisol acetate per day.

Adrenal Anatomy Adrenal Glands • Medulla – produces norepinephrine and epinephrine • Hormones responsible for the “fight or flight” response in the body to stressful situations • Cortex – produces steroid hormones and mineralocorticoid hormones • Androgens: • Testosterone: a hormone with a wide variety of effects, ranging from enhancing muscle mass and stimulation of cell growth to the development of the secondary sex characteristics. • Androstenedione(Andro): steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone. • Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA): It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. • Mineralocorticoid hormones regulate salt and water balance in the body • Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose levels in response to stress, by inhibiting glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells

Adrenal Stress – Signs and Symptoms • Fatigue – due to both low or high cortisol • Headaches due to physical or mental stress • Weak immune system • Allergies. • Slow to get up in the morning. • Gastric ulcer. • Afternoon headache • Belly fat • Upper respiratory infections • Light sensitivity

• Fullness or bloated feeling

• Craves sweets, caffeine, cigarettes. • Blurred vision, unstable behavior • Shaky or lightheaded if meals are missed or delayed (reactive hypoglycemia) • Irritable before meals (reactive hypoglycemia) • Eating relieves fatigue (reactive hypoglycemia) • Cannot stay asleep (adrenal hypofunction) • Cannot fall asleep (adrenal hypofunction)

Pancreas ▫ Located in the abdomen posterior to the stomach ▫ Regulates blood sugar. The pancreas produces:  Insulin – Lowers blood glucose levels  Glucagon – Raises blood glucose levels ▫ Diabetes - Insufficient insulin produced by the pancreas ▫ Hypoglycemia – Excessive insulin production*

Pancreas • Anatomy of the Pancreas • • • •

The head The neck The body The tail

Pancreas  ENDOCRINE GLAND  As an endocrine gland producing several important hormones :  Insulin - A hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes  Glucagon - A hormone formed in the pancreas that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.  Somatostatin -A hormone secreted in the pancreas and pituitary gland that inhibits gastric secretion and somatotropin release

Pancreas Diseases of the pancreas • Because the pancreas is the storage depot for digestive enzymes, injury to the pancreas requires prompt attention. • Pancreatic cancers, especially cancer of the exocrine pancreas is one of the most deadly cancers. • Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the insulin secreting cells in the pancreas.

Reproductive System • Female Reproductive (Breast, Ovaries, Uterus)

• Male Reproductive(Testes, Prostate)

Female Reproductive - Ovaries • Ovaries secrete both estrogen and progesterone. • Estrogen is responsible for the appearance of secondary sex characteristic of females at puberty and for the maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs in their mature functional state. • Progesterone functions with estrogen by promoting menstrual cycle cyclic changes in the endometrium. • Located on both sides of the uterus below the opening of the fallopian tubes. They are oval or almond-shaped.

Female Reproductive Uterus The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the abdominal cavity behind the bladder and in front of the bowel. In non‐pregnant women the uterus measures three to four inches and weighs two to three ounces. The two fallopian tubes open into the upper part, one on either side. In most women the uterus in anteverted, tilted forward, in about 20 percent of women it is retroverted, tilted backward.

Female Reproductive Uterus It is composed of the fundus, top, body and cervix. The endometrium or inner lining makes up the wall of the body and contains a large number of glands and blood vessels. The endometrium undergoes proliferation and secretion during the majority of the menstrual cycle, followed by a sloughing of all but the deepest parts during menstruation. The uterus’s main function is to nourish and protect the developing embryo and fetus during pregnancy. It can expand considerably and usually weighs about two pounds at full‐term, the muscles in the uterus increase dramatically to accommodate the weight of the fetus.

Male Reproductive Testes • The testes are components of both the reproductive system and the endocrine system. • Primary functions of the testes are to produce sperm. (spermatogenesis) and to produce androgens, primarily testerone. • Both functions of the testicle are influenced by gonadotropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary. Luteinizing hormone (LH) results in testosterone release. The presence of both testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is needed to support sperm production. • Egg-shaped organs. The testes produce testosterone, which affects many of the male characteristics and sperm production.

Male Reproductive Penis The penis is the external organ through which semen and urine leave the body. It is composed of two cylinders of vascular tissue, a third cylinder contains the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen. During physical or psychological sexual stimulation, the two cylinders become engorged in blood and the penis becomes hard and erect allowing it to be inserted into the vagina during intercourse, a necessary process for reproduction.

Male Reproductive Prostate The prostate gland is about the size of a walnut and surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It is composed of glandular and muscle tissue. The prostate gland consists of two zones, an inner zone and an outer zone. The prostate gland weighs just a few grams at birth and begins to enlarge at puberty from the effect of the androgen hormones until it reaches its adult of weight of about 20 grams. The inner zone is responsible for the secretions that keep the lining of the urethra moist. The outer zone secretes seminal fluid that contains the glucose and enzymes which provide the energy spermatozoa (sperm) need for their journey to the ovum (egg).

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: • Hypothalamus • Pineal • Pituitary • Parathyroid • Thyroid • Adrenal • Ovaries • Uterus • Prostate • Testes

Nervous System The Nervous system coordinates and controls all bodily activities. • Divided into three parts

▫ Central Nervous System: This system includes the brain and spinal cord. ▫ Peripheral Nervous System: This system is composed of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the thirty one pairs of spinal nerves from the spinal cord. ▫ Autonomic Nervous System: This system includes the peripheral nerves and ganglia on either side of the spinal cord. *

Most Common Issues With Nervous System • Toxicity – Chemical, Viral, Bacteria, Fungal, Heavy Metals, Electromagnetic energy • Emotions • Nutritional Deficiencies • Miasms • Vertebral Issues • PH Issues

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: Nervous System Spine

Musculoskeletal System

Joints Joints come in a variety of designs, each especially built for the limb it serves. Joints permit bodily movement and are held together by fibers called "ligaments." Joints are "oiled" continuously to prevent friction. Some joints, like those connecting the skull's series of bones, allow no movement. Others may permit only limited movement; the joints in the spine allow some movement in several directions. Most joints have a greater range of movement, and these are called "synovial joints."

Musculoskeletal System cont… The skeleton is made up of many kinds of movable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth by slippery cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are lubricated by "synovial" fluid. Connections called "synovial" joints are sturdy enough to hold the skeleton together while permitting a range of motions. The ends of these joints are coated with cartilages which reduce friction and cushion against jolts. Between the bones, in a narrow space, is the joint "cavity," which gives us freedom of movement. Ligaments then bind these bones to prevent dislocations and limit the joint's movements. These bones are held in position and controlled in movement by the ligaments. The most common conditions which affect the joints are arthritis and dislocation.

Most Common Issues with Musculoskeletal System • • • • • • • • • •

Toxicity PH Issues Miasms Structural Misalignment Related Organ Issues Emotions Nutritional Deficiencies Overuse Parathyroid Issues Digestive Issues (production of lactic, uric and pyruvic acids)

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: Muscle Skeletal System, Bones, Joints Vertebra

Urinary System Kidneys About one-quarter (750 - 1000 pints daily) of the blood which is output by the heart is sent to the body's "filter treatment plant," where it is purified by the kidneys and circulated on to the rest of the body. One to two thousandths (1/1000 to 2/1000) of the blood flow becomes fluid waste and is sent to the bladder for storage until it can be conveniently expelled. This toxic waste is called "urine." The kidneys are located about two inches above the body's midline just below and behind the lower ribs.

Kidneys cont…….. They receive about 120 pints of blood per hour, even if other body systems are shorted. They are the balancers of internal fluids, so if we overeat or overdrink one day and diet the next, or if we have an active, "sweaty" day, the kidneys will compensate and see that these fluctuations in fluid, salt, and glucose are leveled out. It is important to drink plenty of fluids each day to keep the kidneys in good working order. Uremia, stones and kidney failure are common conditions which affect the kidneys.

Bladder The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that acts as a reservoir for urine. The adult bladder can hold a pint or more of fluid. It lies behind the pubic bone and is protected by the pelvis. The bladder walls are made up of muscle and an inner lining. At the back are two ureter ducts which carry the urine from the Kidneys. The bladder collects and stores urine until it can be expelled from the body. Some of the main problems of the bladder are kidney stones, incontinence (inability to control urination), and retention (inability to expel urine).

Most Common Issues With Kidney/Bladder • • • • • • • •

Calcium Metabolism Issues Toxicity (Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Chemical, Pesticides etc) PH Issues Structural Issues Emotional Issues Adrenal Issues – production of aldosterone Pituitary Issues – production of vasopressin Fat Digestion (formation of stones)

Hypertension caused by kidney and adrenal issues

Catecholamines, i.e. Epinephrine and norepinephrine (produced by adrenals), cause constriction of blood vessels within the kidney, which results in diminished glomerular filtration rate and, subsequently, reduced urinary water output.

Catecholamines reduce kidney sodium excretion, further contributing to water retention. The combination of vasoconstriction and increase in blood volume (because of water retention) raises blood pressure, which can, over time, translate into chronic hypertension. Persistent water retention as an outcome of prolonged elevations in stress hormones can also produce edema.

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: • Kidneys and Bladder

Immune System The immune system is composed of a network of organs, cells and proteins that are responsible for recognizing and destroying foreign substances. These substances include viruses, bacteria, fungi and disease causing pathogens. The immunes system does not work alone as it is dependent on several other body systems to fight against invaders and keep the body healthy. • The skin is the largest organ of the body and its main function is to protect the internal organs from the environment including harmful bacteria that may cause disease. • Functions of the respiratory system allow it to trap and expel offensive matter, the nose and mucous membranes lining the respiratory tract trap any unwanted matter while coughing and sneezing help to expel it.

Immune System

• The Digestive System excretes acids and enzymes that break down and destroy invaders that are consumed with food

• The lymphatic system acts as a scavenger system to collect anything that the body has not been able to rid itself of.

Immune System • Immunity

This is the body’s ability to protect itself from disease, as pathogens, toxins, allergens invade the body it reacts with one of many immune responses to expel the invader from the body. These immune responses being; • Innate Immunity • Adaptive Immunity • Humoral Immunity • Cellular Immunity

Immune System Innate Immunity This is the part of the immune system that responds immediately to invasion, it is the first line of defense against infectious agents. It is partly composed of the skin as well as mucous membranes that form a protective barrier. Lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme, breaks down bacteria and is present in mucous and bodily tissues and excretions. If the above barriers are broken then the body responds to the invaders by sending out macrophages and neutrophils to engulf and kill foreign organisms.

Immune System Adaptive Immunity The “memory” part of the immune system, it is designed to develop long term defenses against invading organisms. Once the body identifies a foreign protein as an antigen it responds with a humoral or cellular defense.

Immune System Humoral Immunity The part of the immune system that is particularly specific in the defense against bacteria. Once the bacterial complex is recognized, Blymphocytes are stimulated to multiply and produce vast number of antibodies. The antibodies then bind to the antigens and make them easy prey to the “engulfing” (phagocytic) white cells.

Immune System Cellular Immunity Cellular immunity is responsible for the defense against viruses, some parasites, and possibly cancer cells. The two types of T‐lymphocytes, helper cells and killer cells, recognize and destroy the antigens. The helper cells assume the role of identifying the antigens and along with other functions activate the killer cells. Once the antigens have been recognized by the helper cells the killer lymphocytes lock onto the cells that have been invaded and destroy them.

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: • Immune system • Appendix

Respiratory System The left lung is composed of 2 lobes the superior (upper) lobe and the inferior (lower) lobe. The lobes of the left lung are supplied by branches of arteries and veins which stem from the thoracic branch and these stem from the descending aorta. The bronchus is the air passage into the lungs. Each lung has one main bronchus which begins at the end of the trachea.

Respiratory System The right lung is composed of three lobes: Superior (upper), medial (middle) and inferior (lower) lobe. The lobes or the right lung are nourished by the branches or arteries and veins which stem from the thoracic branch and these stem from the descending aorta.

Respiratory System The trachea begins immediately below the larynx (voice box) and runs down the center of the front part of the neck ending behind the upper part of the sternum. Here it divides to form two branches which enter the lung cavities. The trachea forms the trunk of an upside down tree and it is flexible, like a vacuum tube; so the head and neck can twist and bend during the process of breathing. Since the lungs expose the most outside influences into the body, they are the most susceptible to introducing disease into the body.

Common Issues Found which compromise the Lungs • • • • • •

Toxicity (Including BP medications) Miasms Emotions (grief) PH Issues Allergies Improper Digestion (Reflux)

Homework Discussion Disorders of the: Lungs Skin Eyes Ears Nose