Laboratory Test Results for Intelligent Street Lighting Systems A.M.E.Pereira, A.C.S.Paula, M.Z.Fortes, A.P.Fragoso, G.M.Tavares Fluminense Federal University (UFF) Niterói, Brazil [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—With the implementation of smart cities projects, street lighting technology also became intelligent. New equipment is being presented as technological alternatives (especially with LED technology) and applied in experimental projects. This paper presents a lighting system comparing: sodium vapor, LED and intelligent LED (Remote control) covering aspects of energy efficiency and luminous efficiency. All tests were performed in a Brazil accredited laboratory and the results serve to direct new deployments in this area of study.

More specifically in the area of public lighting, intelligent lighting projects are already under development around the world. In the USA, the city of San Diego along with GE Lighting, participates in the Intelligent Cities Project and will feature intelligent street lighting system. This type of intelligent lighting is remotely controlled, and makes it possible to vary the intensity of the illumination by time or motion sensor, reducing power consumption and also providing real-time information.

Keywords—lighting systems; smart devices; LED technology

In Brazil, this technology is already being applied. As an example can be mentioned the smart city of Búzios, first in Latin America, which design includes 150 lamps with LED technology and 30 points with remote controlled light. A study to evaluate the quality of technologies already in use and compare them with the most modern which has been carried out as in [2]. In [3] is reported some results obtained in other public lighting research – Évora Smart Grid.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Proper street lighting is essential for the life and safety of people. In Brazil, public lighting represents about 3% of total electricity consumption [1]. In 2001, it settled in Brazil an energy crisis, promoting urgent actions of efficiency and control of consumption. By this way, comes up PROCEL RELUZ program – a Brazilian Program for Public Lighting and traffic lights - established by Eletrobrás, which aim is to promote the development of efficient systems of public lighting and traffic lights, valorizing public spaces and ensuring public safety. In this way, states and districts are enabled through the power utilities to participate in the program.

Brazilian market has a great numbers of device LED lamp and luminaries suppliers, some researchers have discussing quality and technical performance been developed as in [4] and [5]. Other experiences considering power quality, energy reduction, shelf live and improvement of lighting quality are presented in [6-9]. II.

In the present scenario, with the water crisis faced by Brazil, the electric bill, according to the IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, increased by 60.4% in twelve months. This situation has driven industries, public and private sectors, trade and all energy consumers, including public lighting sector, to look for more economical, flexible and intelligent products. Another issue to be highlighted is that these street lighting systems are connected at peak time, in the zone where the power consumption is higher. Efficient designs can avoid the need for spending on power generation.

BRAZILIAN SCENARIO

On the issue of regulation for LED lighting, has been in place since March 2015, in Brazil, Ordinance INMETRO 389, which presents requirements for conformity assessment of LED lamps, ensuring the samples can no longer be imported without certificate of quality emitted by an accredited laboratory. For public lighting luminaries, there is the standard ABNT NBR 15129, which presents requirements for assessment. Specifically for LED luminaries, the INMETRO Ordinance is in preparation and formalization process. This action demonstrates the concern of the competent bodies with the entry of these products in the country, especially with oversight to protect the costumer, the Brazilian grid and manufacturers who can have their products qualified as compliant by eliminating unfair competition.

With the search for better power consumption reduction alternatives, LED technology has been increasing in recent years as a differential in the lighting field, especially for its energy efficiency criteria and long lifespan, about 50.000 hours. The study "LED Lighting: Markets, Strategies and Trends Worldwide, 2014-2020" presented as global growth perspective about 45% per year until 2020. In Brazil, according to ABILUX, the number of LED lamps increased from 4 million in 2011 to 25 million in 2014, about 6 times more in just three years. It is estimated that by 2020, about 70% of the sector's billing comes from these products.

This paper presents a comparative study of different technologies applied in lighting luminaries, such as sodium, LED and LED remotely controlled, analyzing criteria related to luminous efficiency. Item 2 provides an overview of these technologies. Item 3 presents a description of the tests performed as well as the equipment used and environmental conditions. Item 4 presents the results and analysis of measurement. Item 5 concludes. 29

Electrical and photometric testing for LED lamps were performed in the technical lighting Laboratory at the Fluminense Federal University, founded in 2002. Since then, this laboratory performs tests to assess the conformity of products in the lighting area. It is currently accredited by INMETRO, for carrying out tests on Fluorescent Lamps Compact, Sodium Lamps and Electromagnetic Ballast and in 2015 added in scope tests on lamps and LED light luminaries, a pioneer in the country in this recognition. Examples of research conducted in LABLUX are in [10-17]. The Fig. 1 shows some of the laboratory areas.

efficiency, about 100lm / W, and lifetime of the lighting market, reaching up to 50.000 hours, equivalent to 15 years if used 8 hours per day. C. LED remotely controlled (LEDRC) Intelligent LED systems allow remotely manage the brightness of lighting, while reducing significantly energy consumption and reconcile luminous efficiency of the product. Thus, the luminous flux level can be different at time instants, according to the movement of pedestrians and vehicles, bringing significant energy savings. In addition to the lighting control, it can be also manage failures, plan maintenance, check the power, among others functions, reducing costs. IV.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TESTS

Table 1 shows the samples of luminaries tested purchased on the market chosen by equivalent nominal flux. The tests were performed at controlled temperature of 25 ° C ± 1 ° C in goniofotometer’s sector in LABLUX. TABLE I.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVICES TESTED

Sample

Power (W)

Model

1 2 3

150 120 80-101-177

SV LED LEDRC

Fig. 1. LABLUX Infrastructure

Electrical and photometric characteristics were measured with the goniophotometer system Everfine Model GO2000 illustrated composed of a goniophotometer and detector. The power of luminaries is controlled by a power source Model DPS Everfine and power quality is analyzed by Wattmeter Yokogawa Model WT-210. The System Control and interface between operator and equipment is done via computer by software installed. The Fig. 2 shows some of these parts.

III. OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY This item features an overview of public fixtures that are being analyzed in this work. A. Sodium Vapor (SV) Sodium vapor lamps are discharge lamps, which are primarily elemental mercury and sodium, emitting in the range of 380 to 780 nm (visible light spectrum range) directly, without the need for UV light converter elements. As a benefit, the efficiency of sodium vapor lamps is higher than the mercury vapor lamp and depending on the lamp power, the efficiency from 70 to 150 lm / W. One factor that stimulates the application of sodium vapor lamps is that their life time can reach 32,000 hours, allowing more effective and less expensive systems from the point of view of maintenance. Moreover, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency of auxiliary equipment such as ballast and the lamp structure to ensure the quality of products and the efficiency of the whole. B. LED LEDs (light emitting diodes) had their first use in electronic devices such as panels, in order to signal electronic equipment, control panels or other similar features, not having sufficient luminous flux to be used as a source of light to illuminate environments. The LED is formed within a chip, which is a crystal solid-state with 0,25mm² area, so it is customary to call this new form of SSL emission - Solid State Light which means light in the solid state.

Fig. 2. Test Equipment Parts

The samples were analyzed considering the following parameters: power, power factor, luminous flux, THD, luminous efficiency, color rendering index (CRI) and color temperature. Samples were fed at rated voltage and stabilized before the recording of measurements.

After the development of white LED or LED power, it became possible to apply LEDs for general illumination. Currently, these products are those with higher luminous 30

V.

TABLE V – POWER FACTOR

RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS

A. Power A remote-controlled luminary has 3 power ranges. The measurements were made in each of these ranges. The two other luminaries were measured in power band. Regarding power measured, it was observed that the Sodium lamp consumes more than the nominal value, because uses a reactor for starting the lamp. This fact is illustrated in Table II.

Model

1 2

Sodium LED

3

LEDCR

Power Measured(W)

Nominal Power (W) 150 120 84 101 117

169.4 111.3 80.94 96.41 110.9

B. Luminous Flux For luminous flux, LED luminaries showed higher flux output with lower power consumption. The tests results are illustrated on the Table III.

Model

Luminous Flux (lm)

1 2

Sodium LED

3

LEDCR

8965 10719 7734 8940 9989

Power Factor

1 2

Sodium LED

3

LEDCR

0.976 0.966 0.974 0.984 0.989

TABLE VI – OTHERS TECHNICAL DATA

TABLE III – LUMINOUS FLUX Sample

Model

It can be seen in Table VI that Sodium luminaries have low CRI if compared with the LED lamps. This factor is the ability of a light source to reproduce colors and consequently the quality of lighting. Furthermore, Sodium presents a concentrated spectrum in the range of 600nm, while the LED emission is greater and more varied in wavelength. The Figs. 3 and 4 show the spectrum for each lamp. About energy quality, THD level is almost the same in both technologies, because Sodium ballasts already presents high power factor. The Table VI shows these results.

TABLE II – POWER DATA Sample

Sample

C. Luminous Efficiency For luminous efficiency, Sodium luminaries showed a value about 50% lower than the efficiency displayed by LED and LED luminaries remotely controlled. Although of measurement obtained for the remotely controlled lamp was possible to see that in its lower power range, the luminous efficiency is higher, representing lower power consumption by using this type of technology. The Table IV shows the test results.

Sample

Model

CRI (%)

Color Temperature (K)

THD (%)

1 2

Sodium LED

3

LEDCR

21.3 76.5 -

1960 5173 -

9.2 10.0 6.3 5.2 4.8

Fig.3 Spectrum LED.

TABLE IV – LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY Sample

Model

Luminous Efficiency (lm/W)

1 2

Sodium LED

3

LEDCR

52.91 96.35 99.55 92.73 90.09

D. Power Factor About power factor, all luminaries evidence high value, as shown in Table V.

Fig.4 Spectrum Sodium.

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E. Luminous Intensity Distribution The Figs. 5, 6 and 7 show graphs of light intensity distribution of the different types of luminaries. It can be seen that the sodium lamp has less uniformity of light intensity, while the LED has uniform characteristics, making them a chance to carry out several projects in street lighting.

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[4] Fig.5 – Luminous Intensity Distribution – Sodium

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[6] Fig. 6 – Luminous Intensity Distribution – LED

[7]

[8] Fig. 7 – Luminous Intensity Distribution – Remote Controlled LED

VI.

CONCLUSION

[9]

The LED luminaries tested performed better if compared to Sodium, with higher energy efficiency, and balance power quality, such as high power factor and low THD. Another point noted was the light distribution curves and the CRI, demonstrating consistency in lighting quality and color reproduction, improving street lighting quality to population.

[10]

[11]

Regarding the technology of remote-controlled lighting, it was evidenced that achieves its purpose, combining efficiency with reduced power consumption. For these reasons, this technology presents a new trend in the global lighting market.

[12]

In Brazil there is a government program focusing on reducing electric energy consumption in public lighting (PROCEL RELUZ). Surveys showing results as reported in this article are important to the various organizations responsible for public lighting to apply the concepts and results in their retrofit plans or implementation of new units, the technology with better energy performance and technical lighting.

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