Klystron and Microwave Department Capabilities and X-Band Klystron Overview
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 1
KMD Overview
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 2
KMD Overview • Staff – 12 Engineers / Physicists – 31 Technicians – 7 machinists, 2 mechanical designers, 2 support personnel, and one administrative assistant
• Facilities – Klystron Test Lab Highbay • ~22500 sq ft
– B44 First floor • ~13125 sq ft
– B44 Second Floor • ~5625 sq ft
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 3
KMD Overview • Four Groups: – Manufacturing • Design, assembly, machine shop, QC, brazing, coatings, vacuum processing
– RF Engineering and Accelerator Maintenance • LLRF design, RF systems upgrades (AIPs), SLAC RF systems maintenance
– Tube R&D • RF, magnetostatic, e-beam, and RF/e-beam interaction simulations and design
– Klystron Test Lab • 10 High Power Pulsed Modulators and two High Power CW Test Stands January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 4
Machine Shop: In-process Machining
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 5
Quality Assurance/Metrology
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 6
Tube Shop
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 7
Hydrogen Furnace Brazing
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 8
Cathode Processing
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 9
Vacuum Processing
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 10
West Side of Test Lab Odd Numbered Test Stands
PEP II RF Bunker
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 11
Even Numbered Test Stands
Klystron Test Lab- East Side
ASTA Bunker
SLED Delay Lines
Sub-booster Test
Weld Room
Dress Area
Thyratron Test Stands
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 12
5045 Klystron SLAC linac RF source, in continuous production since 1983. To date 1113 tubes have been produced with a current MTBF of over 60k hrs and 20 tubes still running with over 100k hrs of filament time. Current yield is 100%. Specs: Operating frequency: 2.856 GHz Power output: 65 MW peak, 45 kW average Focusing: Solenoid
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 13
B-Factory Klystron PEP-II storage ring (B-Factory) RF source. Designed in cooperation with CPI under a CRADA. Prototype completed in 1994. To date 12 tubes have been produced and tube S/N 1 has over 42k filament hrs. Specs: Operating frequency: 476 MHz Power output: 1.2 MW CW Focusing: Solenoid
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 14
150MW Klystron (DESY)
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 15
XL-4 Klystron X-band source tube for NLCTA, ASTA , LCLS, and RF breakdown experiments. Last iteration of a line of 100 and 50 MW solenoid focused tubes. To date 15 tubes have been produced with several tubes having over 10k hrs of filament time. Specs: Operating frequency: 11.424 GHz Power output: 50 MW peak, 9 kW average Focusing: Solenoid
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 16
XL5 Klystron • • • • • • • •
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
Tubes for PSI, Trieste & CERN XL4 variation to higher freq 11.992 – 11.994 GHz 1.0 – 1.5us 100 - 50Hz 50MW 50MHz 3dB BW 410 - 450kV
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 17
X-Band PPM Klystron NLC/ILC x-band source prototype. Last of a line of 50 and 75 MW PPM focused tubes for the room temperature NLC/ILC design. Specs: Operating frequency: 11.424 GHz Power output: 75 MW peak, 13.5 kW average Focusing: Periodic Permanent Magnet
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 18
W-Band Sheet Beam Klystron W-band sheet beam klystron prototype. Proofof-principal test of sheet beam transport and RF interaction. Specs: Operating frequency: ~95 GHz Small signal gain: 31db Focusing: Periodic Permanent Magnet
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 19
Components
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 20
LCLS RF Gun
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 21
LSBK Diode at TS02
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 22
LCLS XL-4 Klystron
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 23
X-band Accelerator Structure
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 24
LCLS RF Phase Cavities
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 25
PEP-II RF System Control Racks
Load Circulator
Penetration
1.2 MW Klystron
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 26
PEP Transverse Feedback
LBNL New Digital Delay New Measurement System January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 27
New Kicker Electrodes
PEP-II Longitudinal Kicker HFSS
Measured
Frequency (GHz)
1.071
1.074
Bandwidth (MHz)
224
216
Loaded QL
4.78
4.97
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 28
SPEAR 3 RF Station Single klystron four cavity station
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 29
Spear 3 RF Distribution and Bucket Select System Electronics to inject into any of the 476.3MHz SPEAR ring buckets from the 357MHz Booster ring.
195
Scope Trace
200
179
150
150
100
100
50
Degrees
Degrees
50
ScopeData k
Scope Trace
200
0
ScopeData k
0
50
50
100
100
150
150
192
174 200 0
5 1 .10
5 2 .10
5 3 .10
0
5 4 .10
5 5 .10 T imeScale k T ime
5 6 .10
5 7 .10
5 8 .10
5 9 .10
4 1 .10 5
9.999 .10
Switching – Not Phase Continuous January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 30
200 0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
T imeScale k T ime
Switching – Phase Continuous
0.018
0.02 0.02
SLAC Main Drive Line Phase Noise Old Oscillator
New Oscillator
Noise Floor -120dBc/38Hz = -136dBc/Hz = 120fS rms Jitter in 5MHz BW
Noise Floor -143dBc/38Hz = -158dBc/Hz < 16fS rms Jitter in 10MHz BW
New Oscillators Have a noise floor of -157dBc/Hz @ 476MHz January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 31
E-163 RF Systems
Low Noise Frequency Generation Chassis Laser Oscillator Noise Spectrum Firsts tests to show that Lasers can be locked to RF with less than 0.5ps rms jitter.
900W S-Band Solid State Amplifier January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 32
LCLS RF System 0.1ps rms Stability
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 33
LCLS LLRF Systems
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 34
X-Band Klystron Overview
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 35
Brief History X-band klystron work began at SLAC in the mid to late 80’s to develop high frequency, high power RF sources for the linear collider designs under consideration at that time. This lead to a long lineage of x-band klystrons: the XC, XL, and PPM series, and most recently, the XL5 (a total of 40+ klystrons and diodes built to date).
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 36
The XC Series • Goal: 100 MW,1μs pulse length at 440 KV and 520 A (K=1.8 μP) • Eight tubes were built exploring: – Output cavity designs (seen at right) • Single cell, 2 cell CC, 4 cell TW, 2 independent cell, 4 cell SW
– Output window design • Thin pillbox, thick pillbox, none
– Beam focusing and transport
• All of the tubes suffered from RF breakdown prior to reaching design power and pulse length
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 37
The XL Series • Drawing on the XC experiences the XL series was launched to produce RF sources for the NLCTA. • Goal: 50 MW, 1.5µs 440kV at 350 A (K=1.2 μP) – Used single TE01 output window – Used multi-gap outputs (SW and TW)
• Design goals achieved with the fourth tube in the series, the XL4 (4 cell TW output and gun ion pump) January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 38
XL4 • This is our current “work horse” x-band RF source – 18 tubes built to date (not counting rebuilds) – Four in use in the KTL to feed the ASTA bunker (TS-06 and TS08) and HGB experiments at TS-02 and TS-04 – Seven sockets in ESB, five for NLCTA and a two-pack socket (not all occupied currently) – One tube and spare for LCLS linearizer, more contemplated for deflector structure installation and future injector(s)
• Incremental design improvements – Larger TE01 output window from PPM tube work – Large radius coupling cell irises from XL5 work
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 39
The XL Series Output Power vs Beam Voltage for the XL4 Klystrons 100 XL4-2 (1.5 microsec) XL4-1 (1.5 microsec.) XL4-1 (1.2 microsec.)
80
(100 ns.)
60
40
20
0 250
300
350
400
450
500
Beam Voltage (KV) aev-3/24/97
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 40
The PPM Series • For the large linear collider RF systems under consideration, it was clear that the power hungry XL series solenoids had to be eliminated. This lead us to investigate PPM (or more accurately PCM) focused klystrons. • XL-PPM, 50 MW, 1.5 μs, K=.6 μP design – One diode, one klystron built, achieved: 50 MW at 2.4 μs and 120 Hz for two minute bursts (heating and x-ray limited)
• XP1: 75 MW with K=.75 μP design – One klystron built, achieved: 79 MW at 2.8 μs, limited to 10 Hz due to body heating
• XP3: 75 MW, 1.6-3.2 μs, K=.75 μP design – One diode, five klystrons built, achieved: 75 MW at 1.62 μs and 120 Hz
• Work terminated when cold ILC decision was made
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 41
XP3-1 With Clamp-on Magnets
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 42
XL5 • During 2008 and 2009 MOUs were established between SLAC and three European labs (CERN, PSI, and ST) for the development and fabrication of a 50 MW 12 GHz klystron scaled from the XL4 (total of five tubes) • Design features – Uses XL4 beam optics (same gun, solenoid, collector) – Keeps XL4 cavity spacing to allow maximal part commonality – Scale cavities and other frequency dependent parts only (output, mode converter, windows)
• First three tubes tested, the first has been shipped and installed at CERN. The last two awaiting bake. • Testing progressing well after reconfiguring customer supplied RF load hardware. January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 43
XL5 Simulations
60 55 50 45 40 Gain (purple) and MW out vs input (blue) - AJDSK runs of the XL5 design at 420kV and MAGIC (yellow)
35 30 25 0
200
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
400
600
800
1000
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 44
XL5 Klystron This is a 50MW Klystron not 60MW!
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 45
XL5 Processing Baseline rf fwd and reflected from the coupler after the output window (downward slope is due to instrumentation). Example of breakdown downstream of the coupler (load side, the more common event). Example of breakdown upstream of the coupler (tube side) during processing. January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 46
XL5-1B 2010 Processing 9-21 to 9-27 9-28 to 10-1 10-2 to 10-2 10-3 to 10-7
Performance
DC beam processing to 410kV full pulse width rf processing to 50MW 1500ns (4.5kW) rf processing to 60MW 1500ns (5.4kW) Post rf processing and measurements
70
6000
Average rf, Watt
MW at max drive (~630W) vs. kV beam
60 50
4000
40 30
2000
20 10
0
0 09/21
09/23
09/27
09/29
10/01
10/03
10/05
10/07
FWHM = 1.8us, 2.3us, 2.8us, 3.2us
600
Beam kV
09/25
250
300
400
MW out vs. W in at 411kV
70 60 50 40
400
30 20
200
10 0
0 09/21
09/23
09/25
09/27
09/29
10/01
10/03
10/05
10/07
0
200
50MW * 1500ns = 75 J 60MW * 1500ns = 90 J
400
600
800
GAIN at 20MW output across 90MHz band
100
Joules per pulse
350
56.0 55.5 55.0
50
54.5 54.0 53.5
0
53.0 09/21
09/23
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
09/25
09/27
09/29
10/01
10/03
10/05
10/07
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 47
11940
11960
11980
12000
12020
12040
12060
XL5 50MW Breakdown Rate • • • • •
Matched load, RF fwd/refl trigger interrupt system XL5-1A: (very hard to say, no coupler) 1 per hour. XL5-2A: (hard to say, no coupler) 1 per 12 hours. XL5-3A: 0 per 24 hours. XL5-1B: After processing, and for operation at ≥50MW at 60Hz for at least 7 hours we detected no rf breakdown in the tube (any disturbances of the rf were after the external output rf coupler)…or…0 breakdowns per 7 hours.
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 48
X-band Klystrons Today • Building five XL5s for European labs • Building one XL4 for BNL • Building one XL4 now for the LLNL Megaray Program, another to follow. • Plans underway to industrialize the XL4 klystron – Participated in x-band technology workshop to spark interest in x-band technology – Provided drawings/fabrication documentation to microwave tube vendors – Purchasing sample klystron(s) from tube vendor(s) – Purchased focusing solenoid from outside vendor January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 49
Conclusion • Rich history of x-band klystron development • Still working on improving devices • Increasing interest domestic and internationally with x-band technology • New applications arising at SLAC each requiring a new XL socket – LCSL II injector – X-band deflector
• The future looks bright for x-band RF
January 5, 2011 Erik Jongewaard
KMD and X-Band Overview Slide 50