Clown Fish Adaptations • Anemone do not sting clown fish because their mucous coat is made of sugars instead of  proteins, so the anemone do not recognize them as prey. • The clown fish live, hide, and sneak up on prey when in the anemone. • Clown fish also help as they clean the anemone by eating the algae and other food  leftovers on them, and protect the sea anemones by chasing away polyp‐eating fish, such  as the butterfly fish.

• They usually dive 1,000 feet but can dive down to 3,900 feet to catch prey, such as  jellyfish. • They have high concentrations of red blood cells, so they are able to take in more  oxygen.

• The color of the algae help it blend in with the colors of the ocean, which allows them to  hide from their predators. • They have thin, broad blades that allow them to float on top of water, so they can use sun  light for photosynthesis.

• They also have a high content of the oxygen‐binding protein myoglobin in their  muscles, which stores oxygen in muscle tissue.

Seagrass Adaptations • Barrier reefs protect coastlines, and the lagoon formed between the reef and the  mainland is protected from waves, allowing seagrass communities to develop. In return,  seagrasses trap sediment and slow water movement, causing suspended sediment to fall  out. The trapping of sediment benefits coral by reducing sediment loads in the water. 

Brown Algae Adaptations

Leatherback Turtle Adaptations

Resources Banded Sea Snake(Laticauda colubrina)

• Fish 

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• They have a complex root system to anchor itself in sediment to extract minerals and  nutrients. • Sponges

Green Sea Turtle(Chelonia mydas) 

Appendages are fin shaped to move through the water better. Teeth are finely serrated for tearing ocean vegetation. They can dive very deep and can hold their breath for 5 hours. They can slow their heart rate to 1 beat per 9 minutes so that they can conserve oxygen. They secrete excess salt and some water into their eyes to keep sand out of their eyes.

Calcareous algae

Zooxanthellae 

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It grows right out of the coral and it produces calcium carbonate, or limestone, used to build coral reefs. When the calcareous algae dies the limestone not consumed by the coral turns into sand. A certain type of this algae has even produced much of the sand on Caribbean beaches.

It can hold its breath from 30 minutes to almost 2 hours. Its body is paddle shaped , flat at the end like a fish. The skin of the snake can absorb 1/5 of the total amount of oxygen it needs and it expels all of its CO2 produced. It has large belly scales for climbing trees and moving on land. It has a salt gland under the tongue to expel excess salt in its body. It has nasal valves and close fitting scales around the mouth that act as water seals.

It is single celled and has a symbiotic relationship with coral. The coral protects it and zooxanthellae consumes the CO2 produced by coral while in turn it produces oxygen, glycerol, glucose and amino acids through photosynthesis. The coral uses these materials to make proteins, fats, carbohydrates and calcium which are used to build the reef.

Beggiatoa

Useful Resources 

There are not many useful resources in the Caribbean sea. But the major resources are fish, coral and exotic sea plants.

Methanocaldococcus jannaschii They are able to make sulfite reductase (Fsr)  which keeps it safe. • M. jannaschii receives its energy by  methanogenesis which  changes organic  compounds into methane. •

Spencer Hamilton Aphotic Biome Per. 5

Deep Sea Angler fish •Anglerfish contain long sharp teeth that  allows them to eat their prey. • Most of them contain a prominent lure  which  attracts their prey, and it also serves as  a tool to attract probable mates.

Natural Resources • Cobalt, which can  be found in the deep  regions of oceans, can used to make stainless  steel appliances like stoves and refrigerators. • Other resources include copper which is used  for in various types of cookware like pots and  pennies. • Diamonds and gold are also found on the  floors of Aphotic Biomes and are utilized by  people wearing diamond rings and gold jewelry.

• Holds nitrate as an electron acceptor (it  allows electrons to be transferred to it) which  allows it to harvest free sulfide in the upper  regions of deep sea vents. • Beggiatoa are able to turn hydrogen sulfide  into sulfur which is their energy sources.

Dumbo Octopus • They contain ears that resemble the ears from  “Dumbo” that allows them to be very precise  swimmers. • Dumbo Octopuses can swim at depths of  15,748 ft. which brings a variety of food sources  that are available to them. • They have large suckers on their arms which  helps with reproduction.

Thermophiles 

Aphotic Zone 

By: Spencer Hankins Period 5 Mrs. Cox

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Thermophiles have a simple diet, based solely on the metals, gases and minerals from thermal vents. Themophiles grow best above 176°F (80°C). Thermophiles make protein molecules called enzymes that speed up chemical reactions.

Viper fish

Methanogen  

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They can reproduce at temperatures of 15 to 100 degrees Celsius They are known to be the most common archaebacteria in deep subterranean habitats. Thrive in environments in which all electron acceptors other than CO2 have been exhausted

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Estuaries

Resources

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The viperfish is thought to use these sharp teeth to impale its victims by swimming at them at high speeds. The Viper fish has a long dorsal spine that is tipped with a photophore, a lightproducing organ. By flashing the light on and off, it can be used like a fishing lure to attract smaller fish. They also have very large stomachs that allow them to stock up on food whenever it is plentiful.

Vampire Squid

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http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/hottopi cs/bacteria.html http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics /Methanogen http://www.seasky.org/deepsea/viperfish.html http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Vam pire_Squid__Physical_description/id/2009032

Alligator Tough and thick skin covered with                          strong spiky plates called osteoderms

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Valerie Ho 5th period

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Camouflage to the water and vegetation

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Able to lose teeth when fighting big prey

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Webbed feet let them swim and steer quickly Eyes, ears, and nostrils are placed at the top of head  so it is easier to breathe, see, and hear in the water

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Can hold breath underwater for almost an hour

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Horseshoe Crab

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Hard, curved shells that protect soft skin underneath Doesn't have to eat for up to a year Endures extreme temperature and salinity changes 2 compound eyes on the top of their shell used for locating mates, 2 simple eyes on the front of their shells, and a few eye spots under the tail and shell Have a dozen legs and about 200 gills to propel

Mangrove Tree

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Tissue tolerates more salt                              than  regular plants

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Roots have lenticels, tiny pores that take in air

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Roots also provide support in soft mud

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Have narrow vessels inside wood that can withstand  damage done to the bark Seed starts to germinate while still attached to the  tree

Vampire Squid is able to live and breathe normally in the OMZ (oxygen minimum zone) at oxygen saturations as low as 3%. Instead of ink, a sticky cloud of bioluminescent mucus containing orbs of blue light is ejected from the arm tips. The Vampire Squid is covered entirely in light-producing organs called photophores. The animal is capable of producing disorienting flashes of light for fractions of a second to several minutes.

Smooth Cordgrass 

Root Structure is near the                          surface where there is air

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Has water‐filled tissue that diffuse oxygen

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Vacuoles store salt

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Glands in the leaves remove excess salt

Resources      

Calcite Salts Hornblende Quartz Fish Clay minerals

Seagrass (Zostera capricorni) 

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extensive root and rhizome systems; for anchoring, nutrient and mineral extraction, and vegetative propagation. thin leaves to maximize light penetration, nutrient absorption, gas diffusion, and buoyancy provide a number of important roles, including trapping and establishing bottom sediments, nutrient recycling, the creation of high primary productivity, and the provision of habitat to a wide variety of plant and animal species, including invertebrates, fish and birds.

Resources 

Fish

Mangrove Trees the

ability to survive in waterlogged and anoxic (no oxygen) soil the ability to tolerate brackish waters. some mangroves remove salt from brackish estuarine waters through ultra-filtration in their roots. unique method of reproduction. Seeds grow while attached to the parent plant then drift and takes root on shallow waters. there are 80 species of Mangrove Trees.

Estuaries Ethan Hsiao – period 5

Blue Crabs  

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River Otter

live in the low-salinity waters upstream. When larvae are released from females they require water with a salinity of 30 ppt(parts per thousand) for optimal development. when they are ready to mate they swim up and down in the water in response to light and tides. This is called vertical migration. The young crabs use nighttime flood tides to move upriver into the shallow parts of the estuary. Eventually, the young crabs take up life on the bottom of the estuary, seeking out shallow-water habitats like seagrass beds and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), where they feed and gain protection from predators.

Keegan?

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they have a streamlined body, short legs with webbed feet, dense fur that keeps otters warm, a tapered tail, small ears, and nostrils that can close underwater. Has a double layered fur that protects them from cold weather. whiskers are highly sensitive, picking up vibrations in the water, aiding hunting under water and avoiding being hunted.

Sea stars Suction cupped feet ‐Because the intertidal zone has strong waves that wash over sea stars, they have suction  suction cupped feet that help them stick to rocks.  ‐These feet also help them stick under rocks whilst hiding from predators ‐When waves come over the sea star, the can still walk using the suction cupped legs ‐The suction cups help grab onto food and not let it free.

Extending mouth ‐Sometimes sea star’s prey have body sizes larger than the sea star’s mouth, however  the sea star has a mouth that extends from the lower part of their body, this lets the sea sta take in food that is larger than itself.

Vicki La

Mussels

Green algae

Feeding ‐Mussels live in large communities with other mussels (this helps it withstand exposure to waves). And because of this, they live very stationary lives and have adapted with a feeding  Filter that lets the mussels eat without moving around much. 

Capturing air

Sea grasses Salt water

They have hair all over their leaves that helps capture air.

Ability to close and open their valves

‐Most land plants cannot tolerate the slightest bit of sat water, how ever sea grasses have adapted and can use salt water.

Using the ocean to their advantage ‐During low tide, when there is no water present, the mussels can close their valves to keep  from dehydration and predators that may eat them. ‐The ability to close and open helps them withstand physical, chemical, and biotic factors.

Plant structure ‐Marine algae do not have a very ridged structure because water pressure supports them. ‐Marine algae have leaves that are flat for floatation ‐Smaller roots as their leaves can take in water directly from the ocean ‐Feather roots because they do not need to support the plant

Resources/Vegetation

Rocks in the intertidal zone Because the animals that live in this area are subjected to wave shock and the risk of  being carried out to sea and away from the land, rocks provide much help to the live in intertidal zones Rocks shelter and provide refuge for animals and plants. Animals like sea stars and mussels can anchor themselves to rock to prevent themselves From being washed away

‐because there is much action where the sea grasses are located, the sea gasses have  developed a flexible horizontal stem (referred to as rhizomes) that bend but don’t break as wind and waves move them around. ‐roots extend from the rhizome and take up the nutrients available for them. ‐there are air spaces in the plant to promote flotation

Types of western riparian vegetation includes:

WESTERN RIPARIAN ZONE

Riparian Trees–   

Rocks form tide pools in low tide that help animals that cannot sustain life without water to survive.

By: Kelly Lau

Coast Redwood California Sycamore Big-leaf Maple

Riparian Shrubs–   

Vine Maple Snowberry Willows

Others–  

Wood Ferns California Melic bunchgrass

Animal Adaptations

Animal Adaptations (con’t)

Plant Adaptations

Beaver’s Adaptations

Tiger Salamander’s Adaptations

Cottonwood Trees’ Adaptations

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It makes and rubs an oil on its thick fur that makes the fur waterproof and it keeps the beaver’s underfur dry and warm, helping it survive in the cold snowmelt water. The beaver has sharp continually growing front teeth that help it chew down trees for food and building materials for dams and lodges. It has webbed hind feet and sharp clawed front feet to help it swim quickly and dig mud up for the dam and lodge.

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To escape the cold weather of the riparian zone, tiger salamanders hide underground in a small chamber because the ground keeps the temperature from getting to cold. Because the new born salamanders can only live in water, they eat insects, fish, and fresh water shrimp.

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To prevent erosion, cottonwood trees’ roots helps to hold down the soil near rivers. Without the cottonwood trees, many animals are losing their home and one of their food sources, so they adapt themselves to protect these animals.

Plants Adaptations (con’t)

Haoyu?

Susie?

Floral adaptations

Faunal Adaptations

Many other trees’ Adaptations 

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Riparian trees adapt to have root systems that can tolerate the low-oxygen conditions found at the edges of rivers and streams. Some trees, however, are adapted to survive in the riparian zone, the area where water and land meet and some even grow in the water.

Dylan Martis-period 6

Floral adaptations In order to survive in a hot and wet climate most trees have thin barks and are very tall with big leaves to absorb sunlight atop the canopy layer.

Faunal adaptations  

Chameleons They can also shoot their tongue at high speeds and at incredible accuracy to catch insects that normally escape if confronted.

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Venus Fly Trap This plant has adapted to nitrogen poor soil and has cavities filled with nectar to attract insects then traps them and slowly absorbs the nitrogen.

Natural resources 

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Tropical rainforests have abundant species of rare and sought after woods, such as rose wood and heartwood Some rainforests also have many deposits of diamonds and gold.

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Chameleons Adapted to rainforests predators by changing the colors of their skin, and blending into their environments.

Torrin?

Tropical Dry Forest: Floral Adaptations  

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Deciduous Trees Lose their leaves in winter so they will not break off due to wind and snow In the summer, the trees grow back their big leaves for photosynthesis

Tropical Dry Forest: Floral Adaptations  

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Tropical dry Forest: Faunal Adaptations

Aloe Store water in leaves and roots during the dry season Able to absorb large amounts of water in a short time

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Tropical Dry Forest: Faunal Adaptations  

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Long- Tailed Macaque Presence of well- innervated cheek pouches to store seeds Uses long tail to balance itself while swinging through the canopy

Baobab Tree    

Stores water in trunk (up to 32,000 US gallons!) Thick bark to protect from fires during dry season Long roots to reach underground moisture Few leaves to reduce water loss due to transpiration

Tropical Dry Forest: Resources

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Anthony?

Natural resources include timber, gold, silver, diamonds, iron core, copper ore, and bauxite

Umbrella Thorn 

Tiger Short, dense coat for the warm climates such as India Powerful limbs and flexible backbone make it easier to chase and catch prey quickly Hind limbs longer than forelimbs so they can jump higher

Loses leaves in dry season to conserve moisture Leafy canopy in rain season Known to tolerate high alkalinity, drought, high temperatures, sandy & stony soils, strongly sloped rooting surfaces, and sand blasting

Thomson's Gazelle 

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Able to run at speeds of 50 mi/h for extended periods of time Known to display stotting (running slowly and jumping highly into the air before fleeing) to display strength and startle predators

Cheetah 

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Fastest of all land animals, but lacks strong climbing abilities (can cover up to 1,600 feet in short bursts with speeds of 70 to 75 mph, has the ability to accelerate from 0 to over 62 mph in three seconds) Black “tear marks” running from the corner of its eyes to the sides of its nose to keep out sunlight and aid in seeing long distances and hunting prey

Floral Adaptations 

With annual precipitation of usually less than 25 centimeters per year, with much of the rain falling during the monsoon season of late summer.

Resources From the Tropical Savanna  

Fibers, dyes, fuels, food uses from the baobab tree Gum Arabic, food uses, wood, and perfumes from Acacia trees

Lauren Palmer-Western Deserts-5th Period

Floral Adaptations  

Lechugilla The water is stored in its flowers, which are rich in salts and minerals.

Natural Resources

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The heat reaching 95 to 104 °F and lack of precipitation, the species that live in the desert biome survive on the limited resources. Soils are rich in minerals, but weak in organic materials.

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Creosote Bush

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Faunal Adaptations Kangaroo Rat- store food in burrows during bad seasons.

Greater Roadrunner- diets are situated around the insects and seeds found in the desert.

Date palm trees Eastern Deserts By: Noureen Parpia

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broad leaves with spines to prevent excessive loss of water from the plant body

African Welwitchsia 

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Long roots that dig deep in the earth allowing the plant to avoid the hot temperatures at the surface Thick stems help hold water for long periods of time

Resources Date palm :  Used as ingredients in drinks  Leaves are cooked as vegetables, seeds used for making flour for bread Natural gas is a resource in parts of the Sahara

Oaks

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Let their leaves die = insects will not destroy them Has taproot – can reach water too far down for normal plants to reach Can grow back again from natural disasters: fire Some – thick bark = resist fire damage

Kangaroo rats 

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Rattlesnakes

Live in small burrows under the sand to keep cool in the day Hunt for food at night

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Coyote Fur – some blend in with surrounding and keep warm  Excellent hearing and sensing ability  Can live anywhere – can eat dead animals  Good speed – catch prey 

Purple Needle Grass  

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Drought tolerant Long roots = store water = plant slow to burn Live for a long time Can live in different types of soil – Ex: rich soil, dry soil, clay soil

Small body size reduces water loss from the body Eat foods that have large amounts of water

Bison     

Broad, flat-topped teeth to chew on grass Digestive system capable of digesting grass Excellent hearing and sensing ability Fur – keep warm Horns - protection

Natural Resources  Wood/timber

from trees  Oil and natural gas  Fertile land  Rich soil

Faunal Adaptations

Floral adaptations 

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Meadowsweet plants have strong rooting systems to prevent them from being destroyed by grazing animals

Kangaroos have sharp incisors to help them cut though tough grasses

Rosemary Adaptations:  Has strong smell that repels animals  Needle-like leaves conserve water  Rounded shape protects from wind and sand damage  Thorns prevent animals from eating it  Regeneration after forest fires  Grow during winter and die during summer

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Red fescue, and all grasses of the temperate grasslands, are narrow and upright reduce heat gain during the summer.

Resources

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Animals, like wombats, have sharp claws and strong muscles to help them dig burrows.

Jose?

Wheats and oats  Coal  Grasses are used to feed livestock 

Cacti Adaptations:  Spines(thorns) prevent animals from eating it  Thick, hard-walled stem conserves water  Long, fibrous roots absorb moisture from soil  Spines do not lose water through evaporation

Fox    

Nocturnal- escape heat in the day Brown thin coat- stay cool during day Large years help to hear its prey pads of their paws protect from the heat of the sand

Kangaroo Rats 

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Have hairs in the nasal passages to keep moisture from escaping in the breath Stay underground when it’s hot When it’s hot, send blood to ears to release heat

Porcupine -Porcupines are semi-nocturnal. (Behavioral adaptation) Benefits: 1.Avoid predators that are active during the day 2. Reduce competition for resources because less animals are active during night. -Porcupines have sharp quills on their back. (Morphological adaptation) Benefits: 1. Defense mechanism against predators.

Natural Resources -Timber used for building houses, furniture, ships, and making paper. -Many trees/plants to reduce CO2 and increase O2. -Fertile soil rich in humus ( material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter) attracts farmers.

Resources 

Oil in plants

Hickory Tree -Hickory trees lose their leaves in the winter. (Behavioral adaptation) Benefits: 1. Allows them to retain water by eliminating the amount of transpiration.

The Giant Panda Pandas have extra fingers or are polydactyl. They have a  “sixth” toe that helps the pandas grab bamboo shoots   or rip leaves off the bamboo stems. That Sixth toe or  finger is actually an extension in the wrist.

Giant Pandas eat only bamboo, which are hard, tough  plants that are not easily digested. Pandas have very  short intestines and large colons in order to digest the  cellulose in the bamboo.

Black Bear -Winter conditions include scarcity of wildlife/plant life and trees blanketed in snow. -Unlike species that migrate, bears hibernate to survive through this time period. (Behavioral adaptation) - Adaptation benefits: 1.Conserve energy by slowing down metabolic processes. 2. Energy is derived from stored body fat. (not dependent on plant life for food).

Corpse Plant -Obtains energy from fungi (mycorrhizas). (Physiological adaptation?) Benefits: 1.Parasitic relationship allows it to obtain energy (it doesn’t contain chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis).

Eastern Hognose Snake Hognose Snakes have shovel‐like noses that can be  used to uncover frogs out of the ground. This allows  the snake to have an easier time in finding food  through the ecosystem.  Usually when the hognose snake finds their toad  prey, the toads will defend themselves by inflating  into a big balloon to scare the snake. However, the  snake has rear fangs that are longer than its other  teeth. This allows it to pierce the skin of the toad and  deflate them. Therefore making it possible for the  snake to feed on them.

Guelder Rose 

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Guelder roses are found in England and Scotland. These roses grow in acidic soil or hard clay. This helps the guelder rose grow into polluted areas or areas with poor soil conditions. Guelder roses are an invasive plant. That means that they will spread out for more sunlight and take over other plant areas. This makes the guelder roses safe and

Josephine?

Eucalyptus Trees 

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Eucalyptus trees adapt to the climate of Australia by having very small leaves and having the photosynthesis executed by the stem of the plant. This allows the trees to be more resistant to droughts, which is common in Australian climates.

Natural Resources 

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Lumber is a main resource found in temperate forests, which is used for furniture, housing, etc. Furthermore, temperate forests hold fruits, nuts, and gum taken from eucalyptus trees.

Their leaves also hang vertically in order to be less exposed from the intense sun.

Christian?

Spruce Pine Trees Used

as Christmas trees Can grow up to 125 feet tall Pinus glabra Found in Florida, Alabama, south Carolina, and Louisiana.

Fir Trees Can

grow as tall as 250 feet Needle like leaves Used as timber Fir tree appreciation day is June 18th Found in central America, Europe, and Asia

Moose Found in North America, and Europe Herbivores 6-7 feet from the shoulders Weighs up to 1580 pounds

Beavers 

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Known for building dams, canals, and lodges Hunted by humans for fur, which is used to make medicines and perfums Beavers have webbed hind-feet, and a broad, scaly tail They have poor eyesight, but keen senses of hearing, smell, and touch.

Natural Resources  

Lumber Oil

Alec?