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Inventory of the Chiang Kai-shek Diaries Hoover Institution Archives Staff Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] © 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved.

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Inventory of the Chiang Kai-shek Diaries Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California Processed by: Hoover Institution Archives Staff Date Completed: 2006, Revised 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013 Encoded by: Hoover Institution Archives Staff © 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved.

Descriptive Summary Title: Chiang Kai-shek diaries Dates: 1917-1972 Collection number: 2006C37 Creator: Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975 Collection Size: 76 manuscript boxes(31.6 linear feet) Repository: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace Stanford, California 94305-6010 Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Abstract: Photocopies of edited (redacted) and unedited diaries relating to political and military events in China. Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Languages: Languages represented in the collection: Chinese Conditions of Use Before examining the paper copies of the diaries, users must sign an agreement stating that (1) quotations from the diaries may not be published, broadcast, or redistributed in any form, without the written permission of the Chiang family, which retains copyright; (2) the diaries may not be photocopied nor photographed, so only handwritten notes may be taken; (3) cameras, cell phones, computers, scanners, and other image capture devices, as well as tape recorders and other recording devices, are not allowed while using the diaries; and (4) violations of the agreement may result in forfeiture of the privilege to access materials at the Hoover Institution Library and Archives. Diaries from 1917 to 1931 (boxes 1-8), 1932 to 1945 (boxes 36-44), 1946-1955 (boxes 45-51) and 1956-1972 (boxes 65-76) are open for research. Publication Rights Written requests to use quotations from the diaries can be sent to the Hoover Institution Archives. The Archives will forward the requests to the Chiang family. Requests for permission to quote should include the following information: full name, contact information, the exact quotations you wish to use, and the specific publication, broadcast, or other forum where the quotes would appear. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Chiang Kai-shek diaries, [Box no.], Hoover Institution Archives. Acquisition Information The original personal diaries of Chiang Kai-shek were deposited at the Hoover Institution in December 2004 by Elizabeth Chiang Fang Chih-yi. The originals are dated from 1917 to 1923 and 1925 to 1972. Custodial History After Chiang's death on April 5, 1975, his personal diaries were given directly to his son, Chiang Ching-kuo. They were later obtained by Chiang Ching-kuo's youngest son, Eddie Chiang Hsiao-yung, the late husband of the depositor, Elizabeth Chiang Fang Chih-yi. Processing Information

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The diaries suffered water damage, pest damage, mold growth, and displayed other signs of aging and deterioration when received at the Hoover. Although the diaries were previously microfilmed in the 1980s, the 1microfilm was not produced to archival standards and also exhibited signs of deterioration. Hoover preservation staff stabilized the original materials to prevent further loss. The diaries received remedial conservation treatment and were rehoused in archivally safe, acid-free enclosures. They were also microfilmed using high-quality 35mm film following Research Libraries Group (RLG) preservation standards. Targets filmed with the original pages indicate such problems as illegible text, missing pages, water damaged pages, and pages that are stuck together. Due to the fragile condition of the diaries, paper printouts ("use copies") made from the microfilm will be provided for researcher use. Biography Chinese political and military leader; head of state, 1928-1949; president of Taiwan, 1949-1975. Scope and Content of Collection The original personal diaries of Chiang Kai-shek were deposited at the Hoover Institution in December 2004 by Elizabeth Chiang Fang Chih-yi. The Hoover Institution did not receive a diary for 1924. For some years, more than one volume per year overlap in time. One theory that would explain this is that Chiang maintained the volumes in separate cities between which he frequently traveled. Diaries from 1917 to 1931 were opened on March 31, 2006. In the period covered by these diaries, Chiang Kai-shek rose to the leadership of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party). After training in the Japanese army from 1909 to 1911, Chiang participated in the revolutionary struggles that established the Chinese Republic and began his association with Sun Yat-sen in the Kuomintang. Chiang founded the Whampoa Military Academy, where the Kuomintang army was trained, in 1924. After Sun's death in 1925, Chiang rose to power by leading the Kuomintang army to defeat the northern warlords and unify China. Chiang split with the leftists of his party in 1927 and spent the rest of his life struggling against the Communists. Diaries from 1932 to 1945 were opened on April 2, 2007. A few months after the newly open diaries begin in January 1932, Chiang became chief of the General Staff and chairman of the National Military Council. At that time, China was a battleground for warlords, Nationalists, Communists, and Japanese invaders. Chiang focused on eliminating the Chinese Communists, who retreated on the Long March into the remote northwest. On December 12, 1936, Chiang was kidnapped at Xi'an by a Manchurian warlord, the young marshal Zhang Xueliang. After agreeing to work with the Communists to fight the Japanese, Chiang was released. Of course, the diaries also cover the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War, from 1937 to 1945, and Chiang's relationship with such allies as U.S. Army generals Claire Chennault and Joseph Stilwell. This segment of diaries ends in 1945, when U.S. ambassador Patrick Hurley, followed by General George C. Marshall, tried unsuccessfully to bridge differences between Chiang's government and the Communists. Diaries from 1946 to 1955 were opened on July 18, 2008. In 1946, control of China teetered between Nationalists and Communists as civil war resumed. Chiang led the Nationalist government and its army, which gradually lost territory in the north to the Communists led by Mao Zedong. As civil war worsened and the U.S. suspended aid to Chiang, the Nationalist government battled severe inflation that threatened financial chaos. Chiang declared a series of financial and economic emergency measures in August 1948 that were ultimately unsuccessful. Five months later, in January 1949, Chiang resigned as president of the Republic of China while continuing as leader of the Nationalist party. With a strong military push by the Chinese People's Liberation Army beginning in the spring, the Nationalist forces retreated in December 1949 to Taiwan, where Chiang established a stronghold for his party. He resumed his position as president in March 1950, and was reelected by the National Assembly in 1954. Having lamented in his diary about the disintegration and rot from within that led to his party's failure, Chiang established the Central Reform Committee in 1950 to revitalize the party and its principles, reestablish the state in a new milieu, advance his vision for China and Taiwan, and begin laying the groundwork for Taiwan's eventual economic success. On July 8, 2009, the diaries from 1956 to 1972 were opened. This period draws attention to Taiwan's transformation from a postwar island frontier to the epicenter of the Nationalist China regime. As inflation dropped steadily and the economy grew, Chiang was reelected president by the National Assembly in 1960, 1966, and 1972. The KMT, with Chiang taking the reins as the zongcai (director-general), instituted comprehensive industrial, agricultural, economic, and social reforms. Chiang made land available to farmers at affordable prices and provided state support to industries to nurture their competitiveness internationally. The construction of Taiwans highway system was also completed. With these reforms came repression as Taiwan functioned as an authoritarian state. The White Terror era ensued, in which the formation of opposition political parties was denounced and pro-democratic/pro-independence figures, like Lei Zhen, were arrested and jailed.

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Tension in the Taiwan Strait intensified when Mao continued to launch attacks against Chiang's troops in the Quemoy and Ma-tsu Islands in 1958. As commander in chief of the military, Chiang held steadfast to his unrelenting objective of counterattacking the Chinese Communists and recovering Mainland China. Though the U.S. Congress passed the Formosa Resolution (January 1955) -- a joint security that a joint security pact that authorized President Eisenhower to use U.S. forces to defend the ROC against armed attack -- Chiang was unable to garner more American support, and he devised several failed military campaigns. At the forefront of Chiangs political discussions and thoughts was the U.S. military presence in Cuba and Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam. Taiwan served as a military and supply base for the U.S. during the height of the Vietnam War. July 22, 1972, marks Chiangs last noted diary entry. Months earlier, President Nixon had visited China. The announcement of that visit triggered a United Nations vote to give the People's Republic of China a seat in the U.N., effectively expelling Taiwan. Anti-U.S. riots followed on the island. When Chiang died in 1975, Taiwan remained a one-party state controlled by the Kuomintang. Chiang's son, Chiang Ching-kuo, assumed party leadership and within a few years also became president. Redactions The original diaries contain sentences that were crossed out in ink. It is believed that these redactions were made years ago by Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Ching-kuo, or another individual. Since the diaries were deposited at Hoover, the Chiang family has been reviewing their contents and is choosing to keep some passages private until 2035. These will be redacted from the use copies with a "2006," "2007," or "2008" annotation in the margin to distinguish them from the earlier redactions. Indexing Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the library's online public access catalog. Subjects China--History--Republic, 1912-1949. Occupations Statesmen--China Related Material Transcriptions of Chiang's diaries are located in the Second Historical Archives in Nanjing, China, under the collection title Jiang Jieshi Riji Leichao. Photocopies of the transcriptions are located in the Academic Historica in Taipei, Taiwan, and the Kuomintang Party Archives in Taipei, Taiwan. Accounts of Chiang's early years, including diary excerpts, have been published in several books, such as Mao Sicheng's Minguo Shi Wu Nian Yi Qian Zhi Jiang Jieshi Xian Sheng and Qin Xiaoyi's Zongtong Jianggong Dashi Chang bian. Diary excerpts were also published by the Academia Historica in a continuing series, Shilue Gaoben (1927-1949), attributed to Chiang's colleagues, Sun Yi, Wang Yugao and Wang Yuzheng. These texts were written in the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chun Qiu) style of historiography by blending passages from Chiang's diaries, letters, official papers, etc., to chronologically outline significant events in his personal, military and political life.

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972   1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8 1:9 1:10 1:11 1:12 1:13

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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February 1948 March 1948 April 1948 May 1948 June 1948 July 1948 August 1948 September 1948 October 1948 November 1948 December 1948 1949 General 1949 January 1949 February 1949 March 1949 April 1949 May 1949 June 1949 July 1949 August 1949 September 1949 October 1949 November 1949 December 1949 1950 General 1950 January 1950 February 1950 March 1950 April 1950 May 1950 June 1950 July 1950 August 1950 September 1950 October 1950 November 1950 December 1950 1951 General 1951

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September 1951 October 1951 November 1951 December 1951 1952 General 1952 January 1952 February 1952 March 1952

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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April 1952 May 1952 June 1952 July 1952 August 1952 September 1952 October 1952 November 1952 December 1952 1953 General 1953 January 1953 February 1953 March 1953 April 1953 May 1953 June 1953 July 1953 August 1953 September 1953 October 1953 November 1953 December 1953 1954 General 1954 January 1954 February 1954 March 1954 April 1954 May 1954 June 1954 July 1954 August 1954 September 1954 October 1954 November 1954 December 1954 1955 General 1955 January 1955 February 1955 March 1955 April 1955 May 1955 June 1955 July 1955 August 1955 September 1955 October 1955 November 1955 December 1955 CLOSED 1956 General 1956 January 1956 February 1956 March 1956 April 1956

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

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65:14 65:15 65:16 65:17 66:1 66:2 66:3 66:4 66:5 66:6 66:7 66:8 66:9 66:10 66:11 66:12 66:13 66:14 66:15 66:16 66:17 66:18 67:1 67:2 67:3 67:4 67:5 67:6 67:7 67:8

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May 1956 June 1956 July 1956 August 1956 September 1956 October 1956 November 1956 December 1956 1957 General 1957 January 1957 February 1957 March 1957 April 1957 May 1957 June 1957 July 1957 August 1957 September 1957 October 1957 November 1957 December 1957 1958 January 1958 February 1958 March 1958 April 1958 May 1958 June 1958 July 1958 August 1958 September 1958 October 1958 November 1958 December 1958 1959 General 1959 January 1959 February 1959 March 1959 April 1959 May 1959 June 1959 July 1959 August 1959 September 1959 October 1959 November 1959 December 1959 1960 General 1960 January 1960 February 1960 March 1960 April 1960 May 1960 June 1960 July 1960

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:

68:2 68:3 68:4 68:5 68:6

Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:

69:18

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:  

70:5 70:6 70:7 70:8 70:9 70:10 70:11

68:7 68:8 68:9 68:10 68:11 68:12 68:13 68:14 68:15 68:16 68:17 68:18 68:19 68:20 68:18 68:18 69:1 69:2 69:3 69:4 69:5 69:6 69:7 69:8 69:9 69:10 69:11 69:12 69:13 69:14 69:15 69:16 69:17

69:19 69:20 70:1 70:2 70:3 70:4

Box/Folder: 70:12

August 1960 September 1960 October 1960 November 1960 December 1960 1961 General 1961 January 1961 February 1961 March 1961 April 1961 May 1961 June 1961 July 1961 August 1961 September 1961 October 1961 November 1961 December 1961 Sui Yi Shou Lu1961 General 1961 January-February 1961 March-April 1961 May-June 1961 July-August 1961 September-October 1961 November-December 1961 Reflections: Year in Review 1962 General 1962 January 1962 February 1962 March 1962 April 1962 May 1962 June 1962 July 1962 August 1962 September 1962 October 1962 November 1962 December 1962 1963 General 1963 January 1963 February 1963 March 1963 April 1963 May 1963 June 1963 July 1963 August 1963 September 1963 October 1963 November 1963 December 1963 1964 General 1964

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:  

70:13 70:14 70:15 70:16 70:17 70:18 71:1 71:2 71:3 71:4 71:5 71:6

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:

73:3 73:4 73:5 73:6 73:7 73:8 73:9 73:10

January 1967 February 1967 March 1967 April 1967 May 1967 June 1967 July 1967 August 1967

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:     Box/Folder: Box/Folder:

73:11 73:12 73:13 74:1

74:2 74:3

September 1967 October 1967 November 1967 December 1967 1968 Volume One 1968 General 1968 January 1968

Box/Folder: 74:4

February 1968

71:7 71:8 71:9 71:10 71:11 71:12 71:13 71:14 72:1 72:2 72:3 72:4 72:5 72:6 72:7 72:8 72:9 72:10 72:11 72:12 72:13 72:14 72:15 72:16 73:1 73:2

January 1964 February 1964 March 1964 April 1964 May 1964 June 1964 July 1964 August 1964 September 1964 October 1964 November 1964 December 1964 1965 General 1965 January 1965 February 1965 March 1965 April 1965 May 1965 June 1965 July 1965 August 1965 September 1965 October 1965 November 1965 December 1965 1966 General 1966 January 1966 February 1966 March 1966 April 1966 May 1966 June 1966 July 1966 August 1966 September 1966 October 1966 November 1966 December 1966 1967

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:   Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:  

74:5 74:6 74:7 74:8 74:9 74:10 74:11 74:12 74:13 74:14

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:

76:6 76:7 76:8 76:9 76:10 76:11 76:12 76:13

General 1971 January 1971 February 1971 March 1971 April 1971 May 1971 June 1971 July 1971

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:   Box/Folder: Box/Folder:

76:14 76:15 76:16 76:17 76:18

August 1971 September 1971 October 1971 November 1971 December 1971 1972 General 1972 January 1972

74:15 74:16 74:17 74:17 75:1 75:2 75:3 75:4 75:5 75:6 75:7 75:8 75:9 75:10 75:11 75:12 75:13 75:14 75:15 75:16 75:17 75:18 76:1 76:2 76:3 76:4 76:5

76:19 76:20

Box/Folder: 76:21

March 1968 April 1968 May 1968 June 1968 July 1968 August 1968 September 1968 October 1968 November 1968 December 1968 Volume Two 1968 General 1968 1969 General 1969 January 1969 February 1969 March 1969 April 1969 May 1969 June 1969 July 1969 August 1969 September 1969 October 1969 November 1969 December 1969 1970 General 1970 January 1970 February 1970 March 1970 April 1970 May 1970 June 1970 July 1970 August 1970 September 1970 October 1970 November 1970 December 1970 1971

February 1972

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Diaries [Use Copies] 1917-1972

Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder: Box/Folder:

76:22 76:23 76:24 76:25

Box/Folder: 76:26

March 1972 April 1972 May 1972 June 1972 July 1972

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