Keywords: Coastal region, Javanese village houses, lowest altitude, skin construction system, thermal performance

The 7th International Seminar on Sustainable Environment & Architecture, 20-21 November 2006, Hasanuddin University Makassar Indonesia THERMAL PERFOR...
Author: Mervin Shepherd
4 downloads 0 Views 366KB Size
The 7th International Seminar on Sustainable Environment & Architecture, 20-21 November 2006, Hasanuddin University Makassar Indonesia

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF SKIN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF JAVANESE VILLAGE HOUSES IN THE COASTAL AS THE LOWEST ALTITUDE REGION

FX Teddy Badai Samodra and Mas Santosa Department of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Coastal is the watery area in the lowest of altitude. This condition makes consideration to climate especially temperature and humidity and also has contribution to the design of architecture. The phenomena of high value of temperature and humidity urge the building putting up the ventilation for air change. Skin construction is element of Javanese village houses that has contact to environment vertically and horizontally. It consists of wall and opening with specific dimension, material, and configuration. This paper discusses village image of Javanese houses also. It determines the material of wall, they are wood, bamboo, and kloneng (combination of brick in the lower and bamboo in the upper). The criteria of wall are implemented with specific opening (constant value) in the area of coastal. This paper aims at finding out the influence of skin construction design on thermal performance, recognizing characteristics of village houses in the coastal which indicate thermal performance as well as recognizing components of village houses which influence thermal performance most. To gain comfortable duration and degree-hours value in the coldest month (July) and the hottest (October), computer simulation using AIOLOS and ARCHIPAK software is used from this simulation, the thermal performance can be analyzed. The result shows that skin construction design can optimize thermal performance. And with kloneng wall, the thermal performance will be the best, with reducing humidity by brick in the lower and giving ventilation by bamboo and opening in the upper. Keywords: Coastal region, Javanese village houses, lowest altitude, skin construction system, thermal performance Introduction Skin construction system is the element of building that has perimeter of area to the environmental vertically and horizontally. Altitude is location aspect that out of village image range or criteria and potential for analyzing the influence to the thermal performance of skin construction system for Javanese village house. According to the Houbolt theory, altitude difference by 100m can make temperature up or down in the 0.570C (latitude 400m

100-400m

highland

lowland

coastal

0-100m

Figure 1. Javanese Village House Altitude Thermal Behavior of Buildings in The Coastal Region The phenomena of high value of temperature and humidity urge the building putting up the ventilation for air change. This condition is happened on watery area like in the coastal. In the area that has small variations in dry air temperature and relative humidity, daily or annually, some factors determine building thermal behaviour. They are capability as thermal resistance from building skin construction, solar radiation (direct or indirect), number of air change, and internal heat gain (Santosa, 1993). This environmental problem will take a lot of variables. Sub variables or components of variable have complex relation. In this case, designer as decision maker must decide for specific condition. Thus, the optimization is needed. Computer simulation is commonly used for optimization tool. In that way, iteration is conducted to obtain optimized value. Thus, an appropriate optimization software is needed for analyzing thermal performance of building. Architectural Design Image of Village Javanese village house has specific characteristics as identity. That image can be used as range of design simulation for obtaining thermal performance optimization. It must be done on that range, so the simulation design can not neglect village image (Table 1). Based on the village image study, elements of the village house, which potential for optimization are roof, building skin construction system, and orientation, or see Figure 2; 1. Roof; in the thermal performance, optimization for the roof is the material, but in limited alternative. It is only taken from surroundings area. 2. Building skin construction system; it is consist of wall and openings (window, door). Its material is also taken from surroundings area. 3. Orientation; Javanese village house orientation has not specific regulation, so that all of orientation can be taken in the simulation. By observing to the cosmology aspect, the main orientation on the Javanese houses is south. It can be detected by southern position of main opening (direction to the coastal area).

418

Thermal Performance of Skin Construction System of Javanese Village Houses in The Coastal as The Lowest Altitude Region

No. 1. 2. 3.

Table 1. Village Architectural Design Image Elements of Design Explanation Roof Style Roof has kampung pokok style like brunjung on joglo and there are emper on it. Dimension The dimension of building appropriates with nuclear family. Material Material would be taken from surroundings environment. Source: Gunadi et.al., 1979

Skin construction system becomes a very important element for analyzing thermal performance. It is shown as method of architectural design. It can determine performance of building on these criteria: opening, material, and orientation. In the Javanese village house, wall has specific phenomena. They are material ventilation of wall; bamboo (gedhek), wood (gebyog). The material role has ventilation for air change, good for healthy and optimization for environmental design of building especially in the coastal area (open country area) which is giving high air movement and humidity .

ROOF

SKIN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

ORIENTATION

Figure 2. Javanese Village House Elements

Discussion This paper discusses models of skin construction system (Figure 3.). They show typologies of wall material that can be conducted by field study. Based on field study, the number of material simulation, which can be done to optimize thermal performance, reaches 3. In this paper, thermal performance of wood, bamboo, kloneng as skin construction system can be compared. Orientation has less influence than the other element in the low-rise building. Main orientation of building (North, East, South, and West) has no significant difference of air change (Samodra, 2005). The phenomena can determine temperature of building into slightly difference.

419

FX Teddy Badai Samodra and Mas Santosa

U-value=3.19 W/mK Tlag=0.3hours

U-value=3.69 W/mK Tlag=0.1hours

U-value=2.51 W/mK Tlag=4.2hours

U-value=3.69 W/mK Tlag=0.1hours

Figure 3. Javanese Village House Simulation Models By comparing data obtained from Meteorology and Geophysics Centre of Kalianget, Sumenep, computer simulation using AIOLOS and ARCHIPAK software was used from this simulation, the best thermal performance can be determined. Thermal performance can be obtained by following criteria such as: 1. Analyzing the comfort duration, especially in the active period (building is used by occupants); percentage of comfort period to the active period, 2. Analyzing the Degree hours (K-hours) of the active period; Discomfort evaluation to the indoor temperature profile, the difference between indoor temperature every hours and the upper or lower limit of thermal comfort. This requirement must be done for both coldest month and hottest month. Base on Meteorology and Geophysics Centre data, the coldest month and hottest month are July and October.

420

Thermal Performance of Skin Construction System of Javanese Village Houses in The Coastal as The Lowest Altitude Region

Table 2. Temperature Profile of Environment and Skin Construction Models TIME

SKIN CONSTRUCTION MODELS WOOD BAMBOO KLONENG Ti Ti Ti COLDEST HOTTEST COLDEST HOTTEST COLDEST HOTTEST

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

24.8 24.9 25 24.8 24.7 24.8 25 26 29 33.4 34.7 35.4 36.1 36.1 35.7 34.5 32.8 30.9 28.4 26.9 26.6 25.9 25.6 25.3

26.7 26.6 26.5 26.4 26.4 26.4 27.2 30.1 31.9 34.1 35.9 36.7 37.6 37.5 37.2 35.9 34.1 32.2 30 28.6 28.3 27.6 27.2 26.9

24.6 24.7 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.6 24.9 26 29.3 34.1 35.4 36 36.6 36.6 36.3 35.1 33.3 31.3 28.5 26.8 26.4 25.7 25.5 25.1

26.5 26.3 26.2 26.2 26.1 26.2 27 30.3 32.4 34.8 36.6 37.3 38.2 38 37.8 36.5 34.6 32.5 30.1 28.4 28.2 27.5 27 26.7

AVG.

29.1

30.8

29.2

30.9

To COLDEST

HOTTEST

25 25.1 25.2 25 24.9 25 25.2 26.1 29 33.2 34.4 35 35.7 36.8 35.4 34.3 32.6 30.8 28.4 27.1 26.8 26.1 25.8 25.5

27 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.7 27.4 30.3 31.8 33.9 35.6 36.3 37.3 37.2 36.9 35.7 34 32.1 30.1 28.8 28.5 27.9 27.4 27.1

25.9 25.5 25.2 24.9 24.8 24.7 24.9 25.5 26.4 27.5 28.6 29.5 30.1 30.3 30.2 30.1 29.8 29.5 29.1 28.6 28 27.5 27 26.4

26.9 26.4 26 25.6 25.7 25.9 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.8 31 31.9 32.5 32.7 32.6 32.4 32 31.5 31 30.3 29.6 28.8 28.1 27.5

29.1

30.8

27.5

29.2

UNDERHEATING

OVERHEATING

COMFORT

NON ACTIVE HOURS/PERIOD

Figure 4. Building Shadow in the Peak Temperature of Skin Construction Models Temperature profile shows that the peak of indoor temperature is happened in the 02.00pm (Figure 4.). It can be valid on all of models and months observation. The difference of shadow on peak temperature in the coldest and hottest month is the dimension. In the coldest month, the shadow is large than in the hottest because of lower solar altitude in the coldest. In the other hand, solar radiation and intensity is higher in the hottest month (the color is brighter than coldest). It can effect to the building; indoor temperature is lower in the coldest month and comfort duration is longer than in the hottest month. Following to the Table 2., temperature of all skin construction model have the same performance. In the 24 hours observation, 58% is comfort period and 37% is overheating, 421

FX Teddy Badai Samodra and Mas Santosa

and the underheating is zero. In the active period (19 hours), comfort period is 63%. This condition is conducted in the coldest month (July), in the October as hottest month, half of 24 hours or 50% is comfort and 58% in the active period is also showing this condition. This condition can be in effect for all simulations of skin construction system (Figure 5.). Comfort duration of environment and skin construction models analyzing is difficult to gain the best performance. By comparing data of degree hours on Figure 6., the optimization model can be determined because of detail value. In Coldest month, total hours (24 hours) observation indicates that kloneng (combination brick in lower and bamboo in the upper) has best performance; wood:bamboo:kloneng = 52.6:58:51.2 (the lowest value is good performance). In the active period, the ratio of K-hours is wood:bamboo:kloneng = 41.3:45:40.5. Observation in the hottest month shows that kloneng is also best skin construction system in the thermal simulation. It can be observed by analyzing of K-hours ratio; total (24 hours), wood:bamboo:kloneng = 70:75.9:68 and active period wood:bamboo:kloneng = 52.4:56.2:50.8. 100 90 80 70

%

60

58

63

58

58

63

58

50

58

67

63

58

50

58 50 47

50

50

TOTAL ACTIVE PERIOD

40 30 20 10 0 COLDEST HOTTEST COLDEST HOTTEST COLDEST HOTTEST COLDEST HOTTEST MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH Ti

Ti

Ti

WOOD

BAMBOO

KLONENG

SKIN CONSTRUCTION MODELS

To

Figure 5. Comfort Duration of Environment and Skin Construction Models 75.9

80.0

70.0

68.0

70.0

58.0

K-hours

60.0 52.6 50.0

56.2

52.4 41.3

51.2

45.0

50.8 40.4 34.1

40.0

TOTAL

30.5

ACTIVE PERIOD

30.0 20.0

9.8 9.8

10.0 0.0 COLDEST HOTTEST COLDEST HOTTEST COLDEST HOTTEST COLDEST HOTTEST MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH MONTH Ti

Ti

Ti

WOOD

BAMBOO

KLONENG

SKIN CONSTRUCTION MODELS

To

Figure 6. Degree-Hours of Environment and Skin Construction Models 422

Thermal Performance of Skin Construction System of Javanese Village Houses in The Coastal as The Lowest Altitude Region

Figure 7. Thermal Performance Optimization of Kloneng Conclusions Analysis of thermal performance of skin construction system of Javanese village houses in the coastal as lowest altitude region shows some contributions to the design such as: 1. Skin construction systems have similar thermal performance because of the properties (U-value and Tlag); That difference values are not significant. 2. The environment is sloping overheating; Building shadow in the coldest month are longer giving passive cooling than in the hottest. 3. Kloneng, combination brick in the lower and bamboo in the upper is the best skin construction model in the coastal region; The brick resists the humidity from watery area in the lower of wall and thermal of environment, The bamboo gives ventilation by its breathing in the upper of wall (Figure 7.). Acknowledgements The Author expresses the gratitude to the Laboratory of Architectural Science and Technology and Hibah Penelitian Tim Pascasarjana (HPTP) for technical and funding support. References Allard, F. (1998) Natural Ventilation in Buildings. James & James LTD, London Aynsley, R.M. (1977) Architectural Aerodynamics. Applied Science publishers LTD, London 423

FX Teddy Badai Samodra and Mas Santosa

Brown, G.Z. (1985) Sun, Wind, and Light. John Wiley & Sons, New York Frick, H. (1997) Pola Struktural dan Teknik Bangunan di Indonesia. Kanisius, Yogyakarta Frick, H. (1998) Dasar-Dasar Eko-Arsitektur. Kanisius, Yogyakarta Gunadi S., dan Prijotomo, J. (1979) Perkembangan Arsitektur Pedesaan. FTA – ITS, Surabaya Hardiman, G. (2005) The Wisdom of Traditional Architecture in Indonesia to Anticipate the Problem of the Thermal Comfort Inside the Building, Proceeding International Seminar SENVAR VI ITB Bandung. September 19-20. pp 26-31 Hawkes, D. (1996) The Environmental Tradition. E & FN Spon, London Ismunandar, R. (1997) Arsitektur Rumah Tradisional Jawa. Daahra Prize, Semarang Liddamen, M. (1996) A Guide to Energy Efficient Ventilation. Oscar Faber plc, Coventry Lippsmeier, G. (1997) Bangunan Tropis. Erlangga, Jakarta Mangunwijaya Y.B. (1994) Pengantar Fisika Bangunan. Djambatan, Jakarta Markus, T.A. dan Morris, E.N. (1998) Building, Climate, and Energy. Pitman Published Limited, London Mudjiono, Z. (1987) Permukiman: Masalah, Potensi, Konsep. Laboratorium Tradisional Jurusan Arsitektur-ITS, Surabaya Nirvansjah, R. dan Hariadi, D. (1988) Study Faktor Kenyamaman dan Kenikmatan Bangunan Kolonial di Surabaya. Pusat Penelitian ITS, Surabaya Olgyay, V. (1992) Design with Climate. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York Samodra, FX. T.B.S. (2005) Optimasi Kinerja Termal Rumah Tinggal Pedesaan. Tesis Program Studi Magister Arsitektur ITS. Surabaya Samodra, FX. T.B.S. (2005) Thermal Performance Optimization for Javanese Village Houses, Proceeding International Seminar SENVAR VI ITB Bandung. September 1920. pp 19-25 Samodra, FX. T.B.S. (2006) Thermal Performance of Kloneng as Local Material on Javanese Village Houses, 2nd Proceeding International Conference iNTA DWCU Jogjakarta. April 3-5. pp P11-1 – P11-6 Santosa, M. (1993). Sistim Informasi Aspek Panas dalam Rancang Arsitektur. Lemlit ITS, Surabaya Santosa, M. (1994) Rancangan Geometri dan Konstruksi Atap sebagai Aspek Penentu Tingkat Kenyamanan Hunian bangunan. Lemlit ITS, Surabaya Santosa, M. (2000) Specific Responses of Traditional Houses to Hot Tropic, Proceedings SENVAR2000 ITS Surabaya, October 23-24. pp 13-17. Santosa, M. (2003) Totalitas Arsitektur Tropis. Orasi Pengukuhan Guru Besar ITS. Surabaya Swami dan Chandra (1994) Correlation for Pressure Distribution on Buildings and calculation of Natural-Ventilation Airflow. ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 94. no.1 Szokolay, S.V. (1980) Environmental Science Handbook. The Construction Press, Lancaster, England Szokolay, S.V. (1987) Thermal Design of Buildings. RAIA Education Division, Canberra Szokolay, S.V. (2003) User’s Manual ARCHIPAK v4.0. University of Queensland, St. Chapel Hill, Australia Tzonis, A. (2001) Tropical Architecture. Wiley Academy, West Sussex

424

Suggest Documents