IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION This present research was based on herbarium materials. Based on the available specimens, twenty four species and one varieties of Popowia Endl. are recognized in Malesia. There are Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. fusca King, P. velutina King, P. perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. bancana Scheffer, P. hirta Miquel, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. odoardi Diels, P. lanceolata Merrill, P. beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. schefferiana Diels, P. pachypetala Diels, P. polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. cordata Moeljono, P. nooteboomii Moeljono, P. hentyii Moeljono, and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair. The general morphological characters which have been used as diagnostic taxonomic feature were found usefull in evaluating the relationship of species of Popowia Endl. The vegetative morphology i.e leaf shape, leaf base, leaf texture, number of main nerves, and petiole length; the floristic morphology i.e pedicel length, sepal shape, petal shape, and fruits size; are the main characters used for determinating the species in the genus Popowia
Endl. (Blume, 1830; Diels, 1912; Sinclair, 1955 and Kessler,
1993).
4.1. Vegetative Morphology 4.1.1. Habit. The habit of Malesian Popowia Endl. species varies from shrub or medium-size to occasionally small trees, monopodial, bole columnar, straight. Outer bark dark grey - black, smooth – coming cracked; inner bark dull yellow - orange, thick 3 mm, smelling, spicy, fibrous wood orange; sapwood yellow - cream. Young twigs slender, usually branching horizontally, dark rusty - tomentose, older glabrous and striate and with numerous leaf scars.
Popowia beccarii Scheffer, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. pachypetala Diels, P. cordata Moeljono, and P. nooteboomii Moeljono are shrub. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. fusca King, P. perakensis King, P. hirta Miquel, P. odoardi Diels, P. clavata Diels, P. cuspidata Miquel P. platyphylla Diels, P. Schefferiana Diels, P. novoguineensis Miquel, and P. papuana Scheffer are small tree. P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. velutina King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair, P. lanceolata Merrill, P. bancana Scheffer, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. hentyii Moeljono, and P. polytrica Diels are tree.
4.1.2. Leaves Leaves of Popowia Endl. are simple, alternate, membranous characters or coriaceous,
granular or subgranular in texture,
glabrous, pubescent or tomentose.
The leaves of most Popowia
Endl. species vary in size and shape. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. fusca King, P. velutina King, P. perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair, P. hirta Miquel, P. odoardi Diels, P. beccarii Scheffer, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. platyphylla Diels, P. Schefferiana Diels, P. papuana Scheffer, P. cordata Moeljono, P. nootebomii Moeljono, and P. polytrica Diels are elliptic – oval or oblong. P. cuspidata Miquel, P. bancana Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. pachyptala Diels, and P. hentyii Moeljono are ovate.
P. lanceolata Merrill, P.
papuana Scheffer, and P. parvifolia Scheffer are lanceolate. All Malesian species have the upper leaf surface glabrous or glossy, except in P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair and P. hirta Miquel are tomentose – puberulent.
The lower leaf surface are pubescent in Popowia
pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. fusca King, P. velutina King, P.
perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. lanceolata Merrill, P. clavata Diels, and P. polytrica Diels. The lower leaf surface are pilose in P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. beccarii Scheffer, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. platyphylla Diels, and P. hentyii Moeljono. The lower leaf surface are glabrous in P. hirta Miquel, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. cordata Moeljono, P. bancana Scheffer, P. odoardi Diels,
P. novoguineensis Miquel, and P. nooteboomii
Moeljono. The leaves are membranaceous in P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. odoardi Diels, P. beccarii Scheffer, P. pachypetala Diels, P. cordata Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono. Chartaceous or coriaceous leaves were found in P. fusca King, P. velutina King, P. lanceolata Merrill, P. hirta Miquel, P. bancana Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. platyphylla Diels, P. schefferiana Diels, P. nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. polytrica Diels. Acuminate leaf apex can be found in P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. perakensis King, P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair, P. lanceolata Merrill, P. hirta Miquel, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. odoardi Diels, P. clavata Diels, P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. pachyptala Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. hentyii Moeljono and P. nootebomii Moeljono. Acuter or obtuse leaf apex is observed in P. fusca King, P. velutina King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. bancana Scheffer, P. cordata Moeljono, P. beccarii Scheffer, and P. papuana Scheffer. The rounded leaf base can be found in Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. fusca King, P. velutina King, and P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f.
The cordate leaf base can be found in P.
cordata Moeljono. The cuneate or acute leaf base can be found in P.
pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. perakensis King, P. lanceolata Merrill, P. hirta Miquel, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. bancana Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. pachyptala Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. nootebomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono. The number of main nerves is 5 - 10 pairs in Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. fusca King, P. velutina King, P. perakensis King, P. bancana Scheffer, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. lanceolata Merrill, P. beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. schefferiana Diels, P. pachypetala Diels, P. polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, and P. nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono. The number of main nerves is 11 – 18 pairs in P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair, P. hirta Miquel, P. cordata Moeljono, and P. odoardi Diels. The leaf petiole is 1 - 2 mm long in Popowia lanceolata Merrill, P. bancana Scheffer, P. beccarii Scheffer, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. platyphylla Diels, P. papuana Scheffer, P. polytrica Diels, P. cordata Moeljono, and P. nootebomii Moeljono. The leaf petiole is 3 – 5 mm long in Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. fusca King, P. velutina King, P. perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., P. hirta Miquel, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. odoardi Diels, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. Schefferiana Diels, P. pachypetala Diels, P. hentyii Moeljono, and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair.
4.2. Generative Morphology The inflorescences of Popowia Endl. are paniculate, terminal or extraaxillary; flower rather small, single or in fascicle, opposite the leaves.
4.2.1. Sepal. Popowia Endl. has three sepals which are valvate and small size.
The shape and size of sepals of each species is very
characteristic. In most species the sepal are different in shape. The sepal shape is triangular – ovate.
It can be found in Popowia
pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. perakensis King, and P. platyphylla Diels.
Ovate sepals can be found in P. pauciflora Maingay ex
Hook.f., P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. cuspidata Miquel, P. cordata Moeljono, P. pachypetala Diels, and P. parvifolia Scheffer. Broadly cordate sepals can only be found in P. bancana Scheffer. The outside surface of the sepals is tomentose in P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. fusca King, P. perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. bancana Scheffer. It is pilosa in P. pachypetala Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, and P. platyphylla Diels. It is pubescent or hairy in P. lanceolata Merrill and P. hirta Miquel. All Malesian species have the inside surface of the sepals glabrous. Most of Malesian species have an acute sepal apex, except in P. fusca King which has obtuse sepals.
4.2.2. Petal Popowia Endl. has six petals, 3 at the outer, and 3 at the inner. Petals are sub-orbicular – broad ovate, valvate, coriaceous, and thick. Outer petals small, spreading, slightly larger than the sepals; inner petals larger than outer, concave inside, erect, their edges at first adhering, later free, their apices often incurved, base shortly clawed, sometimes the outer and inner petals united at the base forming a sympetalous corolla. The size of petals of each species is very characteristic. The outside surface of the petals is pubescent in Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f.,
and P. lanceolata Merrill.
It is pilosa – villous in P.
pachypetala Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, and P. platyphylla Diels. It is tomentosa in P. fusca King and P. perakensis King.
The petals
of most of the Malesian species has glabrous inside surface, except in P. platyphylla which is pilose.
4.2.3. Stamen Commonly cuneate with broad, flat-topped or slightly concave connectives, number of stamen 10 - 18 in two rows.
4.2.4. Ovary Ovaries 3 - 12, ovoid to oblong; style very short; stigma subcapitate or wedge-shape, grooved on the top and down the inner side.
4.2.5. Ripe Carpels Globose or ovoid, sub-sessile or stalked. Seeds 1 – 4, rugose and with a circumferential ridge.
4.3. Leaf Anatomy Cells of the lower epidermis have papillae interconnected by cuticular ridges in Popowia. Mesophyll in Popowia includes one row of palisade cells towards the upper surface, with spongy tissue below them (Fig. 5). Solitary or cluster crystals can be found in species of Popowia (Fig. 6). Stomata is rubiaceous (paracytic); confined to the lower surface (Fig. 7).
Epidermis Palisade
Spongy
Epidermis 1
2 Epidermis Palisade
Spongy
Epidermis 3
4 Epidermis Palisade Spongy
Epidermis 5
6
Fig. 5. Portion of a cross-section of the leaf of Popowia Endl. 1. Popowia velutina King 2. P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum 3. P. bancana Scheffer 4. P. nooteboomii Moeljono 5. P. hirta Miquel 6. P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair.
A B
C A 7
8
A B C 9
A
10
A B C A 11
12
Fig 5. continued 7. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl 8. P. perakensis King 9. P. kostermansii Moeljono 10. P. cuspidata Miquel 11. P. odoardi Diels 12. P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., A. Epidermis B. Palisade C. Spongy
A
B Crystal s
C
D
Fig.6. Epidermal cells and crystals on the lower leaf surface A. Popowia tomentosa B. P. novoguinensis . C. P bancana D. P. tomentosa var. crinita
1
2
A
B
1
2
C
D
1
2
E
F 1
2
G
Fig. 7. Epidermal cells and stomata on the lower leaf surface A. Popowia tomentosa B. P. novoguinensis C. P hirta. D. P clavata . E. P bancana F. P. tomentosa var. crinita G. P. velutina 1. Epidermal cells
2. Paracytic stomata
4.4. Relationships Species of Popowia Endl. A cladistic analysis of Popowia Endl. was undertaken based on 34 morphological characters (Table 1). Mitrephora maingayi Hook. f was chosen as an outgroup because it has the closest relationship to Popowia Endl. Mitrephora Hook. f and Popowia Endl.have extra axillary flower (Sinclair, 1955). Table 1.
Characters and Character States Used in the Phylogenetic Analysis of the Malesian Taxa of Popowia Endl.
Characters 1 : Habit 2 : Petioles length 3 : Petioles surface 4 : Leaves length 5 : Leaves wide 6 : Leaves shape 7 : Leaves texture 8 : Apex of leaves 9 : Base of leaves
10 : Leaves base shape 11 : Upper leaves surface 12 : Lower leaves surface 13 : Midrib surface 14 : Number of nerves 15 : Reticulation 16 : Secunder nerves
Characters state 0 = shrub 1 = tree 0 = < 4 mm 1 = > 4 mm 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent or tomentose 0 = < 10 cm 1 = > 10 cm 0 = 4 cm 0 = lanceolate 1 = ellipt or ovate 0 = membranaceous 1 = chartaceous or coriaceous 0 = acute 1 = acuminate 0 = oblique 1 = unequal 0 = acute or cuneate 1 = rounded 2 = cordate or sub cordate 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 0 = < 10 pairs 1 = > 10 pairs 0 = not visible 1 = visible 0 = faint 1 = prominent
Table 1. continued Characters
17 : Pedicel length 18 : Pedicel surface 19 : Sepal shape
20 : Sepal length 21 : Sepal apex 22 : Outer surface of sepal 23 : Petal shape 24 : Outer surface of petal 25 : Inner surface of petal 26 : Outer petal length 27 : Inner petal length 28 : Number of ovary 29 : Ovary surface 30 : Ripe carpel length 31 : Ripe carpel shape 32 : Ripe carpel surface 33 : Stalk length 34 : Number of seed
Characters state
1 = < 10 mm 0 = > 10 mm 0 = strigose or hairy 1 = pubescent or tomentose 0 = triangular 1 = ovate 2 = cordate or sub cordate 0 = < 4 mm 1 = > 4 mm 0 = acute or sub acute 1 = obtuse 0 = hairy 1 = pubescent or tomentose 0 = orbicular or sub orbicular 1 = ovate or elliptic 0 = pubescent or tomentose 1 = villous 0 = pubescent or tomentose 1 = villous 0 = < 4 mm 1 = > 4 mm 0 = < 5 mm 1 = > 5 mm 0=8 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent – tomentose 0 = < 15 mm 1 = > 15 mm 0 = globose 1 = ovoid 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 0 = < 10 mm 1 = > 10 mm 0=1
Data matrix of the characters which has been used for the analysis shown in table 2.; when a characters state can not be defined it was noted as “ ? “. The analysis was performed using the PAUP version 4. ob 10 computer program to find the most parsimonious tree.
The resulting
cladogram is three trees parsimony with 53 tree length, with consistency index (CI) 0.6415 and retention index 0.5682; tree number one was choosen
(Fig. 5). The characters, steps, consistency index and resistency index for the morphological characters shown in Appendix 2.
Table 2. Data Matrix of Morphological Characters of Popowia Endl. used for Phylogenetic Analysis. Characters Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 M. maingayi Popowia pisocarpa P. pauciflora P. fusca P. velutina P. perakensis P. tomentosa P. tomentosa var. crinita P. odoardi
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Table 2. continued Characters Species M. maingayi Popowia pisocarpa P. pauciflora P. fusca P. velutina P. perakensis P. tomentosa P. tomentosa var. crinita P. odoardi
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 ? 1 ? 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 ? 0 1 1 0
0 0 ? 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Table 2. continued Characters Species M. maingayi Popowia pisocarpa P. pauciflora P. fusca P. velutina P. perakensis P. tomentosa P. tomentosa var. crinita P. odoardi
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 2
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 ? ? 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 ? ? 1 1 0
? 0 0 0 ? 1 1 1 0
2 2 1 2 ? 0 2 2 2
1 0 ? 1 0 0 1 1 0
? 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 ? 0 0 1 1 1 0
? 0 0 ? ? 1 1 1 1
7
17
25
0>1 1>0
1>0
Mitrephora maingayi
10
15
1>0 1>0 23
24
0>2 1>0 10 28 0>1 1>0 8
14
1>0 1>0
27
8
1>0 1>0
19
1>0
0>1
9
18
Popowia pisocarpa
34 1>0
22
1>0 1>0
25
10
1
12
13
14
17
1>0
1>0
1>0
1>0
1>0
18
1>0 1>0
1>0 1>0
20
P. pauciflora
17
0>1
1>0
21
23
0>1 0>1
30
P. fusca
0>1
0>1 1>0
1
11
32
P. odoardi
11
2
10
29
2>1 2>0 2>1 1>0
4
1>0 1>0
2
23
1>0
33 1>0
30
4
23
29
31
1>0 1>0
32
5
31 1>0
P. velutina 1>0
P. perakensis
1>0
P. tomentosa
26
2>1 2>0 2>1 1>0
Fig. 8. Cladogram of Popowia Endl. in Malesia
8 10 0>1 1>2
P. tomentosa var. crinita
Within the cladogram three groups of branching are shown. The first branch is Mitrephora maingayi (outgroup) separated from Popowia Endl. By a plesiomorph character of the outgroup (leaves texture is coriaceous, pedicel length is 2 cm and inner surface of petal is pubescent.
The second branch is separated by apex of
leaves (character 8), Number of nerves (character 14), inner petal length (character 27) and ripe carpel length (character 30). The other Popowia is separated by petioles length (character 2), leaves base shape (character 10), upper leaves surface (character 11), sepal length (character 20), petal shape (character 23) and outer petal length (character 26). The last group finished in three sister group, they are P. pisocarpa and P. pauciflora, they are joined by leaves base shape (character 10), reticulation (character 15) and number of seed (character 34); P. fusca and P. velutina, are joined by
apex of
leaves (character 8), and leaves base shape (character 10); the sister group is closely relate with P. tomentosa and P. tomentosa var. crinita is separated by apex of leaves (character 8), and leaves base shape (character 10).
4.5. Distribution and Ecology of Popowia The Annonaceae is a pantropical family with about 130 genera and 2.300 species. It is confined mostly to humid tropical lowland forests. They are abundant common in Asia, Africa, Central and South America and few in Australia. The genus Popowia formerly recorded from Asia and Africa, about 90 species and majority from Tropical Africa.
The remainder,
Madagascar, S.India, Burma, Siam, Malaya, Indo-China, Malay island to Australia. The species are found mostly in humid areas of secondary forest, only a few species occur in swampy forest and rarely in primary forest. They grow commonly hanging on canopy of trees at the river side, in forest
borders, road sides, waste land, and the genus has a wide altitudinal range, from sea level up to the montain area at 0–600 meters altitude. In the Malesian region, only a few species have a wide distribution, namely Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl. Most species have rather limited range of distribution such as P. fusca King ( Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo), P. hirta Miquel (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo), P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f. (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo), P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo), P. velutina King (Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra), P. bancana Scheffer (Sumatra, and Borneo); P. schefferiana Diels (Moluccas and Papuasia). Some species are only known from a single locality of the type collection (P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f. and P. perakensis King from Malay Peninsula; P. odoardi Diels from Borneo; P. cuspidata Miquel and P. cordata Moeljono from Java; P. lanceolata Merrill from Philippines, P. beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. pachypetala Diels, P. polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono from Papuasia. (Table 3). In the present study, seven species and one varieties are recorded in Malay Peninsula (Popowia
pisocarpa (Blume) Endl.,
P. pauciflora
Maingay ex Hook.f., P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. velutina King, P. perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair). In Sumatra, six species and one varieties were recorded (P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. velutina King, P. bancana Scheffer, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair). In Java, three species were recorded (P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. cuspidata Miquel, and P. cordata Moeljono). In Borneo, six species and one varieties were recorded (P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. odoardi Diels, P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. bancana Scheffer, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair). In Philippines, two species were recorded (P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., and P. lanceolata Merrill). In Celebes, one species were recorded (P.
pisocarpa (Blume) Endl.). In Moluccas, two species were recorded (P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl.,and P. schefferiana Diels). In Papuasia, thirteen species were recorded (P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., P. beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. schefferiana Diels, P. pachypetala Diels, P. polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono (Fig. 9). Papuasia is the richest in species number of Popowia in the Malesian region, with 13 species recorded. This area has the highest number of endemic species, with eleven species (P. beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. pachypetala Diels, P. polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono) recognized being endemic (Fig. 9). In contrast, Philippines, Celebes, and Moluccas are the poorest in species number recorded from these areas, but no single species in Lesser Sunda Island. The distribution
area of
Popowia in
Malesia can be grouped into three subregions: Western Malesia, Central Malesia and Eastern Malesia. a. Western Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. There are 12 species occuring in this subregion, two species are considered to be endemic in Malay Peninsula, two species in Java and one species in Borneo. b. Central Malesia: Philippine, Celebes, Moluccas and the Lesser Sunda Islands. In this area occur 3 species, one of which endemic in the Philippine. c. East Malesia: New Guinea. There are 13 species, eleven of which are considered to be endemic in this area. Based on the high number of species diversity and the number of species endemism in the islands, there are two subcenters of diversity that can be recognized: Malay Peninsula (7 species and 1 varieties, 2 endemics) as the subcenter in West Malesia, and
New Guinea
endemics) as the other subcenter in East Malesia.
(13 species, 11
Tabel 3. Distribution of Popowia Endl. in Malesia Species M S J B P 01. P. pisocarpa 0 02. P. fusca 0 0 03. P. hirta 0 0 04. P. tomentosa 0 0 05. P. tomentosa 0 var. crinita 06. P. velutina 0 0 0 07. P. pauciflora 0 0 0 0 * 08. P. perakensis 0 0 0 0 * 09. P. bancana 0 0 0 10. P. odoardi 0 0 0 0 * 11. P. cuspidata 0 0 0 0 * 12. P. cordata 0 0 0 0 * 13. P. lanceolata 0 0 0 0 * 14. P. beccarii 0 0 0 0 0 15. P. clavata 0 0 0 0 0 16. P. cyanocarpa 0 0 0 0 0 17. P. novoguineensis 0 0 0 0 0 18. P. pachypetala 0 0 0 0 0 19. P. papuana 0 0 0 0 0 20. P. parvifolia 0 0 0 0 0 21. P. platyphylla 0 0 0 0 0 22. P. polytricha 0 0 0 0 0 23. P. hentyii 0 0 0 0 0 24. P. nooteboomii 0 0 0 0 0 25. P. schefferiana 0 0 0 0 0 Endemic 2 0 2 1 1 Non endemic 6 7 1 6 1
C
L
N
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * *
0 2
11 2
G 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9
Note : M = Malay Peninsula; S = Sumatra and Bangka; J = Java; B = Borneo; P = Philippine; C = Celebes; L = Moluccas; N = New Guinea; G = Distribution group; = Present; 0 = Not present; * = Endemic.
Fig. 9. Density map of Popowia Endl. In Malesia, segregated in to endemics (above the hyphen) and non endemics (below the hyphen).
4.6. Taxonomy
Popowia Endl. Popowia Endl. in Walp. Repert. 1 (1842) 74; Sinclair, J. 1955. Gard. Bull. Sing. Vol. 14 Part 2 : 149 - 516. Type Species : Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endlicher.
Shrub or small trees. Leaves granular or subgranular in texture, glabrous, pubescent or tomentose. Flower rather small, single or in fascicle, opposite the leaves. Sepal 3, valvate. Petal 6, valvate, thick; outer small, spreading, slightly larger than the sepals; inner large than the outer, concave inside, somewhat connivent and erect, their edges at first adhering, later free, their apices often incurved, base shortly clawed, sometimes the outer and inner united at the base forming a sympetalous corolla.
Stamens
cuneate with broad, flat-topped or slightly concave connectives, number of stamens 10 – 18. Ovaries 3 - 12, ovoid to oblong; style very short; stigma sub-capitate or wedge-shape, grooved on the top and down the inner side. Ripe carpels globose or ovoid, sub-sessile or stalked. Seed 1- 4, rugose or pitted and with a circumferential ridge.
Distribution : About 90 species, majority from Tropical Africa. The remainder, Madagascar, S.India, Burma, Siam, Malaya, Indo-China, Malay island to Australia. There are twenty four species and one varieties of Popowia Endl. are recognized in Malesia, but this genus is absent in Lesser Sunda islands (Nusa Tenggara).
KEY IDENTIFICATION TO THE SPECIES OF POPOWIA ENDL. IN MALESIA 1. Leaves elliptic or oblong – ovate. 2. Reticulation not visible in adult leaves. 3. Inner petal 2 mm long, fruit has one seed …………..…… P. pisocarpa 3. Inner petal 5 mm long, fruit has more than one seed…….P. pauciflora 2. Reticulation visible in adult leaves. 4. The upper surface leaf pubescent – tomentose 5. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, nerves up to 10 pairs 6. Leaves oval, pubescent beneath with thickened pubescent edge; nerves 9 - 10 pairs; ripe carpel globose …..……….… P. fusca 6. Leaves less oval, pubescent to tomentose; nerves 6 – 7 pairs; ripe carpel elliptic – ovoid ……………………..… P.velutina 5. Leaves membraneous, nerves more 12 pairs 7. Apex acute or shortly acuminate, nerves 12 pairs, tomentum of leaf short and dense with hairs 1 mm long ….. P. tomentosa 7. Apex caudate – acuminate, nerves 16 – 18 pairs, tomentum of leaf less dense, hair 2 mm long …….. P. tomentosa var. crinita 4. The upper surface of leaf glabrous - glossy 8. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous 9. Petiole more than 2 mm long, ripe carpel globose. 10. Leaves base obtuse – cordate, nerves 11 pairs or more, ripe carpel elliptic
……………………..…. ………. P. hirta
10. Leaves base acute – cunneate, nerves up to 9 pairs, ripr carpel globose. 11. Midrib on lower surface hairy 12. Leaves base cunneate and scalariform
slight
rounded,
…………..…..………. P. cyanocarpa
12. Leaves base acute, reticulate …. P. novoguineensis 11. Midrib on lower surface glabrous 13. Lower surface pubencent in adult leaves, reticulation prominent, pedicel up to 10 mm long …………………………….... P. clavata
13. Lower surface glabrous, reticulation fine, pedicel 5 mm long ………... P. schefferiana 9. Petiole less than 3 mm long 14. The lower surface of leaves pilose or pubescent 15. Peduncle 5 - 7 mm long ……….….......... P. polytrica 15. Peduncle short 2 - 3 mm long ………… P.platyphylla 14. The lower surface of leaves glabrous 16. Pedicel up to 12 mm long .................... P. nooteboomii 16. Pedicel 1,5 mm long ………….….……… P. bancana 8. Leaves membranous 17. The lower surface of leaves pubescent – tomentose 18. Petiole 5 – 7 mm long, nerves 6–7 pairs ……..… P. hentyii 18. Petiole 3- 4 mm long, nerves 10 pairs ……. P. perakensis 17. The lower surface of leaves glabrous 19 Petiole less 2 mm long, base obtuse or cordate 20. Obtuse leaf base, nerves 8 – 11 pairs …..
P. beccarii
20. Cordate leaf base, nerves 13 – 14 pairs ....
P. cordata
19. Petiole 3 mm long or more, base cunneate 21. Midrib on lower surface hairy, pedicel 2 – 5 mm long, ripe carpel pubescent ………… P. odoardi 21. Midrib on lower surface glabrous, pedicel up to 10 mm long, ripe carpel glabrous 22. Trees, ripe carpel ellipsoid …… P. cuspidata 22. Shrub, ripe carpel globose, glabrous……… …………………..………… P. pachypetala 1. Leaves lanceolate 23.
Petiole more than 2 mm long ………………..……...… P. lanceolata
23.
Petiole less 1 mm long. 24. Leaves 3.5 – 5 cm long, 5 – 9 mm wide …..…........... P. parvifolia 24. Leaves 7 – 10 cm long, 1.4 - 2 cm
1. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endlicher - Fig.11 (p.43) Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endlicher in Walp. Repert. 1 (1842) 74; Boerlage in Icon. Bogor 1 Fasc. 2 (1899) 144; Koorder et Val. in Meded. Lands Plantent. 61 (1903) 339; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 87; Merrill Enum. Phil. Fl. Plants 2 (1923) 164; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1 (1925) 47; Ast in Suppl. Fl. Gen. L’Indo-Chine 1 (1938) 90. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore XIV (1955) 468 - 472. Bocagea pisocarpa Blume. - Type: Fl. Jav. Anon. (1830) 90, T.45. Basonym : Guatteria pisocarpa Blume in Bijdr. I (1825) p. 21. Popowia ramosissima (Wallich) Hooker, f. et Th. Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 105 et in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 68; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 341 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 117 Pl. 159 B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 75. Guatteria ramosissima Wall. Cat. (1832-47) Nos. 7274 and 8006, nomen nudum.Type: Wall. Cat. (1832-47) Nos. 7274 and 8006 P. rufula Miquel in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1865) 20. Type: Borneo, South Borneo, Mt. Pamatton and Sakoembang, Korthals s.n. n.v. (not seen in BO and L) P. affinis Miquel in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1865) 20. Type: Sumatra, West Sumatra, Korthals s.n. n.v. (not seen in BO and L) P. polyandra Merrill in Philp. Journ. Sc. Bot. 3 (1908) 224. B. polyandra Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2 (1835) 77. Type: Philippines. Luzon, Sorsogon (Prague), Haenke s.n. n.v. P. rufescens Ridley in Kew Bull. (1926) 59. Type: Sumatra, West Sumatra, Mentawai Islands, Siberut, 1924, SFN 14607 Boden Kloss (BO!). Orophea minahassae Boerlage in Koorder Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1898) 336. Type : Celebes, Kajoewatoe, Alt. 50 m. asl., Koorders 16026 (BO!, L!) and 16028 (BO!, L!). Shrub or small tree 3 - 7 m high with spreading, slender. Young twigs rufous pubescent, the older dark brown, glabrous, striate and with numerous leaf scars. Petioles 2 - 5 mm long, pubescent. Leaves, 5.5 - 14 by 2.5 - 7 cm, elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes slightly obovate, shortly acuminate, base narrowed and slightly rounded, unequal-sided, membranous, both surface minutely granular like parchment midrib, the lower adpressed-rufous-pubescent on the midrib and veins pubescence; nerves 6 - 10 pairs, curving, then rather straight, ascending steeply
and running close to edge some distance before terminating; reticulation only visible in the youngest leaves, scalariform, soon quite obscure; length rather variable. Flowers 5 mm in diam., extra - axillary and leaf - opposed, single or in small fascicles. Pedicels 4 - 7 mm long, rufous-tomentose; bract acute, pubescent, 1.5 mm long. Sepals 2 mm long, triangular - ovate, acute, spreading, nearly as large as the outer petals, rusty-tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals the outer 2 mm long, rounded, concave creamy white, coriaceous, densely pubescent outside, glabrous inside; the inner slightly longer up to 3 mm, incurved at the apex, lighter in color, with a rudimentary claw and three basal spaces where they do not touch as in the Mitrephoreae.
Stamens short, 2 m long, broad, the
connective truncate, flat-topped or slightly concave. Ovaries 5 or 6, pubescent with white hair, style very short, stigmas wedged-shaped to sub-capitate, grooved at the top and adaxially, the surface rough but glabrous, usually adhering to form a disc. Ripe carpels 1 cm long and 8 mm in diam., globose, granular, slightly pubescent, brown – dark brown when dry, stalks 2 mm long. Seed 1, pitted and with a longitudinal circumferential ridge.
DISTRIBUTION. A widespread species known from Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas, and New Guinea. So far this species has never been recorded in Lesser Sunda Island
ECOLOGY. The species can be found in the secondary lowland primary rain forest. In Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo which most are growing in Dipterocarp forest on the hill back up to 250 meters above sea level.
NOTES. A common species, somewhat variable in length of leaves and pubescence. A species was removed Orophea minahassae Boerlage, Celebes, Kajoewatoe, Alt. 50 m. asl., Koorders 16026
(BO!, L!) and 16028
(BO!, L!)
to Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.
MALAY PENINSULA. Kedah: Mt. Luas,
Kupang R., fl. 8 Feb1968, FRI 4690 T.C. Whitmore ( KEP, L!). Perak: Deuse jungle, fr. Aug 1885, Dr. King s 7995 (BO!, SING); ditto. fr. Aug 1885, Dr.
King s 7996 (BO!, SING); Perak R., fr. 12 Jul 1966, FRI 0599 T.C. Whitmore (KEP, L!). Kelantan: Chalil R., st. 5 Jul 1936, M.R. Henderson 29539 (BO!, SING); fl. Mar 1883, King s 3943 (BO!, SING). Trengganu: Bukit Besi, Dungun, fr. 18 Jun 1967, FRI 2393 K.M. Kochummen (KEP, L!). Pahang: Taman Negara, fl. 22 Apr 1975, M. van Balgooy 2492 (L!). Malacca: Bukit Sedanau, Seven Reserve, st. 25 Nov 1922, R.E. Holtum 9679 (BO!, L!, SING,). Johor: Kota Tinggi, st. 3 Feb 1980, FRI 25577 Mat Asri (KEP, L!); Kluang, fr. 9 Sep 1987, KL 3644 (L!); Panti, fl. 3 Feb 1980, FRI 25276 P. Vethevelu (KEP, L!). Kayu R., fl.+ fr. 11 Oct 1936, E.T.H. Coms 32466 (BO!, SING). Singapore: Bukit Timah, st. 9 Oct 1938, J. Sinclair 38249 (BO!, SING). Tioman Is., Bukit Tubak, fl. 4 May 1927, Md Nur 18854 (BO!). SUMATRA. North Sumatra: Simelungun, fl. 25 May 1931, J.A. Lorzing 16376 (BO!, L!).
West Sumatra: Air Sirih,
Padang, fl. 5 May 1985, E.F. de Vogel & Vermeulen 7484 (L!); Padang, st. Aug 1878, Beccari 674 (L); Padang, st. Aug 1878, Beccari 734 (L!); Keluru, Kerinci Mt., st. 23 Jan 1992, Yildiz Aumeeruddy 555 (L!); Bukit Sebelat Nature Reserve, st. 23 May 1983, TFB 4567, Y. Laumonier (L!); st., 25 May 1983, TFB 4528, Y. Laumonier (L!); Sago Mt., Payakumbuh, st. 11 May 1957, Maradjo 172 (L!); Taram, Payakumbuh, st., 21 Aug 1957, Maradjo 272 (L!); Taram, Payakumbuh, st. 21 Aug 1957, W. Meijer 6768 (L!); Salibutan, Padang Pariaman, st. 28 Jan 1994, Okada et.al. 23 (BO!); Sipisang, Padang Pariaman, st. 10 Jan 1995, Okada et.al. 1380 (BO!). Titibungur, st. 26 Jun 1965, H.F. Sun 9703 (BO!); 1881-1882, st. H.O. Forbes 1644 (L); 1881-1882, st. H.O. Forbes 1677 (L!); Talaman, st. 25 Apr 1917, H.A.B. BÜnnemeijer 392 (BO!); Talaman, st. 27 Apr 1917, H.A.B. BÜnnemeijer 477 (BO!). Mentawai Islands, Siberut Is., fl.+fr. 29 Sep 1924, SFN 14607 Boden Kloss (BO!, SING). Riau: Bukit Tigapuluh, Talanglakat, fr. 5 Nov 1988, J. Burley et al. 1161 (BO!). Jambi: Ute River, Muara Bungo, st. 26 Apr 1984, Y. Laumonier 6355 (BO!, L!). South Sumatra: Palembang, st. 9 Mar 1918, F.H. Endert 221 (BO!). Lampung: Waylima, st. 9 Dec 1921, Iboet 420 (BO!). JAVA.
West
Java: Pajung Mt, Ujungkulon, fl.+fr. 29 Dec 1963, Nengah
Wirawan 137 (BO!); Rompang Mt., Ujungkulon, st. 30 Jun 1892, S.H. Koorder 581 (BO!). Banten, st. Teysmann BO-1406809 (BO!); Depok, st. 26 Aug 1898, S.H. Koorders 30933 (BO); Depok, st. 8 Sep 1898, S.H. Koorders 30934 (BO!);
Depok, st. 16 Dec 1923, Dr. J.G.B. Beumee 6089 (BO!); Depok, st. 23 Oct 1932, F.H. Hildebrand 14 (BO!); Depok, st. 29 Apr 1923, R.C. Bakhuizen & Brink 5912 (BO!); Depok, st. 14 Apr 1918, C.A. Backer 23950 (BO!).
Central
Java:
Nusakambangan, Banyumas, st. 20 Aug 1900, S.H. Koorders 34127 (BO!). BORNEO. Sarawak. Ulu Melinau, Baram, fr. 12 Aug 1958, P.S. Ashton 3223 (BO!). Long Dam, Ulu Tinjar, Marudi, fl. 3 Apr 1965, H.J. Suib 23374 (BO!); North Borneo: Kinabalu Mt., Dallas, st. 22 Aug 1931, J & M.S. Clemens 26176 (BO!, SAN); Penibukan, fr. 1 feb 1933, J & M.S. Clemens 31288 (BO!, SAN, L!). Sg. Dual, Ulu Tangud, Beluran District, 8 Apr 1983, SAN 96521 Joseph et al. (BO!, SAN); Bettatan, Sandakan, st. 24 Jul 1927, C.B. Klos 18964 (BO!, SAN); Lelalangat, Kalabakan, Tawau District, st. 26 Nov 1954, SAN 17589, G.H.S. Wood (BO!, SAN); Apas, Tawau, fr. Sep 1926, M. Sinang 2522 (BO!, SAN); Elpkinstone, Tawao, st. Oct 1922 – Mar 1923, A.D.E. Elmer, 20735 (BO!, SAN); Elpkinstone, Tawau, st. Oct 1922 – Mar 1923, A.D.E. Elmer, 21683 (BO!, SAN); Muara Mt., Tagal, st. 27 Jun 1912, Amdjah 142 (BO!); Kaingaran, Tambukan District, st. 30 Aug 1954, SAN 17588, G.H.S. Wood (BO!, SAN). West Borneo: Bukit Mahipit, st. 9 Dec 1924, Prof. Hans Winkler 675 (BO!); Dusun Ngira, Kec. Noyam, Kab. Sangau, st. 20 Feb 1994, Wilde Jong 727 (BO!); Palung Mt., Ketapang, fl.+fr. 22 Mar 1997, 5 Oct 1997, T.G. Laman et al. 963 (BO!); Ketapang, fl. 5 Oct 1997, T.G. Laman et al. 1101 (BO!); Serawai, 29 Jan 1995, Church et.al. 1603 (BO!); Sintang, Bukit Baka, fl.15 Oct 1993, Church et al. 100 (BO!); Sintang, Bukit Baka, fl. 24 Oct 1993, Church et al. 350 (BO!); Palung Mt. Nature Reserve, st. 10 Jun 1986, M. van Balgooy & van Setten 5382A (BO!); Semangit, Selimbau, st. 30 Nov 1983, J.J. Afriastini 1339 (BO!).
Central
Borneo: Mentaya R., Sangai, fr. 1 Dec 1994, E.R. Latuperissa 94390 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fr. 26 Oct 1982, H.P. Nooteboom 4071 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fr. 5 Dec 1982, H.P. Nooteboom 4186 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fr. 30 Jan 1983, H.P. Nooteboom 4708 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fr. 31 Jan 1983, H.P. Nooteboom 4717 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fr. 31 Jan 1983, H.P. Nooteboom 4777 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fr. 6 Feb 1983, H.P. Nooteboom 4867 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fl. 3 Dec 1982, J.P. Mogea 3917 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fr. 11 Dec 1982, J.P. Mogea 4101 (BO!); Bukit Raya, fl+fr. 13 Dec 1982, J.P. Mogea 4146 (BO!). Sintang, fl. 7 Apr 1994, Church et.al. 732 (BO!);
Sintang, fl. 23 Apr 1994, Church et.al. 1065 (BO!)
East Borneo: PT ITCI,
Balikpapan, fr. 14 Aug 1974, H. Wiriadinata 254 (BO!); Tanah Boemboe, Batoelitjin, st. 30 Oct 1928, v. Slooten 2216 (BO!); Muara Lun, Long Lees, fr. 1 Oct 1980, Maskuri 820 (BO!); Sangatta, fl. 01 Apr 1997, P.J.A. Kessler 2292 (BO!); W. Kutei, st. 30 Aug 1925, F.H. Endert 2990 (BO!); Kutei, st. 18 Jul 1976, K. Kartawinata 1306 (BO!); Tanah Merah, Lempake, st. Jul 1973, K. Kartawinata 731 (BO!); Martapura, st. 11 May 1921, BB 2177 Dachlan (BO!); Wanariset, Semboja, st. 12 Aug 1991, Ambri & Arifin 823 (BO!). South Borneo: Jaro Dam, st. 15 Nov 1971, K. Kartawinata 803 (BO!); Serempaka Mt., fr. 26 Nov 1971, K. Kartawinata 989 (BO!); Serempaka, fr. 27 Nov 1971, K. Kartawinata 1014 (BO!); Serempaka, fr. 28 Nov 1971, K. Kartawinata 1038 (BO!). Seiparang, Laut Is. st. 23 Dec 1928, L. Verhoef 69 (BO); Meratus mt. 20 Oct 1972, fl.+ fr. Vogel, E.F. de 1696 (BO!, L!); PHILIPPINES.
st., 16 Oct 1971, E.F.de Vogel 850 (BO!).
Luzon: Camarines, st. Dec 1913, Ramos 1530 (BO!, PNH);
Paracale, st. Nov - Dec 1918, M. Ramos & G. Edano 33593 (BO!, PNH); Agusan : Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, st. Oct 1912, A.D.E. Elmer 13544 (BO!, PNH); Cabadbaran, Mt. Urdaneta, st. Oct 1912, A.D.E. Elmer 14035 (BO!, PNH). Bohol, st. Aug – Oct 1923, M. Ramos 43372 (BO!). Surigao, st. 19 Jul 1927, C.A. Wenzel 2940 (BO!, PNH).
Alabat Isl., st. Sept. - Oct 1926, M. Ramos & G.
Edano 48061 (BO!, PNH). Mindanao: Lanao, st. Apr 1907, M.S. Clemens 1007 (BO!, PNH); Lanao, st. May – Jul 1926, F. Guerrero 30375 (BO!, PNH). Davao, st. Apr 1919, Angeles Selorio 27704 (BO!); Bukidnon, st. Aug 1912, E. Fenix 15683 (BO!, PNH); CELEBES. Koorders 16026
Minahasa(Manado), st. 26 Jan 1895, S.H.
(type of Orophea minahassae Boerlage) (BO!, L!); Minahasa,
st. 24 Mar 1895, S.H. Koorders 16028
(type of Orophea minahassae Boerlage)
(BO!, L!). MOLUCCAS. Halmahera: Bukit Taliki Mangari, fl. 29 Apr 1974, E.F.de Vogel 3209 (BO!); Sembilan mt., fr. 1 Oct 1951, Idjan & Mochtar 288 (BO!). NEW GUINEA. PAPUA (IRIAN JAYA). Aru Isl.: Tanimbar Is., st. 16 Mar 1938, Dr. P. Buwalda 4218 (BO!); Tanimbar Is., st. 21 Mar 1938, Dr. P. Buwalda 4351 (BO!).
25
26
27 1 18
2 3
4 19
5 8
1. Kedah: Mt. Luas, Kupang R. 2. Perak: Perak R. 3. Kelantan: Chalil R. 4. Trengganu: Bukit Besi, Dungun. 5. Pahang: Taman Negara. 6. Malacca: Bukit Sedanau, Seven Reserve. 7. Singapore: Bukit Timah. 8. North Sumatra: Simelungun. 9. Padang: Air Sirih, Padang. 10. Mentawai Islands, Siberut Is. 11. R i a u : Bukit Tigapuluh, Talanglakat. 12. Jambi : Ute River, Muara Bungo 13. South Sumatra: Palembang 14. Lampung: Waylima 15. West Java: Pajung Mt, Ujungkulon
20 29
6
28 7
21
11
22
9 10
12
23 13
24 14 16 30
15 17
Fig. 10. Distribution of Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl.
16. West Java: Depok 17. Nusakambangan 18. Bettatan, Sandakan. 19. Ulu Melinau, Baram. 20. Apas, Tawau 21. Ds Ngira, Noyam, Sangau 22. Bukit Raya 23. Wanariset, Semboja 24. Seiparang, Laut Is. 25. Luzon: Camarines 26. Surigao 27. Davao 28. Minahasa (Manado) 29. Bukit Taliki Mangari 30. Aru Isl.: Tanimbar
D
A
C B
Fig. 11. Popowia pisocarpa (Bl) Endl. A. Flowering twig,
B. Flower, Outer and inner petals
C. Stamen
D. Fruit
1 mm
2. Popowia pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f. et Th. - Fig. 12 (p.46). Popowia pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f. et Th. in Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 69; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 341 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 117 Pl. 159A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 75; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore XIV (1955) 470. - Type : Malay Peninsula, Malacca, Maingay s.n. (CAL, Kew, L) Tree. Young branches slender, dark - gray, strigose. Petiole 5 mm long, pubescent. Leaves 12.5 - 15 by 4 - 5 cm, elliptic - lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, membranous, granular on both surfaces, the upper glabrous, the lower sparsely adpressed-pilose on the midrib and nerves; nerves 9 -10 pairs, very oblique; reticulations faint, scalariform visible but not very straight. Flowers 7 mm in diam., extra - axillary, solitary or in pairs. Pedicels 3 - 7 mm long, rusty - strigose, with a basal bract. Sepals 1 – 2 mm long, ovate. Petals 1 – 2 mm long, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; up to 5 mm long, sub - orbicular, concave with inflexed apices. Stamens with flat - topped connective. Ovaries 6, strigose; style slightly elongated, stigma sub-capitate.
Ripe carpels
subsessile, globular, glabrous, purple, stalks 2 - 8 mm. Seed 1- 3, globose, rugose, erect.
DISTRIBUTION : Malay Peninsula (Malacca).
ECOLOGY : Grows in primary and secondary forest.
NOTES : Popowia pauciflora is very rare, known only from type,, more material is required as the description is not quite complete.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Maingay s.n. (L).
MALAY PENINSULA.
Malacca :
MALESIA REGION Malay Peninsula
Malacca
Fig.12.Distribution of P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hooker f.
F
E
A 1 mm
D B C
Fig. 13. Popowia pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f. A. Flowering twig, E. Gynoecium
B. Flower bud F. Carpel
C. Sepals and petals removed
D. Outer petals
3. Popowia fusca King, - Fig. 15 (p.50) . Popowia fusca King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 343 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 120 Pl. 162A; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 76. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore XIV (1955) 471 – 472. - Type : Malay Peninsula, Malaysia, Perak, near Ului Kwerling, at an elevation of 500 ft. King 8602 n.v. (Sing., CAL, Kew) Shrub or tree 5 - 15 m high. Young twigs dark rusty - tomentose, the older glabrous, striate and with numerous leaf scars. Petiole 3 - 6 mm long, tomentose. Leaves 7 - 23 by 3 - 9 cm, oval - oblong, obtuse or sub - acute, the base rounded and slightly unequal-sided, slightly coriaceous, thicker than in P. pisocarpa (Blume) Endl., minutely granular on the both surface, the upper surface puberulous, the midrib rusty-pubescent, the lower surface pubescent with thickened pubescent edges; nerves 8 - 10 pairs, prominent, curving, ascending rather steeply; reticulations fine but usually visible on the lower surface, scalariform. Flower extra-axillary in fascicle on very short bracteate tubercles. Pedicels about 5 mm long with a sub-median minute bract, rusty - tomentose. Sepals 2 mm long, ovate, obtuse, tomentose outside, glabrous inside, persistent. Petals the outer 2.5 - 3 mm long, cream colored, tomentose, broadly ovate; the inner 3.5 - 4 mm long with incurved apices; both sets united at base in one piece. Stamens 1 mm. long, the connectives flat-topped, red. Ovaries 6, oblong, slightly falcate, 1 mm. long, thinly pubescent; style very short, stigma wedge-shape, grooved on the top and the inner side. Ripe carpels 1 - 4, globose - falcate, asymmetrical, pubescent, 1.5 - 2 cm long, 1 cm in diam.; stalks 3 - 8 mm long. Seed solitary, tuberculate, ridged.
DISTRIBUTION : Malay Peninsula : Perak, Pahang, and Singapore; Borneo : Baram,
Samba, and Serawai. Sumatera : Tanjung Pinang.
ECOLOGY : Commonly grows in primary forest, hilly terrain, Dipterocarp forest with altitude up to 300 meters above sea level.
NOTES : The leaves are thicker and less shining than in P. pisocarpa (Bl) Endl. and have thickened pubescent edges; also the reticulations are visible below. The degree of pubescence varies a good deal. See notes under P.velutina King, a species which may not be distincted from this one.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. MALAY PENINSULA : P a h a n g : Stateland Raug, 23 Mar 1971, Zainuddin Sohadi 14704 (L!); Teku R., 29 Jul 1976, Kiah 31923 (BO!). Negeri Sembilan : Pasoh F.R., 16 Sep 1976, F.S.P. Ng 27008 (L!). J o h o r e. Maokil Mt., virgin jungle reserve, 22 Nov 1969, Loh Hoy Shing 6862 (L!). S i n g a p o r e. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, 16 Apr 1982, J.F. Maxwell 82137 (L!); Teban circle, Bukit Timah, 8 Jul 1950, J. Sinclair L.0195188 (L!); Bukit Timah, 16 Dec 1937, Ngadiman 34622 (BO!, L!); Forest Reserve, Bukit Timah, 30 Oct 1948, J. Sinclair (BO)!; Mac Ritchie Reservoir, 27 Jan 1949, J. Sinclair 37939 (BO!,L!); Bukit Timah, 9 Mar 1939, Ngadiman 36364 (BO!). SUMATRA. W e s t S u m a t r a. Padang Pariaman, Sipisang, 24 Feb 1994, Okada et al. 14 (BO!). Riau : Tanjung Pinang, Teysmann 17994 (BO!). BORNEO S a r a w a k. Pueh Mt., 21 Dec 1988, P.J.A. Kessler 278 and 282 (L!). Baram : Ulu Sg, Melinau paku, Tutoh, 25 May 1961, J.A.R. Anderson 4057 (BO!, L!); Mulu Mt. National Park, 40 2’ N, 1140 47’ E, 29 Oct 1977, G. Argent et al. 616 (L!). Kennedy bay, Silabukan forest Rest., 21 Apr 1967, Henry Tai Sin 58049 (L!). North of Camp III, Ulu Sg Danum, 3 Sep 1976, B.C. Stone et al. 85314 (L!). B r u n e i. Temburong, 7 Apr 1990, M.J.E. Coode et.al. 6591 (L!). Aug 1918, M. Castillo 650 (L!). N o r t h B o r n e o. Sandakan, Labuk road mile 50, 20 Apr 1971, Cockburn 73002 (L!). Lahat Datu: Ulu Sg. Segama, 16 Jul 1970, Ahmad Talip 70878 (L!); Kuala Beruang, 16 Jul 1970, P.F. Cockburn 71013 (L!). Ulu Luak, 17 May 1964, Othman Haron 21352 (BO!, L!). W e s t 0
B o r n e o.
0
Serawai, desa Jelundung, 0 30’ 57.5” S, 112 35’ 7” E, 29 Jan 1995, Church et al. 1597 (BO!, L!). Ketapang, 19 Mar 1997, Laman et.al. 909 (BO!). Amai Ambit, 1893 – 1894, H. Hallier 3239 (BO!, L!). C e n t r a l B o r n e o. Samba, 00 44’ 23.6” S, 112 0 50’ 47.4” E, 28 Jan 1995, Jarvie & Ruskandi 5522 (BO!); Samba, 00 42’ 55.2” S, 1120 50’ 34.8” E, 31 Jan 1995, Jarvie & Ruskandi 5776 (BO!); Samba R., 00 42’ 56.6” S, 1120 46’ 46.5” E, 12 Feb 1995, Jarvie & Ruskandi 6060
(BO!). Bukit Raya, Tumbang Tubus, 00 45’ S, 1120 51’ E, 5 Jan 1983 ,6 Jan 1983, Veldkamp 8008 (L!), 8083 (BO!, L!); Bukit Raya, Tumbang Riang, 1130 10’ E, 10 10’ S, 12 Jan 1983, H. Wiriadinata 3266 (L!); Bukit Raya, Katingan, 1120 50’ E, 00 50’ S, 11 Dec 1982, J.P. Mogea & W.J.J.O. de Wilde 4101 (L!); Bukit Raya 1120 47’ E, 00 45’ S, 5 Dec 1982, H.P. Nooteboom 4186 (L!); Bukit Raya, 1120 45’ E, 00 45’ S, 26 Nov 1982, H.P. Nooteboom 4046 (L!); Kotawaringin Timur, 1 0 29’ S, 112 0 31’ E, Nov 1993, Tuke 2442 (BO!).
MALESIA REGION
6
1 2
7 3 4
5
8 9
1. Pahang: Stateland Raug. 2. Negeri Sembilan : Pasoh F.R. 3 Johore.Maokil Mt., virgin jungle reserve 4. Singapore. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 5. Padang Pariaman, Sipisang 6. Sandakan, Labuk road mile 50. 7. Baram : Ulu Sg, Melinau paku, Tutoh 8. Bukit Raya, Tumbang Riang,113010’E, 1010’ S 9. Serawai, desa Jelundung, 00 30’ 57.5” S, 1120 35’7” E
Fig. 14. Distribution of Popowia fusca King
F
A
E C 1 mm
D B
Fig. 15. Popowia fusca King A. Flowering twig, B. Flower, petals removed D. Stamen E. Gynoecium F. Fruit
C. Flower, sepals and petals removed
4. Popowia velutina King, - Fig. 17 (p.53). Popowia velutina King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 341 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 120 Pl. 162 B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 77; Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore XIV (1955) 472 - 475. - Type : King s.n., Malaysia : Perak, at Kinta (BO!, CAL, KEP, L!, SING). Tree up to 12 m high. Young twigs covered with minute soft deep brown – tomentose, the older glabrous, striate and with numerous leaf scars. Petioles 2 – 3 mm long, dense pubescent or tomentose. Leaves 6.5 – 10 by 3 – 5 cm, elliptic – oblong or ovate – elliptic, acute or shortly and narrowly acuminate, slightly narrowed to the rounded sub - unequal base, slightly coriaceous; both surfaces minutely granular, the upper with a few scattered hairs; the lower dark brown and more densely and softly pubescent, both the midrib and nerves tomentose or pubescent; main nerves 6 – 7 (9) pairs, spreading; reticulations fine but usually visible on the lower surface, scalariform; Flowers about 2.5 mm in diam., solitary or in pairs, extra – axillary. Pedicels 6 mm long, densely tomentose, bracteolate. Sepals broadly ovate, sub - acute, densely tomentose outside, glabrous inside, persistent in the fruit. Petals sub - equal, thick, sub-orbicular, very tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Ripe carpels 12 mm long and 8.5 mm in diam., few, sometimes solitary, ovoid, blunt, slightly oblique at the base and slightly narrowed to the stalk, minutely velvetly – pubescent; stalks 5 mm long, tomentose. Seed solitary, glabrous, rugose.
DISTRIBUTION : MALAY PENNINSULA : Perak, Pahang, and Kerilla. SUMATERA : Indragiri, and muara Padjangki.
ECOLOGY : Low land dipterocarp forest and primary rain forest. Altitude up to 100 meters above sea level.
NOTES : A species very similar to P. fusca King, but leaves shorter, more pubescent beneath, fewer-nerved leaves, 6-7 pairs.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. MALAY PENINSULA.
P e r a k. Larut,
Gopeng-Kinta, fr. Jun 1883, Dr. King 4418 (BO!, L!) Type. K e l a n t a n. Taman Negara, fl. 28 Mar 1995, Latiff et al. 4116 (BO!). P a h a n g: Sempam Raub, fl. 16 Apr 1970, Soepadmo 661 (BO!, L!). Kampung 60 bek, Kerilla Estates, fr. 1 Mar 1959, Shah Md. et al. 499 (BO!, L!). SUMATRA. R i a u : Indragiri, Muara Padjangki, fr 11 Apr 1939, P. Buwalda 6495 (BO!, L!); Indragiri, fr. 16 Jul 1939, P. Buwalda 6894 (BO!, L!).
1
2 3
MALESIA REGION 4
1. Perak. Larut, Gopeng-Kinta 2. K e l a n t a n. Taman Negara 3. Pahang:Sempam Raub 4. Riau:Indragiri, Muara Padjangki
Fig.16. Distribution of Popowia velutina King
A
B
C
Fig. 17. Popowia velutina King A. Flowering twig
B. Carpel
C. Longitudinal section of carpel
5. Popowia tomentosa Maingay ex Hook. f. et Th. Popowia tomentosa Maingay ex Hook. f. et Th. Fig. 19 (p. 58). Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 70; King, Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 344 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 121 Pl. 163A; Ridley in Sarawak Mus. Journ. 1/3 (1913) 87 et F.M.P. 1 (1922) 77. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore XIV (1955) 474 – 475. - Type : Malacca, Maingay s.n. (K)
Tree. Young twigs softly and densely tomentose with chocolate-brown, 1 mm long, erect hairs, the older glabrous, striate and dark. Petioles 2-3 mm long, tomentose. Leaves 11-18 by 4 -6 (9) cm, oblong-elliptic to elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate, base rounded and unequal-sided, membranous, both surface especially the margins and midrib and midrib densely and softly tomentose with yellowish-brown, erect, 1 mm long hairs; nerves 12 pairs, curving evenly and running out to margin, prominent; reticulations faint, scalariform but not very straight. Flowers 1 cm in diam., extra-axillary in small fascicles. Pedicels 1 cm long or more, shaggy-tomentose with a minute basal and medial bract. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, tomentose outside like the pedicels, glabrous inside, 5 mm long. Petals cream colored, thick, united at the base, villous outside, glabrous and concave inside; outer ovate, 6 mm long, the inner larger, oblong, connivent, 7 mm long. Stamens 1.5 mm long with flat-topped connectives. Ovaries 7 - 9, oblong, pubescent, about 2 mm long; style a mere constriction, stigmas sub-capitate. Ripe carpels globose, slightly pubescent, 2 - 2.5 cm long and 1.7 cm in diam.; stalks 1 cm long. Seeds 2 - 4 orbicular, convex on one side and slightly concave on the other, pitted, with a circumferential ridge.
DISTRIBUTION : MALAY PENINSULA: Perak, Trengganu, Pahang, Penang, Malacca, and Singapore. SUMATRA : Besitang, Padang, Payakumbuh, and Taluk (Indragiri). BORNEO : Sandakan, Keningau, Ranau, Tawau, Kudat, Bukit Raya, Bontang and Sebaloun.
ECOLOGY
: swampy forest, low land forest of dipterocarp on flat
sandy soil, secondary - Primary Dipterocarp forest on hill side. 130 m
NOTES
: More hairy than any of the other Malaya species and with larger
flowers. Nearest to P. hirta Miquel from Sumatra.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. MALAY PENINSULA. P e r a k : Grik, st. 6 Nov 1961, F.C. Yong 94693 (BO!). T r e n g g a n u: Dungun, Kampung Padang Pulut, fr. 28 Jul 1992, FRI 39204 Noorsiha et al. (KEP, L!). P a h a n g: Sungai Rangit, fr. 13 Nov 1969, FRI 13658 B. Everett (L!). P e n a n g: Tiger hall, st. 10 Oct 1951, SFN 39280 J. Sinclair (BO!). S i n g a p o r e: Mandai Road of Seletar reservoir, fl.+fr. 31 Mar 1953, SFN 39540 J. Sinclair (BO!); Kemabang forest reserve, fl. 2 Apr 1957, SFN 40993 W.L. Chew and Kiah (L!). SUMATRA. N o r t h S u m a t r a. River Besitang, Sikundur forest reserve 30 55’ N. 98 0 05’ E., fl.+fr.7 Aug 1979, W.J.J.O de Wilde and B.E.E. de Wilde 19556 (BO!, L!). W e s t S u m a t r a: Padang, near continental plantation company concession, fr Nov – Dec 1932, B.A. Krukoff 4378 (L!). Pajahkumbuh, Mt. Sago, st. 11 May 1957, P. Maradjo 153 (L!); Pajahkumbuh, Mt. Sago, fl.11 May 1957, P. Maradjo 167 (L!). R i a u: Mt. Bukit Tigapuluh, fr. 09 Nov 1988, J.S. Burley et al. 1311 (BO!, L!). Indragiri, Taratak air hitam, fr. 25 Jan 1956, Amiruddin et al. 45 (L!). BORNEO. S a r a w a k: Blok no. 18 Bintulu Lumber co. area, Suai Miri 4th Division, fl. 26 Jul 1977, S 39206 Ilias Paie (L!). N o r t h B o r n e o: Sandakan, Sepilok forest reserve, fr. 16 Jun 1992, SAN 133090 W. Meijer et al. (L!, SAN); Sandakan, Bettotan, fr. 24 Aug 1927, SFN 19188 C.B. Kloss (BO!, SAN). Sandakan, fr. 11 Aug 1978, SAN 88875 L. Madani (L!, SAN). Tampias, Telupid, Ranau, fl.+fr. 14 Dec 1974, SAN 81112 Aban and Kodoh (L!, SAN). Tawau, mile 12 Hapseng logged area, fr. 27 Mar 1979, SAN 89795 Fediliks and Sumbing (BO!). Kudat, Labuan forest reserve, fl.+ fr. 28 Feb 1932, BNB 1807
P. Orolfo (BO!).
Keningau, Mile 16 Nabawan Keningau road, fr.15 Jul 1976, SAN 83765 D. Sundaling (L!); Keningau, Mile 10 Nabawan Keningau road, st. 12 Aug 1976, SAN 83831 D. Sundaling (L!). Fl.+ fr.Teysmann, 1086 (BO!). C e n t r a l B o r n e o: Bukit Raya 1120 47’ E, 00 45’ S, fl.+fr. 23 Dec 1982, H.P. Nooteboom 4395 (BO!,L!). Kotawaringin Timur, fl.+fr. 19 May 1993, Argen G. et al., 93198
(BO!). E a s t B o r n e o: Bengalon., 6 Apr 1996, Ambriansyah et al. 1661 (BO!, L!). Sebalamo, fl.+fr., Teysmann 10846 (BO!, L!).
MALESIA REGION
1
2
9 10
6 3
11
4 5 13
7
12
8
1. Perak:Grik, 6 Nov 1961 2. Trengganu: Dungun, Kampung Padang Pulut. 3. Pahang:Sungai Rangit. 4. Penang: Tiger hall. 5. Singapore:Mandai Road of Seletar reservoir 6. River Besitang, Sikundur forest reserve 30 55’ N. 980 05’ E. 7. Pajahkumbuh, Mt. Sago 8. Padang, near continental plantation company conces-sion. 9. Sandakan, Sepilok forest reserve 10. Tampias, Telupid, Ranau 11. Tawau, mile 12 Hapseng logged area 12. Bukit Raya 1120 47’ E, 00 45’ S. 13. Bengalon
Fig. 18. Distribution of Popowia tomentosa Maingay ex Hk.fi.
1mm
C
A
1mm
D
2 cm
E B
Fig. 19. Popowia tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f. A. Flowering twig B. Outer and inner petals D. Gynoecium E. Carpel
C. Stamen
6. Popowia tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f. et Th. var. crinita Sinclair Popowia tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f.et Th. var. crinita Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore XIV (1955) 474 – 475. - Type : Perak, Ulu Bubong, 1886, King 10058 (CAL, D.D., Kew,Sing!), Young twigs covered over hairs. Leaves 13 – 18 by 5 – 8.5 cm, with about 2 mm long hairs, elliptic, acuminate or caudate – acuminate, base sub-cordate, on both side and in margin petiole setose, nerves 16 – 18 pairs.
DISTRIBUTION : MALAY PENINSULA : Perak, Trengganu, and Penang. SUMATERA : Riau (Bukit Tigapuluh), Jambi (Pasir mayang).
BORNEO :
th
Sarawak (Lambir National Park, Miri 4 division), West Borneo (Mt. Guntung, Sukadana) and East Borneo (ITCI concession area, Clara hill plot).
ECOLOGY : Grows in primary swampy forest, Dipterocarp primary forest with altitude 400 meters above sea level.
NOTES
: The pubescence is less dense and the the hairs are longer, about 2
mm. and are setose.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. MALAY PENINSULA. P e r a k: Kelang Amang Tronoh, fr. 15 Jul 1986, KL 3559 L.E. Teo (L!); near Ulu Kerling, Mar 1886, Dr. King 8540 (BO!); Perak, Ulu Bubong, 1886, King 10058 (C., D.D., Kew,S!). T r e n g g a n u : Kerbat Mt., 30 Jun 1971, FRI 20310 T.C. Whitmore (L!); Kuala Trengganu, Besut road, fr. 8 Sep1955, SFN 40770 J. Sinclair et al. (BO!, L!, SING); Ulu brang, Jul 1937, SFN 33812 L. Moysey and Kiah (BO). Penang, Western hill, fr. 7 Sep 1982, FRI 29312 K.M. Kochummen (L). SUMATERA. R i a u: Mt.Tigapuluh, fl.+fr. 9 Nov 1988, Burley, J.S. et al. 1311 (BO, L). J a m b i: Dusun Pasir Mayang, fr. Dec-80, TFB 2012 Y. Laumonier (L). BORNEO. S a r a w a k: Lambir National Park, Miri 4 th division, fr. 17 Sep 1978, S 40253 Rena George (L!). Near Long Kapa, Mt. Dulit (Ulu Tinjar) 4th devision, fl. 29 Oct 1932, Richard 2360 (BO!) W e s t B o r n e o: Mt. Guntung, Sukadana, 15 Dec 1983,
Afriastini, J.J. 1407 (BO). E a s t B o r n e o: ITCI concession area, Clara hill plot, fr. 7 Jun 1989, M. van Balgooy 5841 (BO!, L!).
MALESIA REGION
1
MALESIA REGION 2 6
3
4
5
1. Perak: Kelang Amang Tronoh 2. Trengganu: Kerbat Mt. 3. Penang, Western hill. 4. Riau: Mt.Tigapuluh. 5. Jambi: Dusun Pasir Mayang. 6. Sarawak: Near Long Kapa, Mt. Dulit (Ulu Tinjar) 4th devision. 7. Mt. Guntung, Sukadana ITCI concession area, Clara hill plot.
Fig. 20. Distribution of Popowia tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair
7
7. Popowia hirta Miquel Popowia hirta Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. II (1865 – 1866) 21 - 22. - Type : Sumatra, West Sumatra, Korthals s.n., (BO!, L!).
Small tree or tree 3 - 15 m high with spreading, slender branches. Young twigs tomentose, the older dark brown colored, striate. Petioles 2 – 5 mm long. Leaves 7 – 25 by 3 – 13 cm, elliptic - oblong or elliptic – obovate, acuminate, base obtuse - rounded, unequal side, sub-coriaceous, on both surface strongly glabrous, above on midrib dense, tomentose – hairy; nerves 9 – 13 pairs, curving, prominent, reticulation faint, scalariform. Peduncle opposite leaf, later few flowers; sepals ovate, acuminate, base conneate, membrane, lower surface on the side apical hairy, the other side glabrous; Outer petals broad – ovate, acute, on the inner boat shape, with sub apical and near to margin, dense like to snow – white straight hairs; stigma capitate; carpel sub mature extremely short – stipitate, ellipsoidalis, with pedicel epical permanent spread hairs.
DISTRIBUTION : MALAY PENINSULA : Kelantan. SUMATERA : Padang, Riau (Bukit Tigapuluh), Palembang (Banyuasin) and Lampung. BORNEO : Brunei (Belait), North Borneo (Kudat, Lahat Datu), Central Borneo (Bukit Raya), and East Borneo (Berau, Samarinda and Kutei).
ECOLOGY : Disturbed low land Dipterocarp forest, mixed Dipterocarp lowland forest, primary forest hill side. Altitude 200 meter above sea level.
NOTES
: Distinguished by species, large leaves and sub young exceedingly
hairs, adult much glabrous.
Branchlets terete dense spread-hair-tomentose,
indumentum present dirty red-gray.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. MALAY PENINSULA. K e l a n t a n, fl. 28 Mar 1995, Latiff et.al, 4116 (L!). SUMATRA. W e s t S u m a t r a: L 0190105 P.W. Korthals (L!); L 0190106 P.W. Korthals (L!); L 0190107 P.W. Korthals (L!), L
0190108 P.W. Korthals (L!); L 0190109 P.W. Korthals (L!). Hoeta Padang, near the continental plantation company concession, Asahan, east coast, fl.+fr. Dec 1932, B.A. Krukoff 4389 (BO!, L!). R i a u: Mt.Tigapulu, Bukit Karampal area, Rengat – Jambi road, st. 9 Nov 1988, J.S. Burley et al. 1314 (BO!, L!); Mt.Tigapulu, Bukit Karampal area, Rengat – Jambi road, fl.+fr. 13 Nov 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 1415 (BO!, L!). J a m b i: Upper Batanghari, fr, Dec 1980, TFB 2012 Y. Laumonier (L!). S o u t h S u m a t r a: Palembang, Banyuasin, fl.+fr. Jun 1920, 186 EIP 897 F.H. Endert (BO!). Lampung, 18 Feb 1921, H.J. Dirksen 25 (L!). BORNEO. Brunei: Temburong, Bukit Biang, st. 17 Oct 1989, L.L. Forman 902 (L!); Temburong, Selapon valley of Selapon river, st. 20 Nov 1990, J. Dransfield 6981 (L!); Belait, fr. 3 Mar 1992, J. Dransfield 7275 (L!); Belait, Labi road KM 29, fr. 19 Aug 1991, Niga Nangkat, 308 (L!).
N o r t h B o r n e o:
Kudat, Bengloka forest reserve area, st. 7 Sep 1972, SAN 75974 G. Shea and F. Minjulu (L!). Tenom, Mendalom forest reserve area, fr. 20 Sep 1986, SAN 116677 K. Fidilis (L!, SAN). Lahat Datu, Kennedy bay, fr. 19 Nov 1964, A. Talip 47619 (L!). C e n t r a l B o r n e o: Bukit Raya, fl.+fr. 23 Dec 1982, H. Nooteboom 4395 (L). 3 Apr 1995, E.R. Latuperissa 95009 (BO!, L!). E a s t B o r n e o: Berau, PT Inhutani, fr. 13 Oct 1998, B 1360 P.JA. Kessler (BO!); Berau, fl.+fr. 6 Mar 2000, B1628 P.J.A. Kessler (BO!); Berau, Km 37 Labaman, st. 1 Oct 1996, Arbainsyah et al. 2046 (BO!). Samarinda, Wanariset area, st. 15 Aug 1990, Ambri et al. 297 (L!); PT Inhutani area Balikpapan – Samarinda, fr. 4 Jul 1995, Ambri et al. 1270 (BO!, L!). ITCI concession area, Clara’s hill plot, fr. 07 Jun 1989, M. van Balgooy 5841 (L). S.E. of Samarinda Bambangan River, fl.+fr. 14 Aug 1951, A. Kostermans 6090 (BO!, L!); Bambangan River, fl.+ fr.14 Aug 1951, A. Kostermans 6097 (BO!). Lempake, Tanah Merah, fl.+fr. 20 Jan 1977, Maskuri 163 (BO!). Kutei reserve, Teluk Kaba, fl.+fr. 26 May 1970, R. Soegeng 105 (BO!). Kutai reserve, Mentoko River, st. 1 Mar 1979, M. Leighton 706 (L!). st. 13 Oct 1997, P.J.A. Kessler 900 (BO!). E.Kutei, Mahakam estuary, fl.+fr. 15 Aug 1956, A. Kostermans 12513 A (BO!). 8 Oct 1963, A. Kostermans 21148 (BO!). Liang gagang, fr. 17 May 1998, H. Hallier 1270 (BO). Lianggagang, fl.+fr. 1893-1894, H. Hallier 2917 (BO!). Tanjung Bangko, fl.+fr.
5 Jun 1952, A. Kostermans 7181 (BO!, L!). Tutong, fl.+fr. 14 Nov 1990, D. Kirkup 289 (L!).
MALESIA REGION
6
1
7
9 10
8
2 3
11 4
5
1. Kelantan 2. Hoeta Padang, near the continental plantation company concession, 3. Riau: Mt.Tigapulu, Bukit Karampal area. 4. Palembang, Banyuasin 5. Lampung 6. Kudat, Bengloka forest reserve area. 7. Lahat Datu, Kennedy bay 8. Bukit Raya 9. Berau, Km 37 Labaman 10. Samarinda, Wanariset area 11. Lempake, Tanah Merah
Fig. 21. Distribution of Popowia hirta Miquel
8. Popowia cyanocarpa Lauterb and K. Schum Popowia cyanocarpa Lauterb and K. Schum in Fl. Deutsch. Sudsee 317. - Type : Hollrung 395 New Guinea (BO!, L!) Tree 3 m height; young twigs rugose-tomentose, the older dark brown, tomentulose, slender, striate and with numerous leaf scars. Petiole 4 - 5 mm long, 2 mm in diam., tomentose. Leaves length 12 – 19 cm; breadth 4 – 6.5 cm, elliptic - oblong, sub acuminate - acute, base cuneate and slight rounded, unequal side, coriaceous, both surface minutely granular, upper glossy except the sunk and slightly glabrous midrib, the lower appressed puberulent on the midrib and veins; nerve 6 – 9 pairs prominent curving; reticulation faint, scalariform fine. Ripe carpels globose.
DISTRIBUTION : New Guinea (Sepik District).
ECOLOGY
NOTES
: Grows in primary and secondary forest.
: Leaves coriaceous, base cuneate – rounded with nerves 6 – 9
pairs.
SPECIMENS EXAMINE : PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG) : Kaiser Wilhel mt., fr., 1886, U. M. Hollrung 395 (BO!, L!) (Type). Borssum, W.J. van, 4012; Schodde, R., 4676; Sepik district, Ambunti, fl + fr. 30 Jun 1966, R.D. Hoogland et al. 10393 (BO!, L!).
MALESIA REGION MALESIA REGION
1 2
1. Kaiser Wilhel mt., 2. Sepik district, Ambunti
Fig. 22. Distribution of Popowia cyanocarpa Lauterb. and Schum.
9. Popowia novoguineensis Miquel Popowia novoguineensis in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. II (1865 – 1866) 21. - Type : New Guinea, pres de Ramoi, Beccari P.P. 367 n.v.
Leaves , length 8.5 – 12 cm, breadth 3.5 – 4 cm, elliptic – oblong or lanceolate, apex subacuminate, base acute, chartaceous, the upper surface shining, glabrous, sub-granular, the lower surface pubescent, on both side tomentose on the midrib; nerves 6 – 8 pairs; reticulation prominent, reticulate; petioles short, 2 – 3 mm long. Flower axillary or subterminal. Sepal ovate, acute sparingly minutely pubescent; carpel ca. 10, oblique narrowly ellipsoid pale yellow. Covered with strigal (strigilose) with the ovule solitary mature from cylindrical not enough thickened ca. eight together stipitate globose or sub globose.
DISTRIBUTION : NEW GUINEA. PAPUA (West Papua Province): Mysole isl. (Waigama).
ECOLOGY
NOTES
: Commonly grows in secondary or primary forest.
: Leaves chartaceous, base acute, nerves 6 – 8 pairs, reticulate.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. NEW GUINEA. IRIAN JAYA. : Mysola Isl., Waigama, fl.+fr. 1886, Teysmann 821(BO!).
1
MALESIA REGION MALESIA REGION
2
Mysol Isl., Waigama
Fig. 23. Distribution of Popowia novoguineensis Miquel
10. Popowia clavata Diels Popowia clavata Diels in Engl. Jahrb. III (1915) 181. - Type : Kaiserin Augusta Fluss, Felsspitze, im Gebirgswald 1400 - 1500 m alt, bluehend am 5 Aug 1913, Ledermann 12633 (B) n.v.; paratype Ledermann 10099 (BO!,L!), 12711, 12827 (BO!,L!).
Shrub or trees 1 – 15 m high. Young twigs greyish - dark brown, glabrous, striate. Petioles 3 – 6 mm long. Leaves length 12 – 19 cm, breadth 4.5 – 6.5 cm, dry shining, narrowly ovate, elliptic, apex acuminate or obtuse, base cuneate, unequal-sided, chartaceous, on both side pilose when young leaves, upper surface glabrous and lower surface pubescent in adult leaves, the lower glabrous on the midrib and veins, nerves 6 – 7 pairs, angle acute ascending (having a direction up wards with an oblique base), reticulation prominent, scalariform, variously size. Flowers in corymb (little a cluster of flowers), peduncle with few flowers, 2 – 12 mm long; pedicel 6 – 10 mm long, very straight conspicuous clavate (club-shape/gradually thickening up wards from a very tapering base) – thickened sub middle bracteole. Sepal , 3 mm length, 2.5 mm wide, triangular – ovate, concave, pubescent; Petals whitish, base connate; outer petal, 4.5 mm length, 2.5 mm wide, obovate – elliptic, pubescent; inner petal 2.5 mm length, 3 mm wide, thick, excavatus. Stamens 18, carpel 4; stigma sub-pyriform, obtuse. Ripe carpels 1. DISTRIBUTION : NEW GUINEA. PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG): Sepik District (Sepik Gebit) and Morobe District (Aseki valley).
ECOLOGY
: Disturbed in primary forest on limestone hill, with altitude
up to 120 meters above sea level.
NOTES
: The upper surface of leaf glabrous, chartaceous, petioles up to 6
mm long and ripe carpel 1.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG). S e p ik D i s t r i c t : Sepik Gebit, 1912-1913, C.L. Ledermann 10099 (paratype: BO!, L!); Sepik Gebiet, 1912 – 1913, C.L. Ledermann 10208 (L!); Sepik Gebiet, fr. 1912 – 1913, C.L. Ledermann 12827 (paratype : BO!, L!). Morobe District: Aseki valley ca. 2 miles South East of Aseki, fr. 27 Apr 1966, R. Schodde and L.A. Craven 5059 (L!).
MALESIA REGION MALESIA REGION 1
2
1. Sepik Gebit 2. Morobe Aseki valley
Fig. 24. Distribution of Popowia clavata Diels
11. Popowia shefferiana Diels Popowia shefferiana Diels in Engl. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 136. - Type : Beccari 291, New Guinea (FI) n.v. (BO, L). Shrub or small tree 2 – 10 meter high with spreading, slender. Young twigs the grey - blackish colored, glabrous. Petioles 4 mm long, glabrous. Leaves 6.5 – 12 by 2.8 – 4.5 cm, elliptic - lanceolate, shortly acuminate, base cuneate, unequal-side, chartaceous, both surface subgranular, the upper glabrous – glossy, the lower glabrous on the midrib and nerves; nerves 7 – 9 pairs; reticulation prominent, scalariform fine. Flowers extra-axillary. Petals at the base connate; the outer ones more than shorter, their shape and size about the same as the sepals the inner ones two times as long, at the base not clawed but subcordate, the top margin swollen, and lightly coherent, folded in wards; stamens 12, in two rows, the connective at the base, ovaries 8, ovule one; stigma falled, papillose; fruit small, globose.
DISTRIBUTION : MOLUCCAS : Kairatu (Ceram Island); Totodoku (Morotai Island).
NEW GUINEA : PAPUA (IRIAN JAYA) Province (Aru
Archipelago (Kobroor Island); Mamberamo (Jayapura); Pami, Tafelberg, and Sidei (Manokwari)) and PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG) (Yapa (Sepik District); Morobe (Morobe District); Middle Tauri R. (Gulf District), Brown R., Kurira, Maipa, Mori R., and Port Moresby (Central District), Brahman (Madang District)).
ECOLOGY
: Disturbed in lowland rain forest on flats, on coral covered
limestone by primary forest.
NOTES : Native name: Mak’lum, fafima - afuy (Kobroor); kumiyagka (Waskuk - ambunti), Fahabi (Wagu- Ambunti) – Sepik District.
SPECIMEN EXAMINE : MOLUCCAS. W. Ceram is., Kairatu,fr. 4 Jun 1959, K. Kartawinata et al. 68 (BO!, L!). Tatodaku, Morotai, fl.+fr.14 May 1949, A Kostermans 765 (BO!). NEW GUINEA.
IRIAN JAYA. P. Kobroor, Aru Is., fl.
27 Oct 1994, H.P. Nooteboom 5916 (BO!, L); P. Kobroor, Aru Is., fl.+fr. 1 Nov 1994, H.P. Nooteboom 6002 (BO!, L). Manokwari : Tafelberg, fl.+fr. 12 Jun 1956, C. Kalkman 3510 (BO!); R. Pami, fl.+fr. 22 Aug 1957, C.H. Koster 4361 (BO!); Sidei, fl.+fr. 28 Mar 1958, H.A. van de Sijde 5571 (BO!). Jayapura. Mambramo Albatros, Nov 1926, Dr. van Leeuwen 11295 (BO!, L!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG).
Central District :
Kuriva, fl.fr. 4 May 1971, H.
Streimann et al. 51511 (BO!, L); Mori R., Abu sub dist., fl.+fr. 12 Feb 1969, E.E. Henty et al. 41849 (L!); Mori R., fl.+fr. 21 Apr 1964, C.D. Sayers 19652 (BO!, L!); Brown River, fl.+fr. 30 Jun 1981, A. Kairo 615 (L!); Kairuhu, fl. 20 Sep 1962, P.J. Darbyshire 1000 (BO!, L!). Gulf District. Mid. Tauri River., fl.+fr. 14 Mar 1966, L.A. Craven et al. 1032 (L!). Morebe District. Sattelberg, fl.+fr. 20 Dec 1935, J. Clemens 1312 (L!). Sepik District : Hunstein River, Ambunti Sub dist., fl.+fr. 25 Jul 1966, R.D. Hoogland et al. 10647 (L!). Port Moresby, Fl.+fr. 15 Aug 1967, A. Kairo et al. 30902 (L!). Madang District, Bundi, fl.+fr. 17 Mar 1972, E.E. Henty 49252 (BO!).
MALESIA REGION
1
3 5 2 6
4
3
7
8 9
1. Tatodaku, Morotai
4. P. Kobroor, Aru Is
7. Gulf District. Mid. Tauri River. 8. Morebe District. Sattelberg 3. Manokwari : Tafelberg 6. Madang District, Bundi 9. Port Moresby
12.2. W. Popowia polytricha Ceram isl., Kairatu 5.Diels Mambramo Albatros
Fig. 25. Distribution of Popowia schefferiana Diels.
Popowia polytricha Diels in Journ. Arnold Arb. X (1929) 76. - Type : New Guinea. Papua New Guinea (PNG), Bisiatabu on the edges of forest, alt. 460 m., No 586.
Tree bearing branches, 7 m high, with bark grey. Branched foliaceous light brown mixed with yellow. Petioles very short. Leaves 6 – 8.5 by 2.5 – 4.5 cm, elliptic or obovate – elliptic, apex short acuminate, subchartaceous, upper surface glabrous, lower surface sub light brown, dense pubescent, with unequal side, nerves a little slightly raised, secondary nerves 6 – 8 pairs. Flower solitary, peduncle 5 – 7 mm long. Sepals broadly triangular, 1.5 mm length, 2.5 mm wide, on the outside dense pubescent. Petals especially on the outside minutely tomentose, outer petals, subovate, ca. 2 mm length, 2 – 2.5 mm wide; inner petals, thick, on the outside conspicuously major, 3 – 3.5 mm length, 2 – 2.5 mm wide; Stamens 15 – 18, 1 mm long; carpels 6, dense sericeous, stigma subobovoid possesed of, 2 mm long.
DISTRIBUTION : New Guinea. Papua New Guinea (PNG) : Bisiatabu
ECOLOGY
: on the edges of forest, alt. 460 m. asl.
NOTES
: This species which is characterized by the cinnamon-colored,
densely pubescent under-side of the leaves differ from P. schefferiana Diels. Diels with which it agrees in the shape of the petals, in the tomentulous branchlets, considerably broader leaves and fewer carpels.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED : New Guinea. Papua New Guinea (PNG), Bisiatabu on the edges of forest, alt. 460 m., Brass 586 (NY).
MALESIA REGION MALESIA REGION
1
1
Bisiatabu
Fig. 26. Distribution of Popowia polytricha Diels.
13. Popowia platyphylla Diels Popowia platyphylla Diels in Engl. Jahrb. 3 (1915) 182. - Type : Papua New Guinea, Kaiserin, Sepik, Aug1913, Ledermann 11373. (not seen in BO and L).
Small tree, branch bark dark brown. Young twigs dense hairs - pilose. Petioles small, 1 – 3 mm long. Leaves 12 – 18 by 5 – 7.5 cm, broadly elliptic or elliptic, chartaceous, apex acuminate, base narrowed and unequal-side, narrow minutely spot on the upper side, the lower hairs – pilose on the midrib and veins with distinct long ascending hair, primary nerves on both side ca. 7 pairs, from midrib angle beneath prominent.
Flowers soliter, peduncle short, very stright
dark pilose, 2 – 3 mm long. Sepals triangular, dark – hispid – pilose, 4 mm length, 3.5 mm wide. Petals whitish, outer petals on the in side short, pilose , 4 mm length, 2.5 mm wide; inner petals thick, pilose, base hollowed out in a curve, apex long curved in wards, 5 – 6 mm length, 4 mm wide. Stamens 12, vertical, flat; carpel 6, ovary hairy, long springkled; stigma glabrous or minute pappilose, ovoid – ellipsoid.
DISTRIBUTION : NEW GUINEA. PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG) : Sepik District.
ECOLOGY
NOTES
: Commonly grows in primary rain forest
: The above description is taken from the Annales du Jardin
Botanique de Buitenzorg.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED : Papua New Guinea, Kaiserin, Sepik, Aug1913, Ledermann 11373.
MALESIA REGION 1 MALESIA REGION
1
Kaiserin, Sepik
Fig. 27. Distribution of Popowia platyphylla Diels.
14. Popowia nooteboomii Moeljono. sp. nov. - Fig. 29 (p.77). Popowia nooteboomii Moeljono Type : Papua, Kobroor Isl., fr. 22 Oct 1994, H.P. Nooteboom 5842 (L!).
Folia chartacea, oblonga – oblanceolata, apice acuminata, basa cuneata, inaequilateralis, supra glabra, 6 – 11 cm longa, 2 – 3 cm lata, nervi prominuli, laterales primarii 5 – 7, pedicellis 12 mm longis.
Shrub 1 m high. Young twigs brown - tomentulose, the older dark colour, glabrous, striate.
Petiole 1 - 2 mm long. Leaves chartaceous, oblong -
oblanceolate, acuminate, base cuneate, unequal side, the upper glabrous, the lower adpressed glabrous on the midrib and veins; nerve 5 – 7 pairs prominent curving very oblique; reticulation faint, scalariform very fine; length 6 – 11 cm.; breadth 2 – 3 cm. Flower extra axillary, single. Pedicels 12 mm long. Sepals 1,5 mm long, ovate, acute, spreading, nearly as large as the outer petals tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals the outer 1,5 mm long, rounded, densely pubescent outside, glabrous inside; the inner slightly longer up to 3 mm, incurved at the apex. Stamens 12, short, ca. 1 mm long, broad, the connective truncate, flat-topped or slightly concave.
Ovaries 4 or 6,
pubescent with white hair, style very short, stigmas wedged-shaped to subcapitate, grooved at the top and adaxially, the surface rough but glabrous, usually adhering to form a disc.
DISTRIBUTION. NEW GUINEA : Koba island and Kobroor island (Aru Archipelago).
ECOLOGY. Grows in primary rain forest on coral covered limestone, low altitude.
NOTES : This species can be distinguished with other species by pedicel (12 mm long), and its probably nearest to P. bancana. They have similar leave texture chartaceous with the lower surface glabrous.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED. NEW GUINEA : Kobroor Isl., fr. 22 Oct 1994, H.P. Nooteboom 5842 (L!); Kobroor Isl., fr. 27 Apr 1993, M. van Balgooy et al. 6487 (L!); Koba Isl., fr. 3 Nov 1994, M. van Balgooy 6801 (BO!).
MALESIA REGION MALESIA REGION
1
1
Aru Is. : Kobroor Isl.; Koba Isl.
Fig. 28. Distribution of Popowia nooteboomii Moeljono
B
D
A E
G C
H
F
Fig. 29 Popowia nooteboomii Moeljono A. Flowering twig. B. Flower bud. C. Outer and inner petals. D. Inner petals E. Outer petals. F. Flower, petals removed. G. Stamen H. Gynoecium.
15.
Popowia bancana Scheffer
Popowia bancana Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. ii (1885) 17. - Type : Bangka, Pangkal Pinang, Soengei-liat, Mt. Menoembing, Teysmann No. 17849 (BO!), 17850 (BO!), 17851 (BO!), 17853 (BO!).
Tree up to 20 m high, diameter 14 cm with smooth trunkbud green. Young twigs pubescent, dark grey - blackish colored, striate. Petioles 1 – 1.5 mm long. Leaves 7.5 – 10.5 by 3 - 5 cm, ovate - elliptic or lanceolate, apex abrupt acuminate, base always unequal, very frequently acute, rare obtuse, never emarginated, chartaceous, midrib archedly ascending; nerves 7 – 10 pairs, reticulation prominent, scalariform. Flowers, small, extra-axillary or pseudoterminal, peduncles are 1 – 2 mm long, the pedicels are 1.5 mm long, bracts reddish – hairy.
Sepals broadly cordate, acute, dark brown – tomentose,
spreading. Petals grey – whitish covering, outerpetals elliptic, acute, concave, on the inside glabrous, sub of the same length sepal, inner petals base clawed, on the upperside narrowed base part of the petals.
Stamen equal long,
coherence, boat – shape, apex strongly thickened, with strongly pilose, lightly/middly bent inward, outward/outer sub long; stamen 15, connective broadly truncate, ovaries 6 – 7, pilose, stigma large club-shape, ovule single.
DISTRIBUTION : BORNEO. North Borneo (Dallas), West Borneo (Pontianak, Kotawaringin Timur), Central Borneo (Sintang), East Borneo (Balikpapan, and Samarinda), and South Borneo (Muara Uya). SUMATRA : Lobok besar and Pangkal Pinang (Bangka).
ECOLOGY : Commonly grows in forest up to 150 meter above sea level.
NOTES
: Vernacular name in Bangka is mesidung or mesidun, and tebabak.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED : SUMATRA, Sipisang, Padangpariaman, fl.+fr. 24 Feb 1994, H. Okada et al., 14 (BO!). Bangka, Lobok Besar, 29 Aug 1949, A. Kostermans et al., 175 (BO!,L!); Bangka, Lobok Besar, fl. 1 Sep 1949, A. Kostermans et al., 268 (BO!,L!).; Bangka, Lobok Besar, fl. 5 Sep 1949, A. Kostermans et al., 422 (BO!,L!).; Bangka, Lobok Besar, fl. 9 Sep 1949, A. Kostermans et al. 546 (BO!,L!); Bangka, Sungai Liat, Teysmann 17850 (BO!) (Type);
Bangka, Menumbiang, Teysmann 17851 (BO!) (type);
Bangka, Pangkal Pinang, Teysmann 17853 (BO!) (type); Bangka, 4 Dec 1917, H.A.B. Bünnemeijers 2256 (BO!,L!). BORNEO. NORTH BORNEO : Tawau, fl.+fr. 2 Jul 1959, Meijer, W., 19441, (BO!); Miri, fl. 20 May 1964, Othman Haron, 21391 (BO!,L!); Dallas, 4 Nov 1931, J. Clemens & M.S. Clemens, 27038 (BO); Penibukan, Kinabalu, fl.+fr. 4 Jan 1933, J. Clemens & M.S. Clemens, 30637 (BO!); Penibukan, Kinabalu, fl.+fr. 15 Feb 1933, J. Clemens & M.S. Clemens, 31610 (BO!). WEST BORNEO : Mt. Palung, fr.+w. 8 Jun 1986, M. van Balgooy et al., 5328 (BO!); Kotawaringin Timur, Jun 1994, Tuke 15149 (L!); Serewai, W of Borneo, fr. 24 Jan 1995, A.C. Church et al., 1445 (BO!, L!); Kec. Nayau, Kab Sanggau, 20 Feb 1994, Wilde Jong 727 (BO!, L!). CENTRAL BORNEO: Sintang, fl.+fr. 14 Apr 1994, A.C. Church et al. 901 (BO!, L!); Bukit Raya, fr.+w. 30 Jan 1983, H.P. Nooteboom 4777 (BO!, L!); Bukit Raya, 6 Feb 1983, H. P. Nooteboom 4867 (BO!, L!).
EAST BORNEO : Loa Haur, fl. 9 May 1952, A.
Kostermans et al. 6792 (BO!); Mt.Beratus, Balikpapan, fl.+fr. 19 Jul 1952, A. Kostermans et al. 7628 (BO!); Sembuni, Balikpapan, fl. 20 Jul 1952, A. Kostermans et al. 7659 (BO!, L!); Wain River, Balikpapan, fr. 25 Aug 1950, A. Kostermans 4029 (BO!); Mt.Sahari, Kaltim, fl.+fr. 18 Aug 1956, L.L. Forman 467 (BO!). SOUTH BORNEO : Muara Uya, fr. 21 Nov 1971, K. Kartawinata 907 (BO!); Djaro, fl. 21 Nov 1971, E.D. de Vogel 968 (BO!); Djaro, fl. 21 Nov 1971, E.D. de Vogel 977 (BO!); Djaro, fl. 21 Nov 1971, E.D. de Vogel 978 (BO!); Djaro, Muara Uya, fr. 21 Nov 1971, K.
Kartawinata 807 (BO!, L!); Batu Kumpai, fl. 20 Nov 1971, K. Kartawinata 875 (BO!).
1. Bangka, Lobok Besar 2. Penibukan, Kinabalu 3. Mt. Palung 4. Bukit Raya 5. Kotawaringin Timur 6. Muara Uya 7. Mt.Beratus Balikpapan
MALESIA REGION 2
MALESIA REGION
3
1
1. Bangka, Lobok Besar 2. Penibukan, Kinabalu 3. Mt. Palung 4. Bukit 4 Raya 5. Kotawaringin Timur 7 6. Muara Uya 7. Mt.Beratus Balikpapan 6 5
Fig.30. Distribution of Popowia bancana Scheffer.
16. Popowia hentyii Moeljono sp. nov. - Fig. 32 (p.83). Popowia hentyii Moeljono Type : Papua New Guinea : R.Pulie, Kandrian subdistc.,fr. 16 Mar 1966, E.E. Henty et al., 27230 (BO!, L!). Arbor, 10 m alta. Folia membrana, supra glabrata, inaequilaterali, ovata – eliptica, apice breviter acuminata, 9.5 – 17.5 cm. longa, 5 – 8 cm. lata, basa cuneata, nervi paulum prominuli, laterales primarii 6 – 7.
Tree, up to 10 m. high. Young twigs tomentose, the older dark brown colour, glabrous, striate.
Leaves membranous, ovate - elliptic, sometimes slight
obovate, shortly acuminate, base cuneate, and slight rounded, unequal-side, both surface minutely granular, the upper glabrous and slightly hairy midrib, the lower hairy on the midrib and veins; nerve 6 - 8 pairs prominent curving very oblique; reticulation fine but usually visible on the lower surface, scalariform; length 9.5 – 17.5 cm.; breadth 5 – 8 cm.; petiole 4 - 7 mm. long, tomentose.
Flower axillary – raceme, peduncle 1 cm. long. Pedicels 1 mm
long, densely tomentose. Sepals broadly ovate, sub - acute, densely tomentose outside, glabrous inside, 1 mm long.
Petals equal, thick, ovate, very
tomentose outside, glabrous inside, Petals the outer 1 mm long; the inner slightly longer up to 3 mm, Ripe carpel globular.
DISTRIBUTION. NEW GUINEA. PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG): Seribi R. (Gulf District), Kipu and Lae (Morobe District), Koitaki, Kokoda (Northern District), Pulie river and Ganemboku (New Britain District), and Soegeri (Central District). PAPUA (IRIAN JAYA) Province: Warsamson (Sorong); Kalibumi (Nabire).
ECOLOGY. Primary forest on sandy clay 65 meters above sea level.
NOTES. Vernacular name : Mairi (Garumaia language – New Britain).
SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG): Kokoda, fr. 13 Apr 1936, C.E. Carr 16377 (L!); Kokoda, Central Dist., fr. 18 Sep 1962, R. Schodde, 3033 (L!); Trans-Busu, Lae, fr. 17 Jun 1954, A. Floyd 5750 (BO!, L!); River Siribi, fr. 20 Jul 1955, E.Gray et al. 8062 (BO!, L!); Busu River, Morobe Dist., fr.13 Jun 1963, T.G. Hartley 11930 (L!). Koitaki, fr. 21 Apr 1935, NGF 11994 C.E. Carr (L!). Kipu, Morobe Dist., fr. 13 Nov1968, A.Gillison 25701 (L!); R.Pulie, Kandrian subdistc., fr. 16 Mar 1966, E.E. Henty et al., 27230 (BO!, L!). Lae, Sankwep ridge, fl.+fr. 22 Nov 1967, J.S. Womersly 37104 (BO!, L!) Lae, Morobe Distc., fr. 29 Apr 1971, NGF 46773 P. Katik (BO!). Bagum Mt. Sub.dist. Talasea, West N.Britain dist., fr. 23 Oct 1974, LAE 66646 W.R. Barker et al. (L!) PAPUA (IRIAN JAYA). Warsamson, Sorong, fr.10 Jan 1966, BW 12479 F.A.W. Schram (BO!, L!). Nabire, fr. 25 Feb1940, R. Kanehira et al. 11525 (BO!); Kali Bumi, fr. 12 Mar 1940, R. Kanehira et al. 12841 (BO!).
1
MALESIA REGION 2 MALESIA REGION
7
1. Warsamson, Sorong 2. Kali Bumi Nabire 3. Kokoda 4. Kipu, Morobe Dist 5. Koitaki 6. Lae, Sankwep ridge 7. Bagum Mt.
Fig. 31 Distribution of Popowia hentyii Moeljono.
3 4 5 6
D B
J
C
I
A
G
E H
F
Fig. 32. Popowia hentyii Moeljono Endl.
A. Flowering twig B. Flower bud C. Outer petal D. Inner petal E. Flower, Outer and inner petals F. Flower, petals removed G. Stamen H. Gynoecium I. Carpel J. Cross section of carpel
17. Popowia perakensis King Popowia perakensis King, Fig. 34 (P. 86). Mat. F.M.P. Vol. 1 No. 4 (1892) 343 et in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 4 (1893) 120 Pl. 161B; Ridley, F.M.P. 1 (1922) 76. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore XIV (1955) 473 – 474. - Type : Malaysia, Perak, from 200 - 2500 ft., Wray s.n., (CAL, L!). Shrub or small tree 2 - 5 m. high. Young twigs dark rusty-tomentose, the older glabrous, dark and coarsely striate. Petioles 3 - 4 cm long, 1.5 - 3 mm diam., tomentose. Leaves 9 - 17 by 3.5 - 7 cm, elliptic to oblong - obovate, very shortly and rather abruptly acuminate, base cuneate and unequal-sided, membranous, both surface sub-granular, the upper glabrous except the nerves and midrib, the lower pubescent; nerves 5 -10 pairs, curving at the midrib, then oblique, running out to the edge, prominent; reticulation slender, faint above, more prominent beneath, some scalariform, the rest a network between the scalariform ones. Flowers extra-axillary in pairs, 5 - 8 mm in diam. Pedicels 0.7 - 1 cm long, rather fleshy, strigose with dark, rusty hairs. Sepals 1.5 by 1.5 mm, smaller than the petals, ovate-triangular to nearly orbicular, acute, shaggy tomentose outside like the pedicels, glabrous inside, persistent. Petals coriaceous, ovoid - orbicular, densely whitish shaggy-tomentose outside, glabrous and concave inside.
Stamens
numerous, 1 - 1.5 mm long, broadly cuneate with flat-topped or concave connective. Ovaries 10 - 12, glabrous, elongate, style a mere constriction, stigma sub-capitate, grooved on top and on the inner side. Ripe carpels ovoid to oblong, apiculate, glabrescent to glabrous, slighly horizontally ridged when dry, 1 - 1.5 cm long, stalks brittle, rather fleshy, 7 mm long.
Seeds 2-4 with a horizontal
circumferential ridge.
DISTRIBUTION : MALAY PENINSULA. Perak.
ECOLOGY
NOTES
: Taiping Hill or waterfall Hill.
: Resembles P. pisocarpa slightly but the flowers are large,
also the carpels. They have up to 4 seeds instead of 1. The leaves are larger, more uniformly pubescent on the lower surface, the texture is less granular and the reticulations are visible in adult leaves whereas in P. pisocarpa they
are never visible in adult leaves but are seen occasionally in the very young leaves. P. hirta Miq. Bears some resemblance but its leaves are much more hairy and the fruit is larger and globose.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. MALAY PENINSULA. P e r a k : Open Jungle, fr Feb1884, King 5603 (BO!); Maxwell Hill between 8th and 9th mile, fr 19 Sep 1949, SFN 38827 J. Sinclair and Kiah (BO!, L!). KEP FRI 6671. (BO!). Perak, from 200 - 2500 ft., Wray s.n., (L!).
MALESIA REGION
Perak: Open Jungle; Maxwell Hill between 8th and 9th mile.
Fig. 33. Distribution of Popowia perakensis King
E
1 mm
A D
C
B
Fig. 34. Popowia perakensis King
A. Flowering twig, D. Gynoecium
B. Outer and inner petals removed E. Fruit
C. Stamen
18.
Popowia beccarii Scheffer
Popowia beccarii Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. ii (1885) 16. - Type : Poetat, Arfak, New Guinea, Beccari P.P. 880 n.v.; Anjaj, Beccari P.P. 560 n.v., Ramoj Beccari P.P. 368 n.v. (BO, L)
Shrub, 1 – 1.5 m high. Young twigs brown – tomentose, striate. Leaves length 3.5 – 7.5 (12) cm, breadth 1.5 – 2.5 (4) cm, elliptic – oblong or oblanceolate, apex acute, base rounded – sub cordate, with strongly unequal side, membranous, on both side pilose in the youngest leaves, on both side glabrous in adult leave, on both side tomentose on the midrib and veins; nerves 8 – 11 pairs, reticulation faint, scalariform; petiole leaf short, 1 – 2 mm long, puberulent. Flowers extra axillary or subterminal; peduncle short, frequently flower, pedicel and peduncle of the same length. Sepal on the outside pilose, on the inside glabrous, ovate, acute; Petals two times longer than sepal, lanceolate, obtuse, on the inside apex suddenly bent inward, at the margin thickened, not connate; stamen 18 in two rows; apex receptacle globose, strongly pilose; carpel 7, ovule 1; fruits small, globose, base angulate, strongly pilose, small size like pea.
DISTRIBUTION : NEW GUINEA ( Aru Isl., Papua Province (Sorong, Manokwari, Bintuni, Nabire, Sarmi and Jayapura) and Papua New Guinea (Madang District, Morobe district, a Madang Districtnd Central district).
ECOLOGY
: Grow in primary rain forest on sandy soil with altitude up
to 1550 meters above sea level.
NOTES : This species can be distinguished from all other Popowias by small size leaf with strongly unequal side.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED.
NEW GUINEA. PAPUA (Irian Jaya)
PROVINCE: Aru Isl.: becca, Jamdena Is., Tanimbar, 9 Apr 1938, P. Buwalda
4687 (BO!). Sorong: Mt.Tohkiri, Aifat River, fl. 7 Nov 1961, P. van Royen and H. Sleumer 7254 (BO!, L!); Vogelkop Peninsula, Nettoti range, Wekari River, fl.+fr. 3 Dec 1961, P. van Royen and H. Sleumer 8035 (BO!, L!). Manokwari: Sidai, fr. 21 Sep1957, BW 4402 C.H. Koster (L!). Bintuni: Babo, fr. 8 May 1941, Aet 10 (BO!). Nabire: Sennen, 40 km inward of Nabire, fl. 6 Mar 1940, K. Kanehira and Hatusima, 12470 (BO). Sarmi: Mamberamo, 5 Sep 1920, Dr H.J. Lam 1063, (BO!); Mamberamo, Albattros bivak, 7 May 1926, Dr W.M. van Leeuwen 9003, (BO); Mamberamo, Nov 1929, Dr W.M. van Leeuwen 11209 (BO!). Jayapura : Polimaks I, fl.+fr. 13 Aug 1966, A. Kostermans et al. 333 (BO!, L!). PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG). Madang District: Josephstaal, fl.+fr. 12 Sep1958, K.J. White 10310 (BO!, L!); Tiganants (Ioka) Creek ca. ¾ miles of Aiome Patrol post, fl. 13 Aug 1958, R. Pullen 991 (BO!, L!). Morobe District: Oomsis Creek, Bulolo road, fl. 9 Mar 1954, A.Floyd 5569, (BO!); Oomsis, fl.+fr. Sep 1960, NGF 13614 E.E Henty (BO!, L!); Oomsis, fl.+fr. 27 Feb 1962, E.E. Henty 14709 (L); Oomsis logging area, fl.+fr. 27 Feb1962, NGF 14709 E.E. Henty (L!); Bumbu logging area, Lae, fl., NGF 14852 E.E. Henty (BO!, L!); Oomsis logging area, fl. 16 Feb 1967, NGF 24909 J.S. Womersly (L!); Oomsis, fl.+fr. 27 Apr 1959, L.J. Brass 29277 (L!). Central District, Brown River, fl.+fr. 30 Jun 1981, A. Kairo 618 (BO!, L!). Kanosia, fr.13 Feb 1935, C.E. Carr 11322 (BO!, L!); Veiya, fl. 11 Mar 1935, C.E. Carr 11659 (BO!, L!).
2
3 5
MALESIA REGION
4 MALESIA REGION
6 1
1. Jamdena Is 2. Sorong: Mt.Tohkiri 3. Manokwari, Sidai 4. Nabire, Sennen 5. Mamberamo 6.Madang, Josephstaal
Fig. 35. Distribution of Popowia becarii Scheffer
19. Popowia cordata Moeljono sp.nov. – Fig. 37 (p. 91) Type : Malang Selatan, kecamatan Tirtoguto, Bukit Tumpak kembang, fl. 25 Oct 2002, J.J. Afriastini and Soedarsono Riswan ML 088 (BO!) Foliis membranois, ovalis vel elliptic – oblanceolatusng, 10 ad 18 cm longis, 4 ad 7.5 cm latis, acute, basi cordatus, inaequaliterali, supra glabris, subtus ad costa nervisque adpresse pubescens; nervis.
Shrub, up to 3 m. high. Young twigs tomentose, brown, striate. Leaves membranous, oval or elliptic – obovate, acute, base slightly cordate, unequal-sided, the upper surface glabrous, the lower surface glabrous on the midrib and veins; nerves 13 - 14 pairs, reticulation faint, scalariform; length 10 – 18 cm., breadth 4 – 7.5 cm.; petiole 1 mm. long, glabrous. Flower extra axillary, pedicel 2 mm long, tomentose. Sepal broadly ovate, sub acute, densely tomentose outside, glabrous inside, 1 – 1.5 mm long; Petals equal, broadly ovate, very tomentose outside , glabrous inside; outer petals 1 mm long; inner petal 1,5 mm long.
DISTRIBUTION : Java (Malang)
ECOLOGY
NOTES
: Grows in secondary forest.
: This species has leaf base cordate, unequal-sided and
nerves 10 – 14 pairs.. SPECIMENS EXAMINED : JAVA : Malang Selatan, kecamatan Tirtoguto, Bukit Tumpak kembang, fl. 25 Oct Soedarsono Riswan ML 088 (BO!)
2002, J.J. Afriastini and
Malang
MAL!ESIA REGION
J A V A
Fig. 36. Distribution of Popowia cordata Moeljono
Fig. 37. Popowia cordata Moeljono
20. Popowia odoardi Diels Popowia odoardi Diels in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, xi (1931) 82. - Type : Borneo Sarawak, in m. Mattan (floret m April 1866), Beccari 1529; Jun 1899, Beccari 1781 (paratype).
Shrub or tree 2 - 6 m high, slender; young twigs rufous – pubescent, the older brown, tomentose, striate. Petiole 3 - 5 mm long, 2 mm in diam., tomentose. Leaves 10 – 22 by 4 – 10 cm, elliptic – oval to oblong, acuminate, base slight rounded, unequal-sided, membranous, both surface minutely granular, the upper slightly glabrous on the midrib, the lower glabrous on the midrib and veins; nerve 9 - 11 pairs prominent curving; reticulation faint, scalariform fine. Flower rather small, extra-axillary and single or in fascicle, opposite the leaves.
Pedicels 2 - 5 mm long, rufous-tomentose. Sepals ovate, acute,
tomentose outside, glabrous inside, 2 mm long. Petals creamy white, densely pubescent outside, glabrous inside, rounded, concave; the outer 2 mm long; the inner slightly longer up to 3 mm, incurved at the apex. Stamens short, 1 mm long, broad, the connective truncate, flat-topped or slightly concave. Ovaries 5 - 6, pubescent with white hair, style very short, stigmas wedgedshaped to sub-capitate, grooved at the top and adaxially, the surface rough but glabrous, usually adhering to form a disc. Ripe carpels globose, granular, slightly pubescent, chocolate-brown when dry, 1 cm long and 8 mm in diam.; stalks 2 mm long. Seed 1-4, rugose or pitted and with a circumferential ridge.
DISTRIBUTION : Borneo : Brunei, Sarawak, North Borneo, West Borneo, Central Borneo, East Borneo and South Borneo. ECOLOGY
: Commonly grows in primary Dipterocarp forest.
NOTES: Petioles up to 5 mm long, Leaves elliptic – oval to oblong, base slight rounded, membranous, the lower glabrous on the midrib and veins; nerve 9 - 11 pairs.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED : BORNEO. BRUNEI : Temburong :Batu Apoi, Bukit Gelagah, fr.27 Oct 1991, D.A. Simpson 2387 (L!); Amo, Bukit Belalang, fr. 22 Feb 1992, S 30600 G.T. Prance.
SARAWAK: Melinau George, Mulu
National Park, fr. 28 Oct 1989, S 49534 Abang Mohtar et al. (BO!). Kenaya Forest Reserve, Ulu Lawas 5 th Division, fr. 29 Oct 1971, S 31553 Ilias Paie (L!). Mt. Pueh, Sematan 1 st Division, fr.21 Jun 1974, S 34474 James et al.(L!); Mt Pueh, Lundu District, st. 18 Apr 1961, S 13626 Ilias Paie (L!). Bukit Raya Pelagus, Kapit District, fl. 16 Aug 1961, S.14364 H. Bujang (L!). Dalit Range, 4 th Division, fr. 9 Oct 1983, S, 46677 Dyg Awa and P.C. Yii (L!). Mt. Bakat, Tebakang area 1 st Division, fr. 26 Apr 1983, S. 45810 Dyg Awa and I. Paie (L!). Semuncam Wildlife 1 st Division, fl. 25 Jul 1981, S 43447 Yii Puan Ching (L!). Kampung Segu Bubuk, 1 st Division, fl.+fr. 18 Dec 1988, P.J.A. Kessler 262 (L!); Kampung Segu Bubuk, 1 st Division, fl.+fr. 19 Dec 1988, P.J.A. Kessler 263 (L!); Kampung Segu Bubuk, 1 st Division, fl.+fr. 19 Dec 1988, P.J.A. Kessler 264 (L!); Mt Pueh, 1 st Division, fl.+fr. 21 Dec 1988, P.J.A. Kessler 278 (L!); Mt Pueh, 1 st Division, fl.+fr. 21 Dec 1988, P.J.A. Kessler 282 (L!). Datu P.F., 1 st Division, fl. 20 May 1980, S 41894 Bernard Lee (L). NORTH BORNEO. Sg Melikop, Sandakan, fl. 28 Aug 1984, SAN 66690 Sigin and Ismail (L!). Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sandakan, st. 11 Aug 1994, SAN 141505 W. Meijer (L!); Sandakan District, Bukit Tawai, fr. 9 Apr 1994, E. Campbell 404 (L!). Mt. Pagon periuk, Sg Sipayan, Limbang, fl. 6 Aug 1984, S. 47683 D. Awa and B. Lee (L). Kennedy Bay, Lahat Datu, Virgin Jungle Reserve block 12, fr.+w. 19 Nov 1964, Ahmad Talip 47619 (L!). George on south side of gunong Api, fr.14 Feb 1966, S 24026 J.A.R. Anderson (L!). Hulu Bole, fl.+fr. 29 Apr 1933, Puasa 3139 (BO!). Tawau , fl. 12 May 1966, Ding Hou 181 (BO!, L!); Tawau, fl.+fr. 25 Jun 1959, W. Meijer 19322 (BO!); Tawau, Ulu sungai, Apas mile 15 Quoin hill road, st. 11 Sep 1962, SAN 31247 Aban Gibot (L!); Tawau, Quoin hill, fr. 17 Jun 1961, SAN 18525 A. Backer (L!); Tawau, Mill 20 Apas road, Apas river, st. 07 Mar 1961, S.24491 D. Brand (L!). Sg Iban, Ulu Belaga, fl. 9 Nov 1982, S 45466 Bernard Lee (BO!, L!). Danum valey, fl. 07 May 1989, C.E Ridsdale et al. 1969 (L!). WEST BORNEO: Serewai, fr.29 Jan 1995, A.C. Church et al. 1597 (L!). Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 12 Jun 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 2535 (L!); Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 12 Jun 1989, J.S.
Burley et al. 2559 (L!); Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 22 Jun 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 2783 (L!); Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 20 Jun – 6 Jul 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 2987 (L!); Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 28 Jun – 6 Jul 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 3004 (L!); Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 28 Jun – 6 Jul 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 3167 (L); Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 28 Jun – 6 Jul 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 3184 (L!); Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 1 – 6 Jul 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 3267 (L!); Mt. Bentuang area, fl. 28 Jun – 6 Jul 1989, J.S. Burley et al. 3285 (L!); Bentuang, Karimun national Park, fl.+fr.13 Sep 1997, H. Wiriadinata et al. 219 (BO!). CENTRAL BORNEO: Bukit Raya, st. 26 Nov 1982, H.P. Nooteboom 4052 (BO!,L!). Bukit Raya, fr. 19 Dec 1982, H.P. Nooteboom 4364 (L!); Bukit Raya, fl. 09 Jan 1983, H.P. Nooteboom 4489 (BO!,L!); Bukit Raya, fl.+fr. 3 Jan 1983, H. Wiriadinata 3051(L!); Bukit Raya, fr.Headwaters of Kahayan River, fl. 27 Mar 1988, J.S. Burley et al. 452 (L!). Headwaters of Kahayan River, st. 21 Apr 1988, J.S. Burley et al. 748 (BO!). Headwaters of Kahayan River, 26 Apr 1988, J.S. Burley et al. 826 (L!). Sintang, fl.+fr. 10 Oct 1993, A.C. Church et al. 662 (BO!); Sintang, fl.+fr. 16 Oct 1993, A.C. Church et al. 134 (BO!). EAST BORNEO: Kutei, st. 13 Jun 1928, Abdul Hamid 55 (BO!); W. Kutei, fl.+fr. 28 Sep 1954, A. Kostermans 9696 (BO!). SOUTH BORNEO : Tabalong District, PT Aya Yayang Logging concession area, fl.24 Feb 2000, P.J.A. Kessler et al. 2763 (L).
1 2 3 4 5
MALESIA REGION 6
7
8
1.Sandakan District, Bukit Tawai 2.Tawau, Quoin hill 3.Mulu National Park 4Temburong:BatuApoi,Bukit Gelagah 5.Mt. Bentuang area 6.Bukit Raya 7.Kutei 8.Tabalong District
Fig. 37. Distribution of Popowia odoardi Diels
21.
Popowia cuspidata Miquel
Popowia cuspidata Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. II (1865 – 1866) 21. - Type : Java, prope Santiang, Korthals s.n., (BO, L!).
Tree.
Young twigs reddish – hirsute terminal, thin, slender, hair dense
suberect – adpressed substrigulose.
Petioles scarcely line long in front
canaliculated, 5 mm long, glabrous. Leaves length 10.5 – 16.5 cm, breadth 3.5 – 5.5 cm, in a dry state not shining at all, very frequently broadly – ovate or obovate – elliptic, subarubptly acuminate, base cuneate, membranous, on both surface glabrous, the lower surface prominent glabrous on the midrib and veins; nerves 6 – 9 pairs, spread erect towards, reticulation faint, scalariform very fine;.
Flowers axillary. Sepals narrowly ovate, acute, membranous,
enlarge, dense hair.
Petals the outer ovate, rounded, inner petals, thick,
obovate, rounded, apical suddenly bent backward, in front concave dusty – opposite. Ripe carpels in cylindrical with bulges not at all, thick, 5, short stipitate, immature together with stipitate, sparingly pilose, ellipsoid or sub unequal – oblong, apical short – suddenly bent backward terminal, outer side concave, in front suture spurious slightly raised marked, around semi 2.5 cm long, seeds 1.
DISTRIBUTION : JAVA : Santiang, Ujung Kulon and Kediri.
ECOLOGY : Grows in primary and secondary forest.
NOTES
: The lower surface of leaves glabrous, petioles 2 mm long
more with nerves less 10 pairs.
SPECIMEN EXAMINED. JAVA. Santiang, P.W. Korthals 0195171 (L!); P.W. Korthals 0195172 (L!); fL!.+fr., P.W. Korthals 0195173 (L!); fL!.+fr., P.W. Korthals 0195174 (L!); fL!.+fr., P.W. Korthals 0195175 (L!); fL!.+fr., Korthals 0195176 (L!); fL!.+fr.,
P.W.
P.W. Korthals 0195177 (L!); Ujung kulon,
fl.+fr. 12 May 1992, J.A. Mc.Donald 3344 (BO!). Kediri, fl.+fr. 23 Feb1914, C.A. Becker 11842 (BO).
1. 2.
Ujung Kulon Kediri
1
MAL!ESIA REGION
J A V A
Fig. 39. Distribution of Popowia cuspidata Miquel
2
22. Popowia pachypetala Diels Popowia pachypetala Diels in Engl. Jahrb. 49 (1912) 136. - Type : New Guinea, Ramu (Kenejia), 8 Oct 1908, Schlechter 18352 (B) n.v. Shrub. Young twigs dark brown. Petiole 3 –5 mm long. Leaves 10 – 18 by 4 – 6 cm, ovate – elliptic or sub obovate, acuminate, the young dense rusty (light brown with a little mixture of red) – sericeous presently, glabrous, membranous, pale beneath, variously an irregular. Flowers fascicle or cluster of pedicels one to each or often in corymb / little a cluster of flowers, pedicel 1 cm long. Sepal 1 – 1.3 mm long, broadly ovate, on the out side pilosa. Petals 2 – 3 mm long, on the out side pilosa, thick base united; outer petals ovate; inner petals thick base narrow, hollowed out in a curve. Stamen 10 – 12, short, carpel 3, dense pilose; stigma capitate or flattened from above covered over. Ripe carpel globose, glabrous, 1.5 cm long.
DISTRIBUTION : NEW GUINEA. PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PNG) : Ramu (Kenejia), Gebirges and Saugueti – Etappe.
ECOLOGY
: Commonly grows in forest
NOTES : The above description is taken from the Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED : NEW GUINEA, Ramu (Kenejia), 8 Oct 1908, Schlechter 18352 (B).
MALESIA REGION 1
1
Ramu (Kenejia), PNG
Fig. 40. Distribution of Popowia pachypetala Diels.
MALESIA REGION
23. Popowia lanceolata Merrill Popowia lanceolata Merrill in Philipp. Journ. Sc. xvii. (1920) 252. - Type : Philippine, Luzon, 12 May 1919, Ramos & Pascasio 35186 (BO!, L!).
A tree, about 8 m high, the branches and branclets terete, the former glabrous, nearly black when dry, slender, the latter more or less ferruginous - pubescent. Petioles about 2 mm long. Leaves 4 - 6 by 1 - 1.5 cm, lanceolate, subequally narrowed to the cuneate base and to the rather slenderly acuminate apex, firmly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, the upper surface glabrous, the lower surface paler and appressed-pubescent on the midrib and nerves; lateral nerves slender, ascending, 5 pairs, the reticulations fine, scalariform. Flowers in axillary, short, few-flowered cymes, the pedicels, sepals, and petals ferruginous-pubescent. Fruits globose, sparingly pubescent, about 8 mm in diameter.
DISTRIBUTION : PHILIPPINES : Luzon.
ECOLOGY : Commonly grows in forest at low altitudes.
NOTES : A species manifestly allied to Popowia polyandra (Presl) Merr., which in turn is perhaps not specifically distinct from the Malaya P. pisocarpa Endl. The present species is strongly characterized by its narrow, lanceolate, slenderly acuminate leaves.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED. PHILIPPINES. Ramos & Pascasio 35186 (BO!, L!). Type.
Luzon. Fr., 12 May 1919,
MALESIA REGION
Luzon
Fig. 41. Distribution of Popowia lanceolata Merrill
24. Popowia parvifolia Scheffer Popowia parvifolia Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. ii (1885) 15 - 16. - Type : New Guinea, Manokwari, Arfak, Hattam, Jul 1875, Beccari n.294 (FI) n.v. (not seen in BO and L).
Young twigs black, glabrous. Petiole extremely short less than 1 mm. Leaves 3.5 – 6 by 5 – 9 mm, on both side narrow, lanceolate, apex acuminate - obtuse, base acute, unequal side, on the underside dense pilose, on the upperside beside midrib glabrescent, Inflorescence, hair spread, golden yellow – dark brown dense strigose, peduncle short, pseudo-terminal or extra-axillary, several – flower, bract. Sepals ovate, acute, on the outside pilose, on the inside glabrous, corolla not yet opening at present short; corolla flower buds globose ( flower opening absence/ without); Outer petals sepal long, concave, base narrowed, on the outside pilose; Inner petals base narrow but not at all, clawed, apex lightly/middley coherence, with sub bent inward, outward/outer of the same length but narrow; stamen 13, like a bunch of grape, 3 in rows, connective broadly; carpel 8, strongly pilose, stigma coherence but not at all in with convergent; ovule single/solitary on the upper side basal; fruits absent.
DISTRIBUTION
: New Guinea : Arfak Mt. (Manokwari).
ECOLOGY : Commonly grows in primary rain forest with altitude 235 meters above sea level.
NOTES : The leaves are lanceolate and petioles less 1 mm long.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED : NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Arfak, Hattam, Jul 1875, Beccari n.294 (FI) n.v. (not seen in BO and L). District Milne Bay, fl., Woiatabu (Mt. Kilkerran), 6 Dec 1976, J.R. Croft 71008 (L!).
1
MALESIA REGION MALESIA REGION
1. Manokwari, Arfak 2. District Milne BayWoiatabu
Fig. 42. Distribution of Popowia parvifolia Scheffer.
2
25.
Popowia papuana Scheffer
Popowia papuana Scheffer in Ann. Jard. Buitenz. ii (1885) 15. - Type : New Guinea, Andai, Beccari 563 n.v. (not seen in BO and L)
The petioles are hardly are 1 – 1.5 mm long. Leaves 6 – 10 by 1.5 - 2 cm, the largest ones are distinctly wedge-shape at the base, the leaves are never acuminate, upper surface glabrous except the midrib, below they possess a light indumenta on the nerves and few hairs on the parenchime; the nerves are almost dressees. Inflorescence, the buds are covered by hairs which are more hairs, sessile, with a brownish colour. The flower parts have the same indumenta as the buds; the peduncles 1.5 cm long; the pedicels 3 mm long. The carpels 4 - 4.5 mm by 3 mm, stalk only 1 mm long.
DISTRIBUTION : New Guinea : Andai (Manokwari).
ECOLOGY : Grows in primary rain forest on coral covered limestone, low altitude.
NOTES:
The above description is taken from the Annales du Jardin
Botanique de Buitenzorg.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED : NEW GUINEA : Andai, Beccari 563
MALESIA REGION MALESIA REGION
Manokwari, Andai
Fig. 43. Distribution of Popowia papuana Scheffer.
