King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Water Desalination with usage of Concentrated Photovoltaic CPV 1

The Initiative's Objectives 1.

Desalinate seawater by solar energy at low cost to contribute to the Kingdom’s water security and support the national economy.

2.

Applying nanotechnologies developed in the field of Photovoltaic and RO membrane systems.

3.

Build advance industries advocated by the Industrial strategy of the Kingdom.

4.

Design and installation of a high-concentration solar cells with a capacity of 8 megawatts.

5.

The cost of energy production not to exceed 30 halalas (8 US Cent) per kilowatt-hour.

6.

Link solar station to the Grid.

7.

Power the seawater desalination plant by UHCPV.

8.

Develop clean energy and protect the environment. 2

Introduction • King Abdullah's initiative for Solar Water Desalination announced in a press conference early 2010, with launching of the first phase of the initiative. • Saudi Arabia is considered one of the countries depending mostly on sea water desalination. It produces more than 4 million cubic meters per day, represents more than 18% of global production. • Power and desalination plants consume around 1.5 million barrels of oil per day, which has a significant impact on the economy of the Kingdom as well as the environmental. • Water technology is the first priority of the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (NPSTI). • KACST has more than 30 years of Experience in Solar Energy Research. • Saudi Arabia is one of the best regions of the world in terms of the amount of solar radiation King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Water Desalination

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Solar R&D at KACST: History and Major Results

1977 Soleras Program. KSA and the USA signed the Soleras program agreement to cooperate in the field of Solar Energy.

1981 Solar Village 350 KW PV. 350 kW PVPS. Supplied 1 to 1.5 MWh/ day to three villages

1984 Yanbu Solar Desalination Plant. Indirect contact freeze process, 200 m3/day. Average solar energy collected is 2.2 MWh/ day.

1986 Hysolar Program. KSA and Germany signed the Hysolar MOU for Solar Hydrogen Production and Utilization.

1994 12 Solar Radiation monitoring stations. Monitoring total horizontal, direct normal and diffuse radiations. Published KSA Solar Atlas 1998.

Solar R&D at KACST: History and Major Results

1994 Sadoos PV Water pumping and Desalination. To test PV systems for remote area applications. Produced 15000 liters/day. 10.08 kWp PV for RO 980 Wp for pumping

1996 PV Powered Highway Lighting. Generate ~1.5 MWh /day to light two remote tunnels: 240 m, and 546 m, (Aseer Region).

1996 PV Green House Application. 14.4 kWp PV system and battery storage system to test the use of a standalone PV system to power a greenhouse.

2000 2010 Solar Panels for Saudisat 1-a. Solar panels to King generate power Abdullah for the satellite Initiative for were designed Solar Water and built by Desalination KACST’s Saudi engineers and technicians utilizing KACST’s long experience of at the Solar Village

Early CPV Systems in Saudi

• Collaboration between KACST and Martin Marietta to deploy the world’s first CPV systems in the Solar Village of Riyadh • 33X on mono c-Si cells • PMMA lens

Introduction to CPV

Concentrate sunlight onto a small area with higher efficiency

PV Technologies World-Record Efficiencies

http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg

A key ingredient for CPV system cost reduction is the continuous increase in MJ cell efficiency, as demonstrated by champion cells 8

CPV: Path for Lowest LCOE in Sunny, Dry Climates

Source: Independent research by GTM, 2011

The Energy Demand in KSA •

Substantial growth in generation capacity is driven by population growth, and infrastructure development

•

Building additional fossil plants requires both capital AND will drive consumption of oil resources

•

Recognizing the challenge, Saudi Arabia established KA-CARE (King Abdullah City for Atomic & Renewable Energy) in May 2010 to work with KACST and other key players in KSA to identify energy solutions

•

CPV is expected to play an important role. Mix could change depending on economics, local manufacturing, job creation, etc.

~ 80GW additional capacity needs to be brought up over the next 20 years

Global Solar Radiation

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King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Water Desalination

The Initiative's Technologies

KACST - IBM Cooperation Joint Research Cooperation between KACST and IBM through the “Center of Excellence for Nanotechnology” has developed many technologies in the field of Solar Energy and RO Membranes.  Ultra High Concentrator Photovoltaic (UHCPV).  Desalination Membrane Module Development (DMMD).

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KACST Solar Projects

10 MW PV Module Manufacturing Plant 10 MW PV module assembly line at the Solar Village 1000 modules/month Development & Qualification PV modules for High UV / Temp desert usage

Ultra High CPV

UHCPV Joint IBM development Commercial prototype -1600 suns -High Efficiency -Low Cost Second Module(Solar Village) ~ $ 2.00 / Watt (2011)

First Module (Solar Village) ~ $ 5.5 / Watt (2010)

PATENTS FOR THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES: UHCPV Patents Several patents were obtained and some are under patency disclosure process. These patents include: 1.

Immersion solar concentrator system.

2.

Alignment System for High Performance Solar Concentrators.

3.

Hybrid Metal Thermal Interface.

4.

Cooling System for High Power Solar Concentrators.

5.

Interposer connector for solar concentrators.

6.

Tracking system for solar concentrators.

Implementation Phases of the Initiative The Initiative will be implemented in four phases: Phase I: Construction of a solar-powered desalination plant at AlKhafji (30,000 m3/day).

Phase II: Construction of a solar-powered desalination plant. (300,000 m3/day).

Phase III: Apply the initiative throughout the Kingdom.

Phase IV: Apply the initiative to Agriculture (0.5 Riyal/m³)

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King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Water Desalination

Saudi Locations

DNI map of KSA

•

•

Riyadh’s Solar Village: average DNI, dust storms, desert type weather with extreme hot temperature in the summer and cold temperatures in winter (incluindg occasional hails) Khafji: low DNI, high humidity and proximity to salted water

Al-Khafji Solar Desalination Plant (2010 - 2013) Building a desalination plant with a capacity of 30,000m3/day to meet the needs of one hundred thousand dweller of Al-Khafji City (Arabian Gulf) and construction of a solar energy station with a capacity of 10 Megawatts.

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King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Water Desalination

Installated of First 10 Kw Tracker in Al-Khafji First prototype tracker

10 Megawatt Solar Farm 81 Modules per tracker

1000 trackers 130 watts each module King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Water Desalination18

Operation in September 2012 SV Sept 23 2012 1000 900

8000

700

Power (W)

6000

600 500 4000 400 300 2000

Power density (W/m^2)

800

SV1 AC Power W SV2 AC power W Global W/m^2 DNI W/m^2

200 100

0 6:00

7:12

8:24

9:36

10:48

12:00

13:12

14:24

15:36

16:48

0 18:00

TIme

• String efficiency demonstrated 28-30% • System AC efficiency demonstrated up to 28%

Conclusions & Next Steps • An ultra-high CPV system has been developed and deployed as a joint project between IBM Yorktown and KACST • 1600X concentrated on MJ solar cells using acrylic lens and secondary optics to increase acceptance angle and allow for lower tolerances on components and assembly • 3 systems have been deployed at 2 different locations in KSA, showing stable performance over a period of 1 year • Next steps involve optimizing performance through reducing cell size, increasing the optical efficiency, and deploying systems in high DNI areas within KSA

Thank you

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