LAMP LANGUAGE: Lamp Terms

Lumen Maintenance or Lamp Lumen Depreciation

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%

Percent Rated Life

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 45

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

 Light maintained over time or light lost over time

Percent Initial Lumens

Concept

LAMP LANGUAGE: Summary Lamp Terms  Efficacy – Lumens per Watt or LPW or lpw

 Efficiency

– Average Rated Life or Service Life

 Lumen Maintenance – Lamp Lumen Depreciation Percent Initial Lumens

– Percentage or %

 Lamp Life

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 46

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Percent Rated Life

ELECTRICAL LANGUAGE: Electrical Terms Concept Electrical Energy Consumption

Measure kilowatt – hours (kWh)

Unit used by Utility Companies to bill the electricity they provide.

Power Factor

% (PF)

How efficiently an electrical device converts the power supplied (VA) into usable power (W). Value between 0 and 1 (0-100%)

Ballast Factor

% (BF)

lumen output of the same lamp on a reference ballast. Values between 0.7 and 1.2 (70-120%)

Lighting Power Density

Watts per sq. ft (W/ft2)

Determines the lighting power limits developed in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 47

LIGHT SOURCES: Types Why so many types?  All Electric Sources have different levels of – Efficiency – Life – Lighting Quality – color – Size – Cost – Operational requirements  No one Perfect Lamp or Source  Application requirements will dictate which one will be used Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 48

48

LIGHT SOURCES: Incandescent and Halogen Types Halogen

Electric Light Sources  Incandescent  Halogen

Incandescent

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 49

49

LIGHT SOURCES: Halogen Anatomy Directional Lamps

Lens

Reflector

Halogen Capsule

Base

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 50

50

 General Illumination Lamps

LIGHT SOURCES: Halogen Anatomy – Lamp Shapes Beam Type (Beam Angle)  Very Narrow Spot (5°)  Narrow Spot (6° to 13°)  Spot (9° to 12°)  Wide Spot (12°)  Narrow Flood (25° to 30°)  Flood (30° to 40°)  Wide Flood (40° to 60°)

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 51

51

LIGHT SOURCES: Halogen Lamp Basic Operation Filament Incandesces – just like an incandescent lamp Light

Heat

Heat

Electrical current passes through a filament which is heated to incandescence.

Current Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 52

52

LIGHT SOURCES: Fluorescent Types

Electric Light Sources

Compact Fluorescent

 Linear Fluorescent  Compact Fluorescent Linear Fluorescent

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 53

53

LIGHT SOURCES: Linear Fluorescent Anatomy Bulb Phosphor T5

Base T8

Mercury

Gas Fill

Cathode

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 54

54

T12

LIGHT SOURCES: Fluorescent Lamp Operation Electrical current passes through a mercury vapor generating UV energy Phosphor which is converted to visible light by a phosphor coating.

Cathode

Glass Tube

Electron

Visible Light

Argon

Ultraviolet Radiation

Mercury Atom

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 55

55

LIGHT SOURCES: Linear Fluorescent Correlated Color Temperature and Color Rendering Index



CCT

CRI

2700-6500K

48-90

The apparent color of a light source

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 56

 How “true” the colors of an object appear when illuminated by a light source

56

LIGHTING LANGUAGE: Color Rendering Index (CRI)

COLOR Color Rendering Index or _____ CRI is a measure of _____________________

color accuracy, expressed as a number on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 being “poor” and 100 being “excellent”.

60 Poor

Fair

70 Good

80

90

100

Excellent

The higher the number, the more likely the light source will render object colors well.

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 57

57

LIGHT SOURCES: Ballasts Types Ballast Types  Magnetic  Electronic

Ballast Families  Fluorescent – Linear – Compact – Specialty  HID – Mercury Vapor – Metal Halide – High-Pressure Sodium – Low-Pressure Sodium Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 58

58

LIGHT SOURCES: Ballasts Operation – Fluorescent Types Magnetic Ballast

Electronic Ballast

 Preheat

 Instant Start (IS)

 Trigger Start

– Single Pin

 Instant Start (IS)

– Bi Pin

 Rapid Start (RS)

 Rapid Start (RS)  Programmed Rapid Start (PS)  Dimming – Line Voltage – 0-10V – DALI – Powerline Carrier

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 59

59

LIGHT SOURCES: Ballasts Fluorescent Operation – Starting Type GOOD Instant Start Cathode Voltage

GOOD Rapid Start 4V

0V 600V

Starting Voltage

250V

BEST Programmed Start 6V 3V

heating delay .....

600V

Start Cycles

5 - 20k

5 - 20k

50k +

Start Temp

0 deg F

50 deg F

0 deg F

59W

63W

60W

Parallel

Series

Series

50k

55K

Input Power (2L) Wiring

Lamp Life (12hrs/start)50k Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 60

60

LIGHT SOURCES: HID Types Electric Light Sources

Low-Pressure Sodium

 High Intensity Discharge – Mercury Vapor – Metal Halide – High-Pressure Sodium  Low-Pressure Sodium Mercury Vapor

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 61

High-Pressure Sodium Metal Halide

61

LIGHT SOURCES: Metal Halide Anatomy Metal Halide Spacer Getter Return Lead Bulb Starting Probe

End Paint Electrode Arc Tube Arc Tube

Starting Resistor

Strap

Stem

Base

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 62

62

LED Systems

January 11, 2011

What is an LED?

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 64

How LED’s Work !

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 65

65

Benefits of LED Technology Over Conventional Light Sources Basic differences between conventional Light sources and LEDs are shown as follows: No glass bulbs to replace or break  LEDs contain no fragile filaments or glass that can shatter. This solid–state technology results in an extremely rugged light, which will last for many years in the application. Fragile Glass Fragile Filament Shock-Prone Support Wires

95% in heat losses Heat Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 66

Low Flux LED 66

LED A-Line 810 Lumen  LED high quality replacement for 60W A-line incandescent lamps • Dimmable  80% energy savings and 12x longer lifetime  High CRI

A-Line Lamp

LED A-Line

INC

Wattage

8W

60 W

Rated Life

25K hrs (L70)1

2K hrs

Lumen Output

810

770-850

Efficacy

67 LPW

12.8 - 14 LPW

CRI

90

100

CCT

2700 K

2700 K

Target Launch – Fall 2010 1

Average Rated Life (L70): Mean time to 70% initial lumen output, in hours when operated at nominal lamp voltage, current and temperature. Higher ambient operating cycles will affect life.

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 67

LED Modules

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 68

Comparison of LED with Conventional White Light Sources Incandescent

Avg. Life (hours)

Halogen

750 – 3,000

2,000 – 6,000

Compact FL

White LED

9,000 – 55,000

6,000 – 20,000

20,000 – 100,000

Fluorescent

CCT (Kelvin)

2500 – 3000

2800 – 3150

2700 – 7500

2700 – 6500

2700 – 10000

CRI

 95

100

70 - 90

70 - 90

70 - 90

Efficacy (Lumen/Watt)

7 – 16

13 – 25

Light Output (Lumens)

800 – 2,000

150 – 4,500

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 69

50 – 110

40 – 60

17 – 100+

1,000 – 3,000

200 – 3,000

25 – 400

The Benefits of LED’s  Free of hazardous materials  Last 10 times longer than the average light bulb

Reduced maintenance  Emit less heat  Use less power  Minimal wasted light

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 70

Federal Legislation and Rulemaking Update

Federal Lighting Legislation 1992: Energy Policy Act eliminates F40T12CW lamps by 10/31/95 2001: All states mandated to adopt ASHRAE 90.1-1999 or better for new construction 2005: Elimination of Fluorescent T12 magnetic ballasts by July, 2010 2008: Sale of ballasts for Mercury Vapor lamps prohibited

2009: EISA new metal halide luminaires have to exceed prescriptive ballast efficiency 2012: 100 Watt general purpose incandescent must switch to 150W but less than 500W must meet:

– Ballast Minimum ballast efficiency • Pulse-start metal halide ballast

88%

• Magnetic probe-start ballast

94%

• Electronic ballast (not pulse-start) 90% if 250W Ballast efficiency: • For the purpose of the Act, efficiency is measured using this formula: • Efficiency = Pout/Pin • Where … • Pout = the measured operating wattage of the lamp Pin = the measured operating input wattage Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 74

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Exemptions: The standards do not apply to: • Fixtures with regulated lag ballasts; • Fixtures that use electronic ballasts that operate at 480V; or • Fixtures rated only for 150W lamps, for use in wet locations, and contain a ballast rated to operate at ambient air temperatures above 50°C.

Compliance: A review of metal halide ballasts from a major manufacturer suggests that probe-start metal halide magnetic ballasts will be virtually eliminated from new lighting fixtures after January 1, 2009

Just the fixture, not the ballast: This provision covers only newly manufactured fixtures featuring metal halide ballasts, not the ballasts themselves. (Nor does it appear to prohibit sale of existing inventories.) The replacement market is therefore not covered by this law, so owners will not be required to retrofit existing fixtures, but instead be able to continue purchasing probe-start magnetic metal halide ballasts with lower efficiencies after the enactment of this provision.

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 75

Fluorescent Legislation

The Energy Policy Act of 2005: Lighting Products Per 2000 Ballast Rule: BEF Standards for operation of full-wattage T12 Lamps

Per 2005 EPAct: BEF Standards for operation of energy- saving T12 Lamps

Ballast manufacturers can no longer make ballasts that do not pass the new requirements for use in new fixtures.

April 1, 2005

July 1, 2009

Ballast manufacturers cannot sell ballasts that do not pass the new requirements to U.S. fixture manufacturers.

July 1, 2005

October 1, 2009

Fixture manufacturers cannot sell fixtures that include ballasts that do not pass the new requirements.

April 1, 2006

July 1, 2010

Ballast manufacturers cannot manufacture replacement ballasts that do not pass the new requirements.

July 1, 2010

July 1, 2010

Action

2005 EPAct Ballast Regulations, added to 2000 Federal Ballast Rule Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 77

New 2012 Standards for General Service Fluorescent Lamps (GSFL) Issued by the US Department of Energy June 29, 2009 Lamp Type

Correlated Color Temperature

Energy Conservation Standard lm/W

4-Foot (T8-T12) Medium Bi-pin ≥25W

≤ 4,500K

89

> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K

88

≤ 4,500K

84

> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K

81

≤ 4,500K

97

> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K

93

≤ 4,500K

92

> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K

88

≤ 4,500K

86

> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K

81

≤ 4,500K

76

> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K

72

2-Foot (T8-T12) U-Shaped ≥25W 8-Foot (T8-T12) Slimline ≥52W 8-Foot (T8-T12) High Output 4-Foot (T5) Miniature Bi-pin Standard Output ≥26W 4-Foot (T5) Miniature Bi-pin High Output ≥49W

Effective Date of new standards: July 14, 2012 (3 years after published in Fed. Register) Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 78

Impact for T12 Lamps ≤ 4500K and > 4,500K through ≤ 7,000K T12 4-ft. & 2-ft U-lamps with medium bi-pin bases - Majority of F40 and F34T12 lamps and all FB40 and FB34T12 U-lamps fail.

- 4-ft. requires 3560 lumens @ 40W and 3030 lumens @ 34W to pass @ 89 LPW. - 2-ft. U-lamps require 3360 @ 40W and 2856 @ 34W to pass @ 84 LPW. - CWX/DX/DSGN50/C50 are exempt due to CRI. T12 8-ft. Slimline with single pin bases - All 75W F96T12 lamps fail. - All 60W F96T12/ES fail except for the 800/SPX Series & some 700/SP XL Series. - CWX/DX/DSGN50/C50 are exempt due to CRI. T12 8-ft. 800mA HO with RDC bases

- All 110W F96T12 HO lamps fail. Requires 10,120 lumens to pass. - All 95W F96T12/ES/HO fail. Requires 8740 lumens to pass. - CWX/DX/DSGN50/C50 are exempt due to CRI; CW/CT & D/CT are exempt.

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 79

Impact for T8 Lamps ≤ 4500K and > 4,500K through ≤ 7,000K T8 4-ft. & 2-ft. U-lamps with medium bi-pin bases - All 4-ft. T8 basic 700 Series lamps @ 2800 lumens fail. Requires 2850 lumens to pass.

- All other 4-ft. pass.

- All 2-ft. 800/SPX Series U-lamps pass. Some 700/SP Series pass. T8 8-ft. Slimline with single pin bases - All pass except some 700/SP Series. Requires 5723 lumens @ 59W to pass. T8 8-ft. HO with RDC bases - All pass except some 700/SP Series. Requires 7912 lumens @ 86W to pass.

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 80

Incandescent Legislation

General Service Incandescent Lamp New Federal Standards EISA 2007

Current Wattage

Rated Lumen Ranges

New Maximum Rated Wattage

100

1490 - 2600

72

1,000 hours

1/1/2012

75

1050 - 1489

53

1,000 hours

1/1/2013

60

750 - 1049

43

1,000 hours

1/1/2014

40

310 - 749

29

1,000 hours

1/1/2014

Modified spectrum (Daylight™) lumen ranges are 25% lower, same max watts Minimum 80 CRI except for modified spectrum, which is a minimum of 75 CRI

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 82

Minimum Rated Lifetime

Effective Date (Manufactured on or after)

Federal Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Incandescent Impact Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 January 4, 2008

Over the next years,six the most common base incandescent household (A-line) bulbs will “Over thesixnext years, thestandard mostscrew common standard screw base be phased out in the U.S. Clear, frosted, soft white, and Daylight bulbs are included, but specialty colors incandescent and shapes are not. household (A-line) bulbs will be phased out in the U.S.

Clear, frosted, soft white, and Daylight bulbs are included, but specialty colors and shapes are not.” *  Phase-out is accomplished by setting standards that today’s bulbs cannot meet  After January 1, 2012, today’s common 100W incandescent bulb cannot be manufactured or imported for sale  The 75W bulb is next, beginning January 2013; 60W and 40W bulbs follow in January 2014

* OSRAM SYLVANIA Summary of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 83

New 2012 Standards for General Service Incandescent Reflector Lamps (IRL) Issued by the US Department of Energy June 29, 2009

Lamp Wattage

40W - 205W

40W - 205W

Lamp Type

Diameter

Voltage

> 2.5 inches (PAR30, PAR38, BR30 & ER30, BR40 & ER40)

≥ 125 (130V)

6.8 X lamp watts0.27 18.4 to 31.9 LPW

< 125 (120V)

5.9 X lamp watts0.27 16.0 to 27.6 LPW

≤ 2.5 inches (R20 & PAR20)

≥ 125 (130V)

5.7 X lamp watts0.27 15.4 to 26.7 LPW

< 125 (120V)

5.0 X lamp watts0.27 13.5 to 23.4 LPW

Standard Spectrum

Modified Spectrum

Minimum LPW; expressed here as a range for 40W through 205W, as LPW is derived from a formula based on lamp watts

Standards are approximately 17% less stringent than for Standard Spectrum Lamps

Exemptions to IRL Standards: Lamps that are 50W or less: ER30, BR30, BR40, and ER40 Lamps that are 65W exactly: BR30, BR40, and ER40 Lamps that are 45W or less: R20 Exemptions should remain intact until July 1, 2013, per pending federal energy legislation Effective Date of new standards: July 14, 2012 (3 years after published in Fed. Register) Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 84

Impact for Incandescent Reflector Lamps (IRL) Impact Only a few of today's halogen reflector lamps, e.g. PAR20, PAR30 and PAR38, can meet the standards in the Final Rule. In order to meet the new standards, reflector lamps will need to use new technologies such as advanced infrared (IR) coatings and optimized reflector coatings. IR coatings redirect wasted heat energy emitted by the lamp filament back to the filament, increasing the temperature of the filament, and thus enabling it to produce more light without increasing wattage. Optimized reflector coatings will more efficiently direct light produced by the lamp out of the lamp and into the space being illuminated. The few existing lamps that meet the new standards are more expensive than the standard halogen lamps on the market today. While the initial cost of the new higher efficiency reflector lamps will be higher, the consumer should see a payback through reduced electrical bills depending on the amount of time the lamps are "on".

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 85

Existing and Known Energy & Labeling Related Lighting Legislation, Regulations, and Specifications Color Coding

Input into Rulemaking 2009

2010

Adjust Manufacturing

2011

2012

2013

2014

Effective Date

2015

2016

2017

2018

Energy & Labeling IRL Rules, DOE

Tier 1 (LPW)

Tier 2 (all technologies))

GSFL Rules, DOE

Tier 1 (LPW) Tier 1 (Task LPW)

Tier 2 (LPW)

Outdoor Lighting Leg.** HID Lamp Rules, DOE

Probe Start MH lamps targeted

MH Luminaire Rules, DOE

Ballast Efficiency

GS Incan. Leg., US

Tier 1 (100W out)

Energy Star, CFLi

v4.0

Energy Star, LEDr

v1.0

(45 LPW, all techs)

60, 40 out

3.0

2.0

4.0

LPW

ER/BR Exemptions End 2010

2013

Buildings, CA Title 24 FTC Labeling Rule

75 out

v1.1

Energy Star, Tech, Neutral

Applications, savings, CA

Tier 1 (LPW)

T12, T8, T5 (efficiency)

Fluor. Ballast Rules, DOE

Buildings, ASHRAE 90.1

Tier 2 (Task LPW)

2011

2016 2014

2019 2017

Energy reduction targets for Commercial Interior, Residential, and Outdoor; work with CEC GS Lamps

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 86

** This outdoor lighting legislation will also eliminate MV lamps in 2016, and set LPW for high wattage linear halogen to need IR in 2016

Existing and Known Energy & Labeling Related Lighting Legislation, Regulations, and Specifications Color Coding

Input into Rulemaking 2009

2010

Adjust Manufacturing

2011

2012

2013

2014

Effective Date

2015

2016

2017

2018

Energy & Labeling IRL Rules, DOE

Tier 1 (LPW)

Tier 2 (all technologies))

GSFL Rules, DOE

Tier 1 (LPW) Tier 1 (Task LPW)

Tier 2 (LPW)

Outdoor Lighting Leg.** HID Lamp Rules, DOE

Probe Start MH lamps targeted

MH Luminaire Rules, DOE

Ballast Efficiency

GS Incan. Leg., US

Tier 1 (100W out)

Energy Star, CFLi

v4.0

Energy Star, LEDr

v1.0

(45 LPW, all techs)

60, 40 out

3.0

2.0

4.0

LPW

ER/BR Exemptions End 2010

2013

Buildings, CA Title 24 FTC Labeling Rule

75 out

v1.1

Energy Star, Tech, Neutral

Applications, savings, CA

Tier 1 (LPW)

T12, T8, T5 (efficiency)

Fluor. Ballast Rules, DOE

Buildings, ASHRAE 90.1

Tier 2 (Task LPW)

2011

2016 2014

2019 2017

Energy reduction targets for Commercial Interior, Residential, and Outdoor; work with CEC GS Lamps

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 87

** This outdoor lighting legislation will also eliminate MV lamps in 2016, and set LPW for high wattage linear halogen to need IR in 2016

LIGHTING LANGUAGE:

QUESTIONS?

Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 88