XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE AMONG MARRIED MALES OF NORTH EAST STATES OF INDIA Konsam Dinachandra Singh1 & Manoj Alagarajan2 1

International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai-INDIA, 2Department of Development Studies, IIPS, Mumbai-INDIA

Introduction Contraceptive use a proximate determinant of fertility plays a critical role in reducing fertility and since long contraceptive prevalence rate has been taken as a sole indicator to evaluate the effect of family planning programs. Contraception is the intentional prevention of conception or impregnation through the use of various devices, agents, drugs, sexual practices, or surgical procedures (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language). Sociologists define it as the intentional prevention of conception by artificial or natural means. Artificial methods in common use include preventing the sperm from reaching the ovum (using condoms, diaphragms, etc.), inhibiting ovulation (using oral contraceptive pills), preventing implantation (using intrauterine devices), killing the sperm (using spermicides), and preventing the sperm from entering the seminal fluid (by vasectomy). Natural methods include the rhythm method and coitus interruptus. It is also sometimes known as birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery. Three new contraceptive methods were introduced during the period 1988-95: hormonal implant, hormonal injectables, and female condoms. Family planning is widely used throughout the world but the individual method varies enormously in different countries. Hormonal contraception is available in many delivery systems and the combined contraceptive pill is a safe and popular method. Barrier methods of contraception offer significant protection against sexually transmitted infections and, in particular, condoms are recommended to reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Fertility awareness methods are of value to individuals who lack access or have objections to artificial methods. Both men and women can have permanent sterilization, however vasectomy is a technically easier, safer, and more effective procedure than female sterilization (Glasier and Gebbie, 2008). The post-Cairo period has seen a dramatic increase in interest in „men‟ but there is little known about male knowledge, attitudes and practices with regard to contraceptive use. This paper examines current knowledge about male behaviour and extends that knowledge using data from National and Family Health Survey, Male Surveys. Findings cast doubt on the conventional wisdom that male knowledge is high. Married men's use of any method is relatively high and is predominantly 1|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

made up of two methods, the periodic abstinence and withdrawal. These findings suggest that knowledge amongst men concerning the means to prevent conception than the lack of male motivation that explains the low use of contraceptive. Male contraceptives include condoms, withdrawal, and vasectomy. In other animals, castration is commonly used for contraception. Other forms of male contraception are in various stages of research and development. Until recently, data about men's family planning knowledge, attitudes and practices were scarce. Most large-scale family planning surveys the knowledge, attitudes and practice surveys; the World Fertility Surveys; the Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys; and the first round of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)1 included only women and focused on determinants of their contraceptive use. The lack of attention to men in surveys probably reflected their limited options for participating in contraceptive use. A woman can, of course, control her fertility without her husband's cooperation; yet when men and women are aware of and responsive to each other's health needs, they are more likely to obtain necessary services. Moreover, strengthening communication between partners about reproductive health and involving men in health promotion can lead to better health for the entire family. Consequently, in recent years, the importance of including men in reproductive health matters has received increasing recognition. A key recommendation of both the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women was that programs encourage husbands and wives to share in responsibilities pertaining to fertility and reproductive health. A first step toward increasing men's participation in reproductive health is to understand their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding a range of issues. Husbands in North East are the main decision-makers in the family, their attitudes and practices regarding contraception have become a major concern of the National Population Committee (NPC), which has begun to consider a strategy of targeting men for family planning services. This article presents data from a survey conducted in North East States on men's views regarding contraceptive use.

Literature review Population dynamics in N.E. India as in other societies and region has two basic components: dynamics through natural processes and dynamics through induced processes. Individual state focussed researches testify the above statement (Panda, 1988, Rai and Goel, 1984). In India, use of both contraceptive and childbearing intentions predicts contraceptive demand better than use of either indicator alone, and may thus help 2|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

program planners estimate future demand for contraceptive services (Roy T. K. et al., 2003). The estimates indicate that the two principal obstacles to using a contraceptive are the woman's perception that such behaviour would conflict with her husband's fertility preferences and his attitudes toward family planning and her perception of the social or cultural unacceptability of contraception. The results confirm the value of taking contraceptive costs seriously, and, in particular, of attempting to measure these costs in empirical research on family planning (John B et al., 2001). The decision-making process of most men who get a vasectomy usually requires a long period of time from two to more than ten years. Program planners can intervene in the decision-making to speed it up. They can also greatly shorten the delays that most men encounter (or fabricate) once they have decided that vasectomy is the best contraceptive method for them (Stephen D. Mumford, 1983). The authors discuss the impact of gender preferences on fertility and the use of family planning methods in India. The relative importance of gender preferences and socio economic factors in the acceptance of family planning is considered (Raju K.N.M. et al. 1995). Greater availability and accessibility of family planning services is associated with increased use of contraception, independent of education and urban residence. In countries where services are widely available, differences in use between urban and rural women are small. Where services are few and distant, as in Nepal, increasing availability and accessibility might bring about a large increase in use (German Rodriguez, 1978). Although a Hindu-Muslim differential in fertility has persisted in India, it is no more than one child, and even this gap is not likely to endure as fertility among Muslims declines with increasing levels of education and standards of living. While the lower level of contraceptive use among Muslims is the most important factor responsible for the fertility differentials, the use of contraceptives has increased faster among Muslims in recent times. However, the relatively higher fertility among Muslims cannot be understood independent of its socio-economic and political contexts (Bhagat R. B. et al., 2005). In mid-eighties we have had a shift in our assumption about human resources by considering them not only as a means but also as an end in the whole socioeconomic developmental process. Accordingly, task of improving quality of life as the ultimate aim of our developmental process rests with the people, particularly in generating various kinds of resources in terms of quality of life indicators and make them available for their own consumption, this task is becoming difficult year by year in North East region due to increase in population. The benefits of planned 3|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

development in the region have been offset by rapid population growth and only a marginal part of the development contributes towards improving our standard of living (Mishra B., 2002). A mass media campaign to promote vasectomy in three Brazilian cities (Sao Paulo, Fortaleza and Salvador) consisted of prime-time television and radio spots, the distribution of flyers, an electronic billboard and public relations activities. Clinic data indicate that the monthly mean number of vasectomies initially increased during the six-week campaign by 108 per cent in Fortaleza, by 59 per cent in Salvador and by 82 per cent in Sao Paulo. An in-depth analysis of the Sao Paulo clinic data indicates that during the campaign, television replaced personal sources as the dominant source of referrals among men who made telephone inquiries to the clinics. A regression analysis based on Sao Paulo clinic records for 12 years confirmed that periodic mass media promotions helped alleviate but did not halt the general downward trend in clinic volume over time. Increases in the cost of vasectomy and in alternative sources for the operation contributed to the lower volume (Lawrence Kincaid D. et al., 1996) Virtually all men (98 per cent) had heard of birth spacing, but only 40 per cent could correctly define the term. About two-thirds of respondents knew of male contraceptives, but a similar proportion did not know where to get information about them. Some 86 per cent believed that men are as responsible as women for preventing pregnancies, and 52 per cent thought that men's contraceptive use would rise if male oriented services were available. Attitudes toward birth spacing and contraceptive use were more positive among men with at least a secondary education and among those with a higher income than among their less-educated and less well-off counterparts (Wasileh Petro-Nustas, 1999). “This injection…? I'm happy. I accept it… because this injection can prevent my wife from getting pregnant. And I'm happy because if my wife gets pregnant again I will have a hard time educating the kid. Education in school: that's what disturbing my mind. These days money is hard to get. That's why I said that I'm satisfied. That's why I wanted to participate.” Thus the motivations to be an 'involved' man in family planning through participation in the trial signal a cascade of concerns for men, such as personal health, virility, and anxieties about the costs of unintended pregnancy (Solomon H. et al., 2007). In an even tone, Ibu Sembojo explained how her husband's increased irritability affected sexual relations: “He gets angry about sex, after taking this male injection ... When I don't serve him, it's because I am busy being a housewife, and all the work goes to me, right? But he gets angry. He gets more emotional. We've never had any problem before this”. The varying interpretations of acceptability presented here exemplify how deep the effects may be of introducing a new contraceptive 4|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

method into people's daily lives. Returning to Mundigo's question as to whether or not women would trust and be happy if men suddenly had the same ability to control fertility, the narratives presented by participants in this study assure us that the answer is more intricate than simply 'yes' or 'no‟ (Solomon H. et al., 2007). Three points stand out in this review: first, Vasectomy trends are more commonly down than up, often because vasectomy has been losing ground to female sterilization. Vasectomy is generally neglected, but a few countries-especially India, probably China, to a lesser extent Bangladesh and Korea, and Sri Lanka in 1980 and 1981- have used it extensively. Second, the growing popularity of female sterilization proves the existence of a market for a permanent method. The irony is that simplified techniques appear to have popularized female sterilization while the even simpler and safer technique of vasectomy was always available. And third, acceptance of vasectomy is responsive to "provider determinants." Annual changes in the numbers of men choosing sterilization can often be tied clearly to program actions. Program administrators often do not emphasize the availability of the male method, or worse, do not offer it at all. In only a relatively few countries have programs fully tested the true interest in vasectomy (John A. Ross and Douglas H. Huber, 1983). Family planning in Western European countries has become an important social and demographic phenomenon (Ketting, 1990). The increased practice of contraception has been both an instrumental factor in the demographic transition and an indicator of changes in the attitudes and cultural patterns of society as a whole. This development has not, however, occurred in Russia.1 Family planning in Russia reflects the country's unique social, medical, and psychological situation. Unlike that of most other countries, Russia's demographic transition has been realized largely through the widespread practice of induced abortion. Russia's overall birth rate was reduced from a high to a low level by the end of the 1970s. This reduction was accompanied by a sharp rise in the number of induced abortions. Induced abortion continues to be a major method of preventing births in Russia. The country's abortion rate is probably the highest in the world: Annually, at least one in ten women of reproductive age has an abortion (Remennick, 1991). The major reason for this heavy reliance on induced abortion as a method of controlling family size seems to be that reliable modern methods of contraception are not widely available. These conditions were acknowledged in the 1960s, but services and supplies of contraceptives remained inadequate in the following decades. Ethnic differences in fertility have been noted in a variety of countries for a long time, but related differences in contraceptive use have rarely been discussed, either by demographers or by family planning practitioners. That there may be an important ethnic factor in service utilization is rarely mentioned. Yet the present study 5|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

found that socioeconomic status, minority status, and cultural differences failed to explain completely the ethnic differences in contraceptive use in Sri Lanka in 1975. Data on service provision by ethnicity were not available, but our findings were consistent with the idea that differential access to services was a major cause of differential use. Services provided in Sinhala cannot be used by someone who speaks only Tamil. Nor is it likely that someone will talk about as sensitive a topic as contraception with someone outside one's ethnic group. The fact is, we simply do not know as yet how important ethnicity is in determining access to contraceptives because few data on the subject exist. It is essential to collect information on contraceptive use by ethnicity (K. Radhakrishna Murty and Susan De Vos,1984).

Objectives The study aims to understand the knowledge and use of contraceptive among the married males in the eight states of North East India. Accordingly, the study exploits the data collected from general men as well as from high risk men who are exposed to reproductive behaviour. We also aim to understand the dynamics use by different socio cultural and economic characteristics of different groups. However, the specific objectives of the study are: a. To understand the knowledge of contraceptive methods among males in Northeastern states b. To examine the contraceptive use among males by different socio-economic characteristics in Northeastern states c. To access the prevalence of Permanent and Temporary methods by different socio-economic characteristics in Northeastern states

6|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Methodology The present study relies on NFHS-III for understanding the knowledge and use of contraceptives for married males in the eight North-East states of India. The third National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) was conducted in 2005-06. NFHS-3 collected information from a nationally representative sample of 124,385 women age 15-49 and 74,369 men age 15-54 in 109,041 households. The survey provides data on key indicators of contraceptive prevalence for currently married males in the age group 15 to 54, and other background characteristics. The analysis is carried out for currently married men separately for each of the North-East states. The sample size of currently married men for Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura are 429, 805, 2241, 380, 371, 2218, 467 and 432 respectively. Dependent Variable is the use of any Current contraceptive methods, permanent and temporary methods and the Independent variables are Age, Highest Education level, type of Residence, Religion, caste/tribe, Wealth index, desire for more Children and heard of family planning from Radio/TV/Newspaper last month. The major technique used in this paper is bivariate and multivariate statistical methods for analysing the cross linkage between the dependent and independent variables. The analysis has been carried out for each of the eight North-East states of India. Northeast India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States, Sikkim, and parts of North Bengal (districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, and Koch Bihar). Northeast India is ethnically distinct from the other states of India. Linguistically the region is distinguished by a preponderance of Tibeto-Burman languages. Strong ethnic cultures that had escaped Sanskritisation effects permeate the region. That the eight states form a special category is officially recognized. The North Eastern Council (NEC) was constituted in 1971 as the nodal agency for the economic and social development of the eight states, the North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd (NEDFi) was incorporated on August 9, 1995 and the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) was set up in September 2001. The Siliguri Corridor in West Bengal, with an average width of 21 km to 40 km, connects the north eastern region with the rest of India. More than 2000 km of boundary is shared with other countries: including Nepal, China, Bhutan, Burma and Bangladesh.

7|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Results and discussion Knowledge of Contraceptive use The analysis had shown that the knowledge on the use of contraception is almost universal among currently married men in all the North East states of India (Table not shown). The knowledge is in the range of 85 per cent to 97 per cent in the North Eastern States. Contraceptive use by men Contraceptive use among currently married men varies markedly by age, type of place of residence, education, religion, caste, wealth, desire for children or not and also the awareness of family planning from mass medias. The use of contraceptive varies with age (Table 1). The peak prevalence of contraception is higher among men in the age group 30 to 34 in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland. For Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura the peak prevalence are in the age group of 45 to 54. The use of contraceptive is higher in rural areas of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Mizoram. The level of education has an influence in the use of contraceptives. The use of contraceptive in Arunachal Pradesh is mostly among the males who have primary level of education. The differential larger gap is found in Meghalaya and Nagaland among the educated and uneducated groups. There are differences in the religious composition in the different states of North-East India. The literature has found that there are differences in the use of contraceptives by religion. The users are among the Hindus in Manipur, Muslims in Tripura and Christians in Assam. The other religious group have higher use in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Sikkim. The prevalence also varies among caste groups. The use is higher among schedule castes in Assam and Manipur, schedule tribes have higher use of contraceptive in Sikkim, other backward classes in Meghalaya and other caste group. The North-East states have higher prevalence in contraception with increase in wealth. However in Sikkim half of the married men having less wealth are using contraceptive. The use of contraceptive also varies on decision to have children. The contraception is higher among men no specific decision on having children or having no desire to have children. The use among men having no specific decision on having children is higher in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya and Sikkim. The prevalence is higher in the rest of states of Manipur (56 per cent), Mizoram (50 per cent), Nagaland (30 per cent) and Tripura (55 per cent) for men who desire to have no more children. Exposure to mass media like television, radio and newspaper, also have an impact on using contraception. In the states of North-East the prevalence of user is significantly high among those who have idea about family planning from any one of the mass media. Use of Sterilisation 8|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Family planning is widely used throughout the world but uptake of the individual methods varies enormously in different countries within the country also there is a great variance. The use of contraceptive is differentiated by stopping and spacing of childbearing among the married men and women. In most of the developing countries the contraception is mainly determined by sterilisation (vasectomy and tubectomy). However studies have also found use of temporary spacing methods by couples. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the use of permanent method and spacing method. Both men and women can have permanent sterilization, however vasectomy is a technically easier, safer, and more effective procedure than female sterilization (Glasier and Gebbie, 2008). Differences in permanent method using couples with different social, cultural and economic characteristic exist in the NorthEast states (Table 2) with the peak prevalence of permanent sterilisation in the age group 45-54 about 18 per cent in Assam, 16 per cent in Manipur, 14 per cent in Meghalaya, 40 per cent in Mizoram, 13 per cent in Nagaland, 32 per cent in Sikkim and 21 per cent in Tripura and in Arunachal Pradesh the use of permanent method is higher in age group 30 to 44 of about 23 per cent. The difference in place residence plays a major in the use of sterilisation. The use is higher in the rural area than urban (highest in rural of Mizoram about 26 per cent). There is no differential in the use of sterilisation by education. However, the use is lower in Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura. The percept of religion has an impact on sterilisation. The Christian in Assam and Mizoram have higher percentage of sterilisation (25 per cent and 26 per cent respectively), the Buddhist in Sikkim and the Hindu have higher use in other states of North-East India. Differential in the use of sterilisation is found among caste groups. The other backward class (OBC) who is using permanent sterilisation methods is more in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. In the wealth status the middle and richest class of married couples have higher percentage of permanent sterilisation in the region except Sikkim where the poor have the highest percentage of sterilised couples (23 per cent). Couples who want children tend to get less sterilisation or no sterilisation at all in most of the states of North-East but the highest percentage of sterilisation is found among those who do not have specific desire (to have or not have children) or who do not want children at all. In the states of Assam (11 per cent), Mizoram (29 per cent), Sikkim (22 per cent) and Tripura (11 per cent) and the percentage of couple who do not heard about family planning from any source of mass media get sterilised more but the rest of the states it is just contradictory. It is also found that the percentage is highest in Mizoram in the whole North-East. Use of Temporary Method In North-East states of India the use of temporary has its socio-cultural and economic characteristic differentials in use of temporary method by the married males in the North-East. In the age group 15 to 29 the use is high in some states of 9|Page

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Arunachal Pradesh (17 per cent), Mizoram (20 per cent),and Sikkim (28 per cent) and in the age group 30 to 44 the use is high in the states of Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura about 38 per cent, 50 per cent, 13 per cent, 20 per cent and 43 per cent respectively. Type of place of residence has also it role, the urban settlers have high percentage of using traditional methods in all the states of North-East. In Assam the percentage of using the method is same between urban and rural areas (28 per cent each). Education has also its impact on using traditional method in North-East states. As the level of education increases, the use of traditional method increases. And the highest percentage of using the method is found in Tripura and is about 47 per cent. The Hindu has the higher percentage of using the method in most of the states but the other religious group also have the highest percentage (63 per cent) in Tripura. The Other Backward Class (OBC) of Meghalaya (40 per cent) followed by OBC of Tripura (40 per cent) and other unstated caste or tribe of the region (24 per cent) has higher Temporary method user in NorthEast India. In the wealth status it complies that the richest has the highest percentage of using temporary method in North-East and Tripura is having the highest percentage of temporary method users. Couple who wants children after two years and those who do not want any more children have the higher percentage of using temporary method. And those couple who have heard about family planning from any source of mass media (TV, Radio and Newspaper) have the higher percentage of using temporary method (23 per cent) in the states of North-East India and the highest percentage is found in Tripura (38 per cent). Significance of contraceptive use The analysis have found that there are differentials in contraceptive use, sterilisation and temporary method for each of socio-cultural, economic and demographic factors in each of the states of North-East India. Logistic regression analysis has been carried out to find whether if the differentials persists even after controlling various socio-cultural, economic and demographic factors. The analysis shows that even after controlling for various factors, age of men has significantly higher use especially among elderly men in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. The propensity to use contraception is higher in urban areas in the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. There is no significant difference in the use of contraception in rural and urban areas in the other North-East states of India. The education has significant effect in the use of contraceptive. The propensity to use increased with increasing educational level in Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland. The difference in the use is found in primary educated men in Arunachal Pradesh and in Tripura for men having secondary level of education. There is no significant difference in the use of contraception among religions in North-East India except in Manipur where the Hindu use contraceptive significantly 10 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

higher than the Muslim and the Christians. In Tripura the use of contraceptive is significantly higher among other religion. The caste group in Assam show significant effect. The schedule tribe and other backward class are less likely to use contraceptive than schedule caste group. In Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland the use of contraceptive is highest in the reference category and is seen highly significant. As the wealth status lowers it is less likely to use contraceptive. In all states whose desire for children is not specific tend to use more than others who want or doesn‟t want children and also found significant difference in almost all North-East states. Significantly more likely to use contraceptive is found among those who have heard about Family Planning from any source of mass media. The same analysis has also been done for sterilisation and temporary method of contraception. In sterilisation method, as the age increases the use of permanent method increases and shows highly significant in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Sikkim. Significant relationship in the similar pattern is also observed in Assam, Mizoram and Nagaland. No significant difference is observed between rural and urban areas of North-East states of India. The use of permanent method decreases as the educational level increases and also found less likely to use in Manipur. In Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland the pattern is reversed but no significant relationship is found. Permanent method is less likely to use by Muslim in Nagaland. No significance difference is seen Christians. Permanent method is more likely to use by none of them category in Manipur. In Sikkim the use of this method is significantly less among the schedule tribe. In the wealth status the use of permanent method increases as it goes from poorest to richest and the use is significantly higher than poorest in Assam and highly significant difference persist in poorest, poorer and middle class. Couple who do not have specific desire to have children significantly more likely to use permanent method than those who want no more children in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and Sikkim. Highly significant difference is also seen for those who want after two years and within two years of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland and Manipur and Mizoram respectively. The use of permanent method is more among those who knows about family planning from any mass media and show highly significant difference in Arunachal Pradesh. Nagaland shows those who know about family planning are more likely to use and Mizoram shows less likely to use permanent method. The use of Temporary method shows highly significant and less likely to use in 45+ age group in Manipur and more likely to use in 30-44 age group in Manipur and Nagaland. Temporary method is more likely to use in urban area in Manipur and less likely to use in Nagaland urban. Educational attainment shows a great differential in almost all states and is significantly more in higher level of educational attainment in the states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Muslim in Assam and other 11 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

religions in Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura are more likely to use the method and show significant difference. Schedule castes are more likely to use temporary method and show highly significant in Manipur and less likely to use by schedule tribe of Assam. In Meghalaya it is more likely to use temporary method by OBCs. The middle class are more likely to use temporary method and show significant difference in Sikkim and less likely in the poor and poorest of Nagaland. Couple who want children after two year, who want children within two year and do not want children are more likely to use temporary method in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Tripura. There is highly significant relationship in Manipur and Sikkim. In Assam, Manipur and Sikkim couple who do not want children are more likely to use temporary method showing significant difference. Respondent who have heard about Family Planning from any source of media are more likely to use temporary method and significant relationship is found in Assam.

Conclusion The knowledge of contraception is nearly universal in North East India. The contraceptive use is forty four per cent. Of those using contraceptive eleven per cent used permanent method (male sterilisation and female sterilisation) and twenty five per cent are using temporary method in North-East India. There are differentials in the pattern of use between the North East states. The contraceptive use is relatively lower in North-East states. The use is lower than 40 per cent in Meghalaya, Nagaland Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. However the use is more than 45 per cent in Assam, Sikkim, Tripura and Manipur. Various literatures have shown that the overall use of contraceptive is mostly determined by sterilisation in most of the states of India as well as in developing countries. Therefore the analysis has been carried out separately for permanent method (male and female sterilisation) and temporary method. The trend in North-East states of India shows that the use of temporary method is more popular than sterilisation. Mizoram is the only state where the use of sterilisation is higher. The use is also slightly higher in in Arunachal Pradesh. The use of temporary method among men is more than thirty five per cent in Assam (35 per cent), Tripura (37 per cent) and Manipur (42 per cent). The logistic regression has been carried out for contraceptive use, sterilisation and temporary method controlling for various socio-economic and demographic factors. The result shows that the age of men, education, wealth status and desire for children have significant effect on the contraceptive use in most of the North-East states. On the use of sterilisation higher age is the most important factor. The use of sterilisation is less among educated married men. The use of temporary method shows contradiction with sterilisation.

12 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

References Bhagat, R.B. and Purujit Praharaj (2005), “Hindu-Muslim Fertility Differentials”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 411-418. German Rodriguez (1978) “Family Planning Availability and Contraceptive Practice”, International Family Planning Perspectives and Digest, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 100-115. Harris Solomon, Kathryn M. Yount, Michael T. Mbizvo (2007),”A Shot of His Own': The Acceptability of a Male Hormonal Contraceptive in Indonesia, Culture”, Health & Sexuality, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-14. John A. Ross and Douglas H. Huber (1983), “Acceptance and Prevalence of Vasectomy in Developing Countries”, Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Mar., 1983), pp. 67-73. John B. Casterline, Zeba A. Sathar, Minhaj ul Haque (2001), Obstacles to Contraceptive Use in Pakistan: A Study in Punjab, Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 95110K.Radhakrishna Murty and Susan De Vos (1984), “Ethnic Differences in Contraceptive Use in Sri Lanka”, Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 222-232. Ketting, Evert (ed.). 1990. “Contraception in Western Europe: A Current Appraisal”. Canforth, U. K.: Parthenon Lawrence Kincaid. D, Alice Payne Merritt, Liza Nickerson, Sandra de Castro Buffington, Marcos Paulo P. de Castro, Bernadete Martin de Castro (1996), “Impact of a Mass Media Vasectomy Promotion Campaign in Brazil”, International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), pp. 169-175. Mishra B (2002)., “Population Dyanmics, Environment and Quality of life in North-East India”, www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S17Mishra.pdf Mundigo, A. (2000) “Re-conceptualizing the Role of Men in the post-Cairo Era. Culture”, Health and Sexuality, 2, 323-337. Panda, N.M. (1988). “ Emerging Trends of Population Growth in Nagaland”. NEHU Journal of Social Sciences. Vol V1(1),99.55-64. Raju, K. N. M.; Bhat, T. N.( 1995), “Sex composition of living children against socioeconomic variables while accepting family planning methods”, Vol. 24, No. 1, 87-99 pp. Remennick, Larisa I. 1991. "Epidemiology and determinants of induced abortion in the USSR." Social Science and Medicine 33, 841-848. Stephen D. Mumford (1983), “The Vasectomy Decision-Making Process”, Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 83-88. Roy, T.K,. F. Ram, Parveen Nangia, Uma Saha, Nizamuddin Khan (2003), “Can Women's Childbearing and Contraceptive Intentions Predict Contraceptive Demand? Findings from a Longitudinal Study in Central India”, International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 25-31. Wasileh Petro-Nustas (1999), “Men's Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward Birthspacing and Contraceptive Use in Jordan”, International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 181-185.

13 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Table: 1 (Use of Any Method by married males of different socio-economic and demographic characteristics in the North-East States of India)

Any Method Age

Type of place of residence

Highest educational level

religions prevalent

Arunachal Per cent

Total

Desire for children

Total

Per cent

Total

Mizoram Per cent

Nagaland Per cent

Total

Sikkim Per cent

Total

Tripura Per cent

Total

North East Per cent

Total

Total

123

31.2

157

42.1

418

13.0

100

23.5

98

12.4

421

32.1

137

26.8

82

26.4

1536

30-44

37.8

209

48.8

467

57.2

1220

18.8

186

41.9

186

27.3

1200

50.2

235

51.2

213

42.7

3916

45-54

96 120

52.5 44.1

181 161

42.8 54.8

603 741

22.6 34.9

93 86

45.5 37.0

88 192

25.8 33.7

497 653

56.4 58.1

94 93

54.7 54.7

137 75

39.1

1789

Urban

30.2 29.2

44.0

2121

Rural

32.6

310

46.7

643

48.4

1501

13.6

294

38.5

179

19.7

1464

43.3

374

46.4

358

43.4

5123

No education

20.6

126

41.5

159

38.8

209

4.8

125

27.3

22

11.1

422

42.2

83

40.0

75

35.6

1221

Primary

38.0

79

43.7

213

42.4

278

8.8

80

33.8

68

19.5

395

40.7

135

47.3

150

41.6

1398

Secondary

34.5

177

48.2

355

51.7

1220

28.5

137

38.1

239

27.5

1089

49.0

208

49.7

175

46.1

3600

Higher

35.6

45

52.6

76

56.6

535

45.9

37

48.8

41

40.1

212

57.1

42

57.6

33

52.3

1021

Hindu

32.9

146

46.9

559

56.9

1166

26.2

65

33.3

9

33.8

314

47.1

280

46.6

384

46.6

2923

44.0

193

42.1

197

33.3

18

16.6

175

56.8

37

43.9

620

50.0

48

33.8

562

15.6

250

23.0

1623

50.0

2

32.5

2946

33.3

143

30.0

86

26.8

123

Buddhist/Neobuddhist Donyi polo

30.2

86

Others

37.8

74

Scheduled caste

25.0

40

Scheduled tribe

28.1

Other backward class

32.3

5

61.5

317

13.0

46

52.5

118

60.8

148

19.2

26

249

35.4

82

33.8

551

15.4

305

31

44.0

182

53.6

293

60.0

10

39.6

338

6.7

15

25.0

43.0

8

128

6

49.2

59

62.5

8

34.5

523

5

19.6

138

48.8

43

45.1

113

49.2

631

38.5

356

23.2

1391

41.5

164

32.8

64

29.2

3162

50.0

2

22.2

343

49.0

196

56.8

88

45.2

1145 1776

34.2

225

50.0

62

49.7

153

49.0

9

9.6

166

50.0

6

34.0

50

29.3

569

20.0

25

11.2

490

37.0

46

42.7

89

43.2

1465

81

37.1

62

20.1

581

36.8

117

48.2

195

46.7

2054

32.6

86

37.1

132

34.0

556

44.4

144

55.2

67

48.0

1915

364

37.3

59

44.4

144

40.4

324

57.5

153

66.7

30

49.0

1238

50.6

160

26.7

60

37.5

24

22.5

311

73.2

41

36.4

22

50.6

735

108

29.7

306

10.5

57

20.5

73

7.8

308

22.7

44

31.0

29

20.4

979

38.6

114

47.8

448

14.5

117

28.0

93

13.7

249

34.3

67

22.0

59

33.1

1224

259

51.5

507

56.2

1327

21.4

145

49.7

181

30.4

1249

48.6

315

54.8

323

49.9

4306

14.4

104

34.5

249

41.3

126

2.3

129

32.2

87

17.3

921

47.5

162

41.6

125

32.0

1903

From any media

36.9

325

51.3

556

51.0

2116

26.7

251

39.4

284

29.2

1197

45.6

305

50.3

306

48.4

5340

Total

31.5

429

46.1

805

50.5

2242

18.4

380

37.7

371

24.0

2118

46.3

467

47.8

431

43.5

6271

None of them

35.1

97

49.5

220

54.4

990

34.5

29

Poorest

22.0

82

31.3

147

24.0

50

6.8

59

Poorer

23.9

109

48.0

248

41.2

364

8.5

94

Middle

34.9

83

50.5

190

53.2

745

8.6

Richer

32.5

77

50.7

134

52.6

719

Richest

48.7

78

48.8

86

54.1

not specific

57.5

40

55.8

77

5.6

54

21.3

Wants after 2 years

19.5

77

Wants no more

36.7

Not Heard

Wants within 2 years

Heard about FP from Radio/Television/Newspaper

Per cent

Total

Meghalaya

22.0

Christian

Wealth index

Per cent

Manipur

15-29

Muslim

Type of caste or tribe

Assam

14 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Table: 2 (Use of Permanent Method by married males of different socio-economic and demographic characteristics in the North-East States of India)

Permanent Method Age

Type of place of residence

Highest educational level

Religions prevalent

Arunachal Per cent

Total

Assam Per cent

Manipur Per cent

Total

Meghalaya

Total

Per cent

Total

Mizoram Per cent

Per cent

Total

North East

Total

Per cent

Total

123

3.2

157

0.2

418

1

99

3.1

98

1.9

421

4.3

138

1.2

81

2.1

1535

30-44

22.9

210

10.5

467

7

1220

5.9

187

28

186

7.2

1199

23.8

235

8.5

213

10.3

3917

45-54

96 119

18.2 10.6

181 161

16.2 8.1

604 741

14 11.8

93 85

40.2 21.9

87 192

12.5 10.0

497 653

31.9 19.4

94 93

21 12.2

138 74

17.9 11.5

1790

Urban

21.9 14.3

Rural

18.7

310

10.9

643

8.3

1500

5.1

294

26.3

179

6.2

1465

19.8

374

10.6

357

10.9

5122

No education

15.1

126

11.9

159

12.5

208

1.6

126

18.2

22

2.8

422

27.7

83

9.5

74

10.9

1220

Primary

19.0

79

11.7

213

11.5

278

3.8

80

23.2

69

6.1

395

18.5

135

11.4

149

11.7

1398

Secondary

18.1

177

10.1

355

7.4

1220

12.4

137

24.2

240

8.6

1088

18.3

208

12.0

175

11.0

3600

Higher

17.8

45

7.9

76

6.9

535

8.1

37

29.3

41

12.3

212

14.6

41

5.9

34

8.6

1021

Hindu

19.9

146

12.7 2.1 25.0

559 193 48

8.7 3.6 6.6

1167 196 562

12.3

65 18 250

9

9.9

314 175 1623

19.6

280

11.7

384 37 2

12.5 2.5 15.4

9

8.7 10.0 6.9

2924 619 2946 143 86 523

112

11.1

633 3163

18.7

123

6.8

25.7

Buddhist/Neo-buddhist Others

14.0 14.9

86 74

Scheduled caste

15.0

40

Donyi polo

Desire for children

Per cent

Total

Tripura

4.9

Christian

Wealth index

Per cent

Total

Sikkim

15-29

Muslim

Type of caste or tribe

Nagaland

11.0

5

12.3

316

118

3.4

149

46 15.4

25

26

338 15

1.1 7.6

8 5

3.6

5.4 21.1

128

6

16.9

59

139

29.5

44

10.7

2118

Scheduled tribe

16.1

249

17.1

82

6.2

551

5.9

306

24.7

356

8.1

1391

18.3

164

4.7

64

12.7

Other backward class

30.0

30

6.6

182

3.4

293

10.0

10

50.0

2

5.5

344

19.4

196

17.0

88

8.5

1145

None of them

16.7

96

11.4

220

10.5

991

3.4

29

8.4

225

19.4

62

10.5

153

11.3

1776

Poorest

14.8

81

5.4

147

9

2.4

167

20.0

5

4.1

49

5.6

567

Poorer

12.8

109

9.3

248

6.9

364

3.2

94

12.0

25

1.4

490

23.9

46

10.1

89

8.9

1465

Middle

21.7

83

14.1

191

8.6

745

6.2

81

27.4

62

6.2

582

22.0

118

12.8

196

13.2

2058

Richer

13.0

77

12.8

133

8.8

719

9.3

86

25.0

132

10.8

556

17.2

145

14.7

68

12.9

1916

Richest

25.6

78

14.0

86

9.1

363

15.3

59

25.2

143

15.4

324

18.8

154

6.7

30

14.8

1237

not specific

55.0

40

35.5

76

36.9

160

21.7

60

29.2

24

10.0

311

67.5

40

17.4

23

32.7

734

54

.9

107

1.6

306

57

4.1

73

.9

978

448

118

Wants within 2 years Wants after 2 years Wants no more Heard about FP from Not Heard Radio/Television/Newspaper From any media Total

50

114

59

1.3

77

20.5

259

11.6

507

9.1

1327

8.3

145

6.7

104

11.3

248

5.6

126

.8

20.9

325

10.6

557

8.4

2116

17.5

429

10.8

805

8.3

2242

308

44

29

67

59

1226

93

.4

250

43.6

181

9.9

1248

20.6

316

13.6

323

12.5

4306

129

28.7

87

3.9

920

21.7

161

11.2

125

10.6

1900

9.6

251

22.5

284

10.0

1197

18.4

305

10.7

307

11.1

5342

6.6

380

24.0

371

7.4

2117

19.5

466

10.9

432

10.9

6271

15 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Table: 3 (Use of Temporary Method by married males of different socio-economic and demographic characteristics in the NE States of India)

Temporary Method Age

Type of place of residence

Religions prevalent

Per cent

Total

Assam Per cent

Manipur Per cent

Total

Meghalaya

Total

Per cent

Total

Per cent

Total

Total

42

417

12

100

20.4

98

10.5

421

27.7

137

25.6

82

24.3

1535

30-44

14.8

210

38.1

467

50.1

1221

13.4

187

13.4

186

20.2

1200

26

235

43

214

32.3

3920

45-54

8.2 14.3 12.9

97 119 310

34.3 28.0 28.0

181 161 643

26.7 26.6 24.6

604 741 1500

8.6 22.1 7.5

93 86 294

5.7 15.1 11.7

87 192 179

13.3 22.1 12.4

497 653 1465

24.5 36.2 21.1

94 94 374

34.1 40.0 34.9

138 75 358

21.2 27.2 26.2

1791

5.5

127

23.9

159

15.4

208

2.4

126

9.1

22

8.1

422

13.1

84

29.7

74

20.6

1222

Primary

17.7

79

25.2

214

17.0

277

6.3

80

10.1

69

12.4

395

19.3

135

34.9

149

24.7

1398

Secondary

15.8

177

30.4

355

26.5

1219

15.3

137

14.2

240

17.2

1089

28.4

208

36.8

174

28.6

3599

Higher

15.6

45

32.5

77

30.6

536

32.4

37

19.0

42

25.9

212

40.5

42

47.1

34

32.6

1025

Hindu

13.0

146

25.6

558

27.9

1166

12.3

65

33.3

9

21.3

314

24.7

279

34.0

385

26.5

2922

38.3

193

19.8

197

33.3

18

14.9

175

48.6

37

37.6

620

17.0

47

20.5

562

8.4

249

14.2

1622

50.0

2

13.9

2943

21.7

143

10.0

87

Urban No education

8.1

123

Donyi polo

13.8

87

Others

21.6

74

Scheduled caste

10.0

40

Scheduled tribe

10.8

13.6

338

6.7

15

59

62.5

8

17.2

523

15.1

139

16.3

43

33.9

112

30.3

632

356

13.6

1391

21.5

163

26.6

64

14.4

3162

2

16.0

343

26.5

196

39.8

88

29.8

1144

24.4

225

29.0

62

36.8

152

29.6

1774

9

6.6

166

20.0

5

28.0

50

18.5

569

8.0

25

9.4

491

13.0

46

31.5

89

28.8

1467

81

8.1

62

12.7

581

12.7

118

35.4

195

26.6

2055

23.0

87

12.1

132

20.9

556

24.8

145

41.2

68

29.1

1917

363

20.3

59

19.4

144

24.1

324

35.3

153

50.0

30

26.8

1237

7.5

160

5.0

60

8.3

24

11.6

311

7.3

41

21.7

23

14.2

736

107

18.3

306

10.5

57

16.4

73

7.5

308

20.5

44

27.6

29

16.4

978

28.9

114

26.8

448

12.0

117

28.0

93

11.6

249

29.4

68

22.0

59

25.3

1225

258

31.8

506

28.4

1327

12.4

145

5.5

181

18.9

1249

25.7

315

40.1

322

30.6

4303

104

17.3

249

23.8

126

1.6

129

3.4

87

12.3

921

24.1

162

29.4

126

16.8

1904 5344 6271

317

10.9

46

8

31.4

118

37.6

149

3.8

26

5

249

15.9

82

20.7

551

8.8

306

3.3

30

29.7

182

25.3

293

40.0

10

17.7

96

29.5

220

24.9

991

28.6

28

Poorest

6.1

82

19.7

147

18.0

50

5.0

60

Poorer

9.2

109

32.1

249

20.3

364

5.3

94

Middle

13.3

83

27.9

190

27.4

745

2.5

Richer

19.5

77

30.8

133

25.2

719

Richest

19.2

78

26.7

86

27.0

not specific

2.5

40

16.9

77

Wants within 2 years

5.6

54

16.8

Wants after 2 years

18.2

77

Wants no more

15.1 7.7

From any media

128

28.8

27.8

Not Heard

20.3

2121 5123

6

5

None of them

Total

Per cent

Total

North East

157

Other backward class

Heard about FP from Radio/Television/Newspaper

Per cent

Total

Tripura

27.4

Buddhist/Neo-buddhist

Desire for children

Per cent

Total

Sikkim

123

Christian

Wealth index

Per cent

Nagaland

17.1

Muslim

Type of caste or tribe

Mizoram

15-29

Rural Highest educational level

Arunachal

13.5

15.1

325

32.9

557

25.4

2116

15.5

251

16.5

284

17.7

1198

24.2

306

38.4

307

30.5

13.3

429

28.0

806

25.3

2242

10.8

380

13.5

371

15.3

2119

24.1

468

35.8

433

26.5

16 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Table: 4 (Regression analysis of any method use and different socio-economic and demographic characteristics in the NE States of India) Arunachal

Assam

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

North East

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

30-44

1.92 **

1.99 ***

1.50 ***

0.85

1.60

1.70 ***

1.59 *

2.00 **

1.819 ***

45+

1.20 *

1.94 **

0.69 **

1.37

1.41

1.23

2.03 **

1.72

1.723 ***

1.60 *

1.40

1.09 *

0.95

1.44

0.85

0.77

0.89

1.247

Primary

2.32 **

0.86

1.08

1.54

0.59

1.88 ***

1.14

1.63

1.154

Secondary

1.37

0.92

1.51 **

4.37 ***

0.70

1.98 ***

1.43

1.87 *

1.349

.50

1.12

1.64 **

7.77 ***

0.97

2.47 ***

1.49

1.48

1.471

1.85

0.59 ***

3.31

0.70

1.83

1.458

1.48

0.51 *

1.13

0.88

0.92

.839

Any Method Age

15-29

Type of place of residence

Rural Urban

Highest educational level

No education

Higher Religions prevalent

Hindu Muslim Christian

1.20

Buddhist/Neo-buddhist

Type of caste or tribe

Wealth index

Desire for children

Heard about FP from Radio/TV/Newspaper

# #

Donyi polo

1.84

Others

1.74

1.09

.883 .972

#

1.25

2.81

#

#

1.24

6.20 **

.589

Scheduled caste Scheduled tribe

1.05

0.43 ***

0.72

1.14

#

0.92

0.82

0.61

.476 ***

Other backward class

1.33

0.54 **

0.86

4.45

#

0.97

1.08

1.43

.687 **

None of them

1.50

0.76

0.83

1.50

1.58 *

0.99

1.06

.911

Richest

**

Poorest

.26 ***

0.51

0.47

0.60

#

0.32 ***

0.99

0.32 *

.555 **

Poorer

.24 ***

1.45

0.94

0.45

0.27 **

0.32 ***

0.49 *

0.46

1.104

Middle

.42 **

1.32

1.13

0.34 *

0.76

0.51 ***

0.49 **

0.60

1.030

Richer

.24 ***

1.29

1.10

0.90

0.92

0.85

0.73

0.66

1.100

Wants within 2 years

.04 ***

0.19 ***

0.28 ***

0.19 ***

0.41

0.24 ***

0.11 ***

0.79

.245 ***

Wants after 2 years

.13 ***

0.59

0.62 **

0.26 ***

0.85

0.41 ***

0.25 ***

0.56

.547 ***

Wants no more

.25 ***

1.03

0.98

0.44 *

1.67

1.15

0.31 ***

2.34 *

1.049

Not Heard From any media

2.62 ***

2.11 ***

0.98

7.97 ***

1.05

1.23 *

0.83

1.24

1.869 ***

Not specific

Note: *** “0.01 per cent significant” ; ** “ 0.05 per cent significant” ; * “0.10 per cent significant” # “The sample is very low” 17 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Table: 5 (Regression analysis of permanent method use and different socio-economic and demographic characteristics in the NE States of India) Arunachal

Assam

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

North East

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

30-44

7.03 ***

4.32 *

15.79 **

1.94

3.50 *

1.73

4.64 ***

2.84

3.549 ***

45+

4.46 **

6.18 **

24.88 ***

4.52

4.27 **

2.31 **

4.99 ***

5.91 *

5.330 ***

1.48

1.15

1.42

1.02

0.85

0.97 *

1.097

Permanent Method Age

15-29

Type of place of residence

Rural Urban

Highest educational level

#

No education Primary

Religions prevalent

1.16

* 1.56

0.84

0.61

#

0.97

1.63

0.81

0.84

1.040

Secondary

.81

0.42 *

0.46 ***

4.69

1.66

1.23

0.95

0.79

.677

Higher

.28 *

0.25 *

0.32 ***

1.09

3.74

1.14

0.77

0.42

.380 **

0.19

0.49

#

0.89

.305 **

2.12

1.36

1.36

Hindu Muslim Christian

.57

Buddhist/Neo-buddhist

Type of caste or tribe

Desire for children

.52

Others

.59

#

0.66

Scheduled tribe

1.84

1.65

Other backward class

1.70

# 1.63

1.013 .820 1.256

#

#

#

2.11 * 1.32

0.25

#

1.80

0.50

1.25

0.42

#

.92

1.08

3.45 ***

0.07

Poorest

.47

0.07 ***

Poorer

.36 *

0.63

Middle

.75

Richer

.29 **

0.76

#

.375

0.34 **

0.65

1.264

1.25

0.50

1.49

.654

1.47

0.47

1.00

1.089

Scheduled caste

Richest #

#

#

0.18 ***

1.36

0.65

.148 ***

0.46 **

0.37

0.34

0.10 ***

1.34

1.44

.596

0.80

0.72

0.43

1.29

0.39 ***

1.37

1.84

.760

0.89

1.02

0.45

1.53

0.64 *

1.25

2.38

.864

0.14 ***

0.00

#

#

.007 ***

0.02 ***

#

#

.002 **

Not specific Wants within 2 years

Heard about FP from Radio/TV/Newspaper

# #

Donyi polo

None of them Wealth index

0.26 **

#

Wants after 2 years

.01 ***

Wants no more

.08 ***

Not Heard From any media

3.85 ***

#

0.03 ***

#

#

0.00

#

0.23 ***

0.18 ***

1.51

1.17

0.20 *** 13.52 *

# 1.97

0.64 **

0.10 ***

0.75

0.44 **

1.68 **

1.03

1.02

.297 *** 1.423

Note: *** “0.01 per cent significant” ; ** “ 0.05 per cent significant” ; * “0.10 per cent significant” # “The sample is very low” 18 | P a g e

XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference

Table: 6 (Regression analysis of temporary method use and different socio-economic and demographic characteristics in the NE States of India)

Temporary Method Age

Arunachal

Assam

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

North East

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

Exp(β)

15-29

Type of place of residence

30-44

0.68

1.2

1.42 **

0.62

1.35

1.56 **

0.84

1.73

1.227

45+

0.43

1.13

0.53 ***

0.49

0.52

0.81

1.03

1.01

1.018

1.38

1.08

1.03 *

0.66

1.19

0.8 *

0.79

0.97

1.075

Primary

2.58 *

0.88

1.00

2.21

0.25

1.62 **

1.62

1.66

1.143

Secondary

2.22

1.18

1.52 *

4.2 *

0.2

1.87 ***

2.23 *

1.96 *

1.474 *

Higher

1.44

1.55

2.12 ***

15.34 ***

0.16

2.52 ***

2.97 **

1.87

1.831 **

3.27 ***

0.74

1.09

1.65 **

2.236 ***

1.29

1.61

Rural Urban

Highest educational level

Religions prevalent

No education

Hindu Muslim Christian

1.99

1.13

0.5

6.18 ** 2.12

Buddhist/Neo-buddhist

Type of caste or tribe

Desire for children

Heard about FP from Radio/TV/Newspaper

#

Donyi polo

3.06 *

Others

3.02 **

0.81

.800 1.181 .748

#

0.76

8.24

#

#

1.56

10.05 ***

.598

0.41 **

0.99

1.38

#

0.62

2

0.62

.468 ***

#

0.88

2.06

1.18

.860

1.51

2.05

1.02

.824

Scheduled caste Scheduled tribe

Wealth index

#

0.64

Other backward class

0.4

0.81

0.58 **

14.55 **

None of them

1.9

0.7

0.57 ***

4.16

Richest Poorest

0.29 *

1.05

0.91

1.21

#

0.44 **

1.1

0.43

.937

Poorer

0.39 *

1.67

1.01

0.97

0.21

0.55 **

0.43

0.54

1.335

Middle

0.47

1.2

1.23

0.27

0.39

0.65 *

0.33 ***

0.66

1.066

Richer

0.52

1.41

1.06

1.74

0.61

0.97

0.69

0.67

1.217

Wants within 2 years

1.93

0.8

1.69

1.5

1.44

0.52 **

3.06

1.39

1.015

Wants after 2 years

5.14

2.36 *

2.77 ***

1.57

6.59 ***

1.07

2.098 **

Wants no more

4.87

2.71 ***

3.51 ***

2.35

0.53

1.54 **

5.39 ***

2.87 *

2.735 ***

Not Heard From any media

1.41

2.08 ***

0.86

4.62 *

4.55 **

1.02

0.69

Not specific 3.9 *

0.8

1.3

1.773 ***

Note: *** “0.01 per cent significant” ; ** “ 0.05 per cent significant” ; * “0.10 per cent significant” # “The sample is very low” 19 | P a g e