Kingdom Animalia:

Phylum Porifera (sponges) and Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals)

Kingdom Animalia •

Made of eukaryotic cells without cell walls

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Multicellular (arranged into tissues, except for sponges)

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Heterotrophic by ingestion (digestion occurs extracellularly in digestive cavity, except for sponges)

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Unique tissues: nervous and muscular, allow for movement and response to stimuli

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Embryonic development: zygote to blastula to gastrula

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Animals have different types of symmetry

Asymmetrical Radial  Bilateral 

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Embryo development provides information about how animal groups are related Blastula: hallow with a single layer of cells Gastrula: results in two layers of cells and cavity (gut) with one opening (blastopore) Cavity reaches the other side and the gut is like a tube

Some cells from a third layer of cells A second cavity forms between the gut and the outside of the animal

The fate of cells in Germ layers (true tissues)

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Differences in embryo development between animals

Animals have different types of gut Blastula has no external opening No gut forms

No gut Blind gut (sac-like)

Complete gut (tube-like) Advantage?

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Animals have different number of true tissue layers

No true tissues Two tissue layers  Three tissue layers

Phylum Porifera: Simplest of Animals Sponges: No tissues, no symmetry Intracellular digestion, no digestive system or cavity Collar cells or choanocytes Support by spicules or spongin fibers

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Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights Scientists discover that marine sponge has unique structural properties, lending mechanical rigidity and stability to inherently fragile material

Medication from Sponges Thirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in sponges. About 75% of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges. F Furthermore, it appears that medicine from sponges helps, for example, asthma and psoriasis; therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research. Eribulin, a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge, improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer, researchers found.

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Common Marine Sponges May Provide Super-Antibiotics Of The Future ScienceDaily (Feb. 26, 2009) — No matter how sophisticated modern medicine becomes, common ailments like fungal infections can outrun the best of the world's antibiotics. In people with compromised immune systems (like premature babies, AIDS victims or those undergoing chemotherapy for cancer) the risk is very high: contracting a fungal infection can be deadly. Now Tel Aviv University zoologists are diving deep into the sea to collect unique chemicals — drugs of the future — to beat unnecessary death by fungal infection. And their secret weapon is the common marine sponge.

Prof. Micha Ilan from the Department of Zoology at TAU, who is heading the project, has already identified several alternative antibiotic candidates among the unique compounds that help a sponge fend off predators and infections. He and his graduate students are now identifying, isolating and purifying those that could be the super-antibiotics of the future.

Phylum Cnidaria Coral

Sea Anemone

Hydra

Man-of-war

Jellyfish

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Phylum Cnidaria Tissues: Endoderm Ectoderm Type of gut: Symmetry: Radial Cnidocytes or Stinging cells Polyp or Medusa form

Kingdom Animalia:

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

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Platyhelminthes, Annelida, and Nematoda: what traits do they have in common?___________________________ what traits are different between them? _________________________

Differences in embryo development between animals

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Body Cavity inside the body • •

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It is NOT the gut!!! What is it? Space between the gut and the skin surrounded by tissue and filled with fluid Function? - cushions organs preventing injury - the fluid acts like a skeleton - allows internal organs to move independent from outer body wall

Types of body cavity

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Phylum Platyhelminthes : flatworms • • • • • • •

Worms flat, unsegmented body First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers Flatworms are acoelomates Flatworms can be free living or parasitic The have a nervous system with cephalization They have sac like gut Lack respiratory, how do they exchange gases?

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Lack circulatory systems, how do they get food and O2 to all the cells?

Planaria is a freeliving flatworm

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Tapeworms • • • •

Parasites of vertebrates, in the digestive system Lack a mouth and digestive tract Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex) Body has repeating units (proglottids)

Flukes • • •

Parasites of vertebrates (fish, humans, livestock Leaf like in shape Some attack a single host, while others require two or more hosts.

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Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms Cylindrical worms with unsegmented body Body covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth), molted 4 times during growth Body wall has only longitudinal muscles Found in virtually all habitats (poles, deserts, hot springs) Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species

Ascaris Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humans. It is estimated that 25% of the world's population is infected with this nematode. Host swallows embryonated eggs, juveniles hatch, and burrow through intestinal wall Carried through the heart to the lungs, coughed up and swallowed, they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines

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Vinegar eel Vinegar eels Feed on bacteria and fungi found in nonpasteurized vinegar. They are raised by aquarists, who use them to feed newly hatched fish.

Make your own mount with slowing agent Sketch and describe

Research on C.elegans has yield a map of how a cell functions, where single proteins (circles) partner up (indicated by lines) to form an interconnected network that controls cell function. The inset details a small part of the network.

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Phylum Annelida: segmented worms Cylindrical worms with segmented body Ventral nervous system Closed circulatory system Hydrostatic skeleton Circular and longitudinal muscle layers Setae (bristles)

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Earthworms Feed of dead organic matter breaking it down, Their castings are rich in nutrients for plant growth Burrow through the soil, aerating it Setae

Parapodia

Leech Mostly freshwater, Predators adapted for fluid feeding Anterior and posterior suckers Setae absent Setae

Parapodia

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Phylum Mollusca: mollusks Class Polyplacophora: chitons Class Bivalvia: clams, scallops, oysters, mussels Class Cephalopoda: squids, nautilus, octopus Class Gastropoda: snails, slugs, nudibranchs (video)

radula

Station 8a: Importance of Mollusks Some mollusks are used by humans for food Oysters

Escargot: garden snails as a delicacy

Squid ink is added to pasta or rice as a condiment

This is the fast food of Belgium: mussels and fries

Clam chowder

Fried calamari: rings of the squid’s mantel

Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station For each identify the class that it belongs

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Station 8b: Importance of Mollusks Some mollusks are endangered today Abundant 30 years ago, abalone once supported huge commercial and sport fisheries. Due to overfishing and disease, today’s abalone face extinction—the white abalone is officially listed as an endangered species. To protect abalone, strict fishing laws have been enacted. For example, laws prohibit commercial abalone fishing, and sport fishermen may take only red abalone—with a limit of three animals per day, and a total of 24 animals a year. Many more restrictions apply to abalone fishing—be sure to check them out if you’re thinking of diving for abalone. In the U.S., commercial fishing for abalone has ceased.

Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station For each identify the class that it belongs

Station 8c: Importance of Mollusks Some mollusks are used by humans for jewelry or decoration Pearls from oysters

Jewelry made of mother of pearl, the nacre produced by the mantel of abalone or nautilus

Use all these examples to fill out the chart in station 8 For each identify the class that it belongs

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Station 8d: Importance of Mollusks Some mollusks are do crop & garden damage

Station 8e: Importance of Mollusks Some snails serve as intermediate hosts for some parasites such as flukes (flatworms)

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Types of Skeletons found in Animals

Segmentation

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Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Arthropoda: jointed appendages Abundance: There are about a billion billion arthropods Diversity: 2/3 species is an arthropod Secrete to their success? -Segmented body with appendages segments fused and appendages became specialized -Exoskeleton structural support, protection, prevention from water loss levers for muscle attachment and movement -Metamorphosis: radical change in form between larva and adult

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Molting and Metamorphosis

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea: Crayfish, crabs, shrimps, barnacle, roly-poly legs)

(5-7 pairs of

Class Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites (4 pairs of legs)

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Class Chilopoda Centipedes (more than 10 pairs of legs, one pair/segment) Class Diplopoda Millipedes (more than 10 pairs of legs, two pairs/seg)

Class Insecta Insects: flies, grasshoppers, butterflies, beetles, silverfish and others (3 pairs)

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Importance of arthropods Many arthropods are used by humans for food

Lobster are eaten in US

Cambodian woman eating fried tarantula

Grasshopper tacos are eaten in Mexico

Importance of arthropods Many insects are important for agriculture

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Importance of arthropods Some insects are used in medicine

Tiny surgeons: Maggot therapy clears the dead tissue cleanly

Use this information to answer some of the questions on station

Importance of arthropods Some arthropods are vectors of human disease

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Importance of arthropods Many arthropods are recyclers of organic material Roly-polies and millipedes feed on the leaf litter Hissing roaches make great pets but they are the recyclers in the rainforest of Madagascar

Echinoderms have an endoskeleton, water vascular system, and tube feet

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Echinoderms’ bilateral Symmetry is evident during the larva stage

Echinoderm diversity sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, brittle stars

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Importance of Echinoderms Research on echinoderms has contributed to the overall knowledge of animal fertilization and embryo development. The sea urchin occupies a special place in biology due to its long-time use as a standard subject for studies in embryology. The sea urchin, particularly Arbacia punctulata, is the source of textbook descriptions of "the" egg, "the" embryo, and their early development. At the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, the Arbacia egg achieved almost the status of a standard "living cell" for physiological, biochemical and cytological work—resulting, of course, in overfishing and, in 1945, the near-extinction of the local Arbacia population.

Stages of sea urchin embryo development

Sea urchin spawning

Fill out the chart

Importance of Echinoderms Humans consume the reproductive organs ("roe") either raw or briefly cooked. Sea urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine, and it is called "uni" in Japanese sushi cuisine. It is also a traditional food in Chile, known as an "erizo". Apart from domestic consumption, Chile and a number of other countries export the sea urchin to Japan in order to meet its demand throughout the country. Traditionally roe is considered an aphrodisiac. Showing gonads “roe” of a sea urchin

Uni, sea urchin roe, in sushi

Fill out the chart

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Importance of Echinoderms Sea cucumber is one of the strangest foodstuffs in Chinese cuisine. It is highly valued for its supposed medicinal properties. The flesh of the animal is "cleaned" in a process that takes several days. Trepang is often purchased dried, and rehydrated before use. The product is used in Chinese stews and braised dishes due to its gelatinous texture. In Japanese cuisine, Konowata is made of cured sea cucumber entrails which are extracted, salted, and cured. It is considered a major delicacy in Far East countries such as Malaysia, China, Japan, and Indonesia.

Prepared sea cucumber in oyster sauce

Fill out the chart

What Phylum do they belong to?

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Phylum Chordata: animals with a chord Unique combination of four characteristics present at some stage in development: - notochord (support rod, replaced by backbone) - nerve cord (spinal cord) - pharyngeal slits (feeding respiratory gills feeding jaws or hearing inner ear) - post-anal tail (extension beyond anus, later reduced)

Advantages of each feature: -Vertebrae -Jaws Move on to land -Lungs -Legs -Amniotic egg (and internal fertilization) -Feathers and hair (and endothermy)

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Phylum Chordata: chordates Subphylum Urochordata: tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata: lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata: vertebrates Class Agnatha: jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfish) Class Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) Class Osteichthyes: bony fishes Class Amphibia: amphibians (frogs, toads and salamanders) Class Reptilia: reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles) Class Aves: birds Class Mammalia: mammals

Subphylum Urochordata: sea squirts or tunicates Larva is free swimming and adult is sessile Notochord, nerve cord, and postanal tail present during _________ Pharyngeal slits present in ________

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Subphylum Cephalochordata: lancelets - Body shaped like a surgical knife - All for characteristics persist throughout life -Marine, buried in sand and filter feed

Subphylum Vertebrata: animals with vertebrae - 4 characteristics present in embryonic states - Vertebrae surround nerve cord - Skeleton modified into a skull

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Class Agnatha: lampreys and hagfish - Lack jaws and paired appendages - Cartilaginous skeleton - Notochord present - Skin without scales Lampreys: sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue Hagfish: mouth with tentacles

Evolution of jaws The evolution of jaws is an example of evolutionary modification of existing structures to perform new functions. Jaws are modified gill arches. Advantage of jaws? Gills became less important for filter feeding and more important in gas exchange

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Class Chondrichthyes: sharks ,rays, and skates -

Cartilaginous skeleton Lack operculum, swim bladder and lungs Skin is covered by tooth like scales

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Move on to land: lungs and weight bearing appendages •

Lungs and swim bladders: form during development as an out pocket of the gut Which came first?

Class Amphibia: Frogs, toads, salamanders -

Undrego metamorphosis

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Characteristics of a land animal:

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Characteristics of a aquatic animal:

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Amniotic Egg: reproductive freedom from water

Class Repitlia: snakes, lizars, alligators, turtles -

Dry skin with epidermal scales with keratin Internal fertilization Amniotic egg

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Class Aves: Bird -

Feathers Skeleton modified for flight Sternum bears a large keel to anchor flight muscles Endothermic Amniotic egg Internal fertilization

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Class Mammalia: mammals Monotremes : Platypus and Echidna

Marsupials: kangaroo, koala, opossums

Placentals:

What are the characteristics of a mammal?

Placentals - Placenta is a modified egg: The embryo is still surrounded by an amnion filled with amniotic fluid The allantois and yolk sac become the umbilical cord providing a connection through which food reaches the fetus, and wastes are removed. Around the whole is the fluid-filled chorion, which "breaks" as labor begins.

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Class Mammalia Monotherms

Marsupials

Placental

Important Chordates Sea squirt drug shows anti tumor effect And another sea squirt is being tested for alzheimer’s

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Important Chordates Poison From Frog Skin Leads to a Painkiller

Important Chordates Diabetes drug stems from Gila monster spit Published April 30, 2005 WASHINGTON - Scientists have found a surprising use for the saliva of a desert lizard. Gila Monster spit is being tested as a treatment for type-2 diabetes, the most common form of the affliction. The Food and Drug Administration approved Byetta, known chemically as exenatide, the first in a new class of medications for Type 2 diabetes.

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Important Chordates Mice are convenient in research because their physiology is similar to that of humans (though rats are a better models for certain diseases) and their short life cycle makes breeding easy. They are mainly used to model human diseases in order to develop new drugs, to test the safety of proposed drugs, and in basic research. Over the past century, various fields that deal with life sciences have used mice as model organisms, and revolutionized the scientific world. Because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans, even research areas such as organ transplantation cannot be separated from use of mice. Like humans, mice can have diseases such as cancer, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Also, diseases that are almost unique to humans such as Alzheimer’s disease can be induced in mice. Therefore, studying molecular mechanisms such as immune system, cell cycle is also very effective using mouse as a model organism.

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