Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introduction to Physical Science
Consultant
Douglas Fisher, Ph.D.
About the Consultant
Copyright © by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Introduction to Physical Science. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240-4027 ISBN 0-07-874571-3 Printed in the United States of America 123456789
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Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Teacher Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipient of an International Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award as well as a Christa McAuliffe award for Excellence in Teacher Education. He has published numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated instruction, and curriculum design as well as books, such as Improving Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught a variety of courses in SDSU’s teacher-credentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on English language development and literacy. He also has taught classes in English, writing, and literacy development to secondary school students.
Note-Taking Tips ........................................ v Using Your Science Notebook ............... vi Chapter 1 The Nature of Science Chapter Preview ....................................... 1 1-1............................................................... 2 1-2............................................................... 5 1-3............................................................... 8 1-4............................................................. 11 Wrap-Up ................................................. 14
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Chapter 2 Measurement Chapter Preview ..................................... 15 2-1............................................................. 16 2-2............................................................. 19 2-3............................................................. 22 Wrap-Up ................................................. 26 Chapter 3 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table Chapter Preview ..................................... 27 3-1............................................................. 28 3-2............................................................. 31 3-3............................................................. 34 Wrap-Up ................................................. 38 Chapter 4 States of Matter Chapter Preview ..................................... 39 4-1............................................................. 40 4-2............................................................. 43 4-3............................................................. 46 Wrap-Up ................................................. 50 Chapter 5 Matter—Properties and Changes Chapter Preview ..................................... 51 5-1............................................................. 52 5-2............................................................. 55 5-3............................................................. 58 Wrap-Up ................................................. 62
Chapter 6 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds Chapter Preview ..................................... 63 6-1............................................................. 64 6-2............................................................. 67 Wrap-Up ................................................. 70 Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions Chapter Preview ..................................... 71 7-1............................................................. 72 7-2............................................................. 75 Wrap-Up ................................................. 78 Chapter 8 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility Chapter Preview ..................................... 79 8-1............................................................. 80 8-2............................................................. 83 8-3............................................................. 86 Wrap-Up ................................................. 90 Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry Chapter Preview ..................................... 91 9-1............................................................. 92 9-2............................................................. 95 9-3............................................................. 98 Wrap-Up ............................................... 102 Chapter 10 Motion and Momentum Chapter Preview ................................... 103 10-1 ........................................................ 104 10-2 ........................................................ 107 10-3 ........................................................ 110 Wrap-Up ............................................... 114 Chapter 11 Force and Newton’s Laws Chapter Preview ................................... 115 11-1 ........................................................ 116 11-2 ........................................................ 119 11-3 ........................................................ 122 Wrap-Up ............................................... 126
Introduction to Physical Science
iii
Chapter 18 Electromagnetic Waves Chapter Preview ................................... 195 18-1 ........................................................ 196 18-2 ........................................................ 199 18-3 ........................................................ 202 Wrap-Up ............................................... 206
Chapter 13 Energy and Energy Resources Chapter Preview ................................... 139 13-1 ........................................................ 140 13-2 ........................................................ 143 13-3 ........................................................ 146 Wrap-Up ............................................... 150
Chapter 19 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses Chapter Preview ................................... 207 19-1 ........................................................ 208 19-2 ........................................................ 211 19-3 ........................................................ 214 19-4 ........................................................ 217 Wrap-Up ............................................... 220
Chapter 14 Work and Simple Machines Chapter Preview ................................... 151 14-1 ........................................................ 152 14-2 ........................................................ 155 14-3 ........................................................ 158 Wrap-Up ............................................... 162
Chapter 20 Electricity Chapter Preview ................................... 221 20-1 ........................................................ 222 20-2 ........................................................ 225 20-3 ........................................................ 228 Wrap-Up ............................................... 232
Chapter 15 Thermal Energy Chapter Preview ................................... 163 15-1 ........................................................ 164 15-2 ........................................................ 167 15-3 ........................................................ 170 Wrap-Up ............................................... 174
Chapter 21 Magnetism Chapter Preview ................................... 233 21-1 ........................................................ 234 21-2 ........................................................ 237 Wrap-Up ............................................... 240
Chapter 16 Waves Chapter Preview ................................... 175 16-1 ........................................................ 176 16-2 ........................................................ 179 16-3 ........................................................ 182 Wrap-Up ............................................... 186 Chapter 17 Sound Chapter Preview ................................... 187 17-1 ........................................................ 188 17-2 ........................................................ 191 Wrap-Up ............................................... 194
iv
Introduction to Physical Science
Chapter 22 Electronics and Computers Chapter Preview ................................... 241 22-1 ........................................................ 242 22-2 ........................................................ 245 Wrap-Up ............................................... 248 Academic Vocabulary ............................ 249
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Chapter 12 Forces and Fluids Chapter Preview ................................... 127 12-1 ........................................................ 128 12-2 ........................................................ 131 12-3 ........................................................ 134 Wrap-Up ............................................... 138
Note-Taking Tips Your notes are a reminder of what you learned in class. Taking good notes can help you succeed in science. These tips will help you take better notes. • Be an active listener. Listen for important concepts. Pay attention to words, examples, and/or diagrams your teacher emphasizes. • Write your notes as clearly and concisely as possible. The following symbols and abbreviations may be helpful in your note-taking. Word or Phrase
Symbol or Abbreviation
Word or Phrase
Symbol or Abbreviation
for example
e.g.
and
+
such as
i.e.
approximately
with
w/
therefore
without
w/o
versus
vs
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Use a symbol such as a star (★) or an asterisk (*) to emphasis important concepts. Place a question mark (?) next to anything that you do not understand. • Ask questions and participate in class discussion. • Draw and label pictures or diagrams to help clarify a concept.
Note-Taking Don’ts • Don’t write every word. Concentrate on the main ideas and concepts. • Don’t use someone else’s notes—they may not make sense. • Don’t doodle. It distracts you from listening actively. • Don’t lose focus or you will become lost in your note-taking.
Introduction to Physical Science
v
Using Your Science Notebook Name
This note-taking guide is designed to help you succeed in learning science content. Each chapter includes:
Date
The Nature of Science Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Language-Based Activities Activities cover the content in your science book including vocabulary, writing, note-taking, and problem solving.
The Nature of Science • An important part of science is testing, or experimenting. • Technology is useful only in the situation for which it was designed. • People began studying weather in the 1800s. • Science can answer all of the questions that can be asked.
Science Journal How do you think scientists could learn more about a clump of stone that could be a small dinosaur heart?
Anticipation Guide/KWL Charts Think about what you already know before beginning a lesson and identify what you would like achieve: to gain, accomplish, attain, reach to learn from reading. category: group or class of things
Student responses will vary. Accept responses that discuss some reasonable experiment.
chart: a sheet that gives information about something in the form of a diagram, graph, or table chemical: having to do with or made by chemistry
Science Journal Write about what you know.
The Nature of Science
1
compound: to make by combining parts or elements conduct: to carry or transmit confine: hold in one place, restrict
Name
Date constant: not changing; continuing
Section 2 Scientific Enterprise
SE, p. 20 RE, p. 10
Complete the following paragraph by filling in the missing terms from the word bank. • scientific methods • tested
• good • limited • observed
• bad • ethics • explain
limited
Science is
by what it can
explain
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
observed
there must be variables that can be tested
. Questions that deal with
, measured, ethics
or belief systems cannot be answered by science. Ethics is a system good
bad
Writing Activities Doing Science Contrast ethical behavior in science with scientific fraud. Create that lists three specific behaviors that are examples of each Right These activities help youa table think type of behavior. I found this information . about whaton page you’re learning Ethical Behavior Scientific Fraud and make connections to your life. of understanding what is
or
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Accept all reasonable responses.
SE, pp. 20–22 RE, pp. 10–12
being objective
making up measurements
making conclusions on the basis of tests and measurements
changing results
evaluate: to determine the worth of expand: to get bigger formula: a symbolic representation of something image: visual impression of something produced by reflection from a mirror or refraction from a lens incidence: the striking of a line or a ray of light on a surface input: what is put in; the amount of money, material, or effort put into a project or process; investment
definite: having exact limits; precise and clear in meaning device: tool or instrument designed for a particular purpose displace: to take the place of or remove from the usual or proper place display: to reveal or exhibit domain: region with the same physical feature enable: to make able; to give means or power to encounter: to meet or experience energy: ability to cause movement or change
internal: having to do with the inside item: object or thing label: printed material that is fastened to something to provide information about it medium: substance through which a force or effect is transmitted occupy: to take up time or space occur: to take place output: useful power delivered by a circuit or device overall: including everything; total overlap: one thing extends over another parallel: being the same distance apart at all places percent: in, to, or for every hundred
Introduction to Physical Science
Vocabulary Development Vocabulary words help you to better S YNTHESIZE I T Describe how fraud in scientific research couldunderstand your science lessons. Learning affect other scientists who research in ethical ways. the Academic Glossary can help you score higher on standardized tests. sharing results
taking credit for others’ work
Accept all reasonable responses.
Fraud could mislead other scientists. It could cause them to base their own experiments on inaccurate information.
The Nature of Science
vi
cycle: a series of events or actions that repeat regularly
.
For a question or problem to be studied through scientific methods ,
and
enormous: very large
(continued)
convert: to change from one form or use to another
Limits of Science
Academic Vocabulary
Introduction to Physical Science
7
249
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Name
Date
Section 1 Science All Around
Mysteries and Problems I found this information on page . SE, pp. 6–7 RE, pp. 1–2
(continued)
Chapter Wrap-Up This brings the information together for you. Revisiting what you thought at the beginning of the chapter provides another opportunity for you to discuss what you have learned.
Summarize why it was important for scientists to solve the mystery of the tsunami that struck Japan, on January 27, 1700. By solving the mystery, scientists discovered that very large earthquakes can happen in the Pacific Northwest. Knowing that earthquakes of that size are possible in that area can help people prepare for the possibility of another similarly large earthquake.
Scientific Methods
Sequence the scientific methods used to solve a scientific problem by completing the graphic organizer below.
I found this information on page . SE, p. 8 RE, p. 3
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Gather information.
Note-Taking Based on the Cornell Two-Column Format Practice effective note-taking through the use of graphic organizers, outlines, and written summaries. Test the hypothesis.
Science I found this information on page . SE, p. 9 RE, p. 3
Name
The Nature of Science
rocks
7.
maps
2.
minerals
8.
mountains
3.
soil
4.
volcanoes
10.
weather
5.
earthquakes
11.
ocean water
6.
fossils
12.
objects in space
9.
2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
The Nature of Science
climates
The Nature of Science
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement.
Distinguish topics that Earth scientists study by listing specific topics identified in this section. 1.
Date
3
After You Read
• An important part of science is testing, or experimenting.
A SE, p. 9 RE, p. 3
• Technology is useful only in the situation for which it was designed.
D SE, p. 14 RE, p. 5
• People began studying weather in the 1800s.
D SE, p. 16 RE, p. 7
• Science can answer all of the questions that can be asked.
D SE, p. 20 RE, p. 10
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.
Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Name
Date
Section 1 Science All Around
Working in the Lab I found this information on page . SE, pp. 9–11 RE, pp. 4–5
Review the Self Check at the end of each section.
(continued)
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
Review Checklist This list helps you assess what you have learned and prepare for your chapter tests.
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about the nature of science. Accept all reasonable responses.
Define the four types of factors in a science experiment. Identify and describe each of them below.
1. Testing is an important part of scientific research. 2. A scientific hypothesis can Independent Variable
become a theory if it has been well tested and is supported by many experiments. 3. It is important to conduct scientific research in an ethical way. variables that do not change
Dependent Variable
8
The Nature of Science
the standard to which results can be compared
Technology I found this information on page . SE, p. 14 RE, p. 5
Summarize transferable technology by defining the term. Then provide examples by filling out the graphic organizer below. Transferable technology is
technology designed for
one situation that is transferred to solve other problems
Radar and Sonar originally developed for are now used to study
S YNTHESIZE I T
Identify three objects in your home or school that have not been affected by technology. Accept all reasonable responses.
.
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Graphic Organizers A variety of visual organizers help you to analyze and summarize information and remember content.
Almost everything is affected by technology in its construction or its parts. Students should appreciate the importance of technology.
4
The Nature of Science
Introduction to Physical Science
vii
Name
Date
The Nature of Science Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
The Nature of Science • Science and technology are independent of one another. • Only scientists use science skills. • Scientific theories can change if new information becomes available. • Science experiments that are done by professional scientists do not need to be repeated.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Write down three examples of science in your everyday life.
The Nature of Science
1
Name
Date
The Nature of Science Section 1 What is science? Skim through Section 1 of your text. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings and looking at the illustrations. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define theory using your book or a dictionary. Write a sentence about a theory you have heard people talk about in everyday life.
New Vocabulary Write the correct key term from your text next to each definition. an explanation of a pattern observed repeatedly in the natural world a way of learning more about the natural world a collection of structures, cycles, and processes that relate to and interact with each other a rule that describes a pattern in nature
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to help you write a scientific definition of the word cycle. cycle
2
The Nature of Science
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
theory
Name
Date
Section 1 What is science?
Learning About the World I found this information on page .
(continued)
Complete the graphic organizer to show what may happen to a scientific theory when new data are discovered. Use the following phrases: • Evaluate scientific theory. • Theory is discarded.
• Theory is modified. • Theory stays same.
New data New data fits theory.
Theory is modified.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
New data do not fit theory.
Systems in Science I found this information on page .
Synthesize information from your book to list some of the structures, cycles, and processes in your school day. Structures
Cycles
Processes
Choose at least one structure, one cycle, and one process from your list and describe the ways they interact.
The Nature of Science
3
Name
Date
Section 1 What is science?
The Branches of Science I found this information on page .
(continued)
Classify which branch of science—physical science, Earth science, or life science—includes each of the following examples. Then, write one additional example studied by that science. Example
Branch of Science
Additional Example
Soil Fish Light Meteors Chemical reactions Body systems Plants
Science and Technology
Complete the following paragraph about the relationship between science and technology.
I found this information on page .
is a way to learn about the natural world. To use these answers for helping people, however, they must be applied in some way.
is the practical use of in our everyday lives.
CONNECT IT
Write about a time that you used science to figure out a problem in your everyday life. Include an additional question about this topic that you might like to investigate.
4
The Nature of Science
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Clouds
Name
Date
The Nature of Science Section 2 Science in Action Skim the headings in Section 2. Then make three predictions about what you will learn. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define observation and give an example of an observation you made today. observation
New Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the following key terms.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
hypothesis
infer
controlled experiment
variable
constant
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define chart as it refers to science. chart
The Nature of Science
5
Name
Date
Section 2 Science in Action
Science Skills I found this information on page .
(continued)
Connect concepts by completing the concept map below about scientific methods.
often begin with
include possible answers called
Scientific Methods lead to results and judgements called
I found this information on page .
Complete the outline below by writing answers on the lines. Making Conclusions and Communicating I. Conclusions A. Definition of conclusion 1.
2.
B. Reasons why scientists often test the conclusions of another scientist 1.
2.
II. Communicating—Reasons why it is important for scientists to communicate A. B. 6
The Nature of Science
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Drawing Conclusions
can include experiments to collect
Name
Date
Section 2 Science in Action
Experiments I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare and contrast types of variables by writing a sentence that describes each type. How Variables Change Type of Variable
Description
Independent variable Dependent variable Constant
Laboratory Safety
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Analyze each procedure below and write the precautions you should take to keep safe. Heating a liquid on a hot plate:
Going outside to observe nature:
Handling plants or animals in the lab:
CONNECT IT
Think of a scientific question that you would like to answer. Then, write three hypotheses, or possible answers, to your question. How could you test your hypotheses?
The Nature of Science
7
Name
Date
The Nature of Science Section 3 Models in Science Scan Section 3 of your book. Then write three questions that you have about the use of models in science. Try to answer your questions as you read. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define scientific method using your book or a dictionary. Then give an example of the scientific method in action. scientific method
examples of real-life and scientific models. model
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define encounter. Then use the term in an original sentence that shows its scientific meaning. encounter
8
The Nature of Science
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
New Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define model. Then give some
Name
Date
Section 3 Models in Science
Why are models necessary?
(continued)
Summarize in a short paragraph how models are helpful.
I found this information on page .
Types of Models I found this information on page .
Organize information in the chart to describe the three types of models and their uses. Models Type
Description
Use
Physical
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
built using computer software help people understand abstract concepts that often are beyond common experience
Making Models I found this information on page .
Create a diagram of the building in which you live. Provide as much detail as possible so that your model will be accurate. Identify uses for this model.
The Nature of Science
9
Name
Date
Section 3 Models in Science
I found this information on page .
Complete the graphic organizer about three ways that models are useful and three examples of scientific models.
Uses
Limitations of Models I found this information on page .
Models
Examples
Identify two reasons that models have limitations and list an example of a model for each reason. 1.
2.
CONNECT IT
As more has been learned about the solar system, the models used to represent it have changed. What are some other models that might have changed over time as new discoveries were made?
10
The Nature of Science
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Using Models
(continued)
Name
Date
The Nature of Science Section 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation Skim through the section. Read the headings and look at the illustrations. Then write three questions that come to mind. Add to these impressions as you read the section. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define prediction using your book. Write a scientific sentence to give an example of a prediction.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
prediction
New Vocabulary Use your book to define the following terms. critical thinking
data
Academic Vocabulary Use evaluate in a scientific sentence. evaluate
The Nature of Science
11
Name
Date
Section 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation
Believe it or not? I found this information on page .
(continued)
Complete the following sentences using these terms. sense inferences evaluate observations conclusions accurate critical You can
an explanation using
thinking. First, you should examine the
and
decide if you believe they are
. Then, look at the
or
made about the data and
decide if they make
Evaluating the Data I found this information on page .
.
Summarize three features of reliable data. 1.
3.
Organize three characteristics of good notes.
Good notes
12
The Nature of Science
are
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
Name
Date
Section 4 Evaluating Scientific Explanation
Evaluating the Conclusions I found this information on page .
(continued)
Complete the concept web to show the steps you might use when evaluating a scientific explanation. Use phrases: • Are there good notes? • Can the data be repeated?
• Could there be another explanation? • Evaluate the conclusion.
Scientific Explanation Evaluate the data Are the data reliable?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Are the data specific?
Does it make sense based on what I know?
CONNECT IT
Create your own advertisement for a wrinkle cream. Include claims about the product’s safety and effectiveness, and use information that might help support those claims. List reasons why another person should or should not believe your ad. Advertisement:
Reasons:
The Nature of Science
13
Name
Date
The Nature of Science
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
The Nature of Science
After You Read
• Science and technology are independent of one another. • Only scientists use science skills. • Scientific theories can change if new information becomes available. • Science experiments that are done by professional scientists do not need to be repeated.
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about the nature of scientific investigation.
14
The Nature of Science
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Measurement Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Measurement • Measurements are recorded by using numbers. • Measurements can be precise but not accurate. • Most scientists use inches and feet to record length. • A bar graph shows parts of a whole.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of the chapter.
Science Journal As a member of the pit crew, how can you determine the miles per gallon a car uses? Write in your Science Journal how you would calculate this.
Measurement
15
Name
Date
Measurement Section 1 Description and Measurement Skim Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings of this section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define description to show its scientific meaning. description
New Vocabulary Define each vocabulary term using your book or a dictionary.
precision
accuracy
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define significant. Use significant in an original sentence to show its scientific meaning. significant
16
Measurement
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
estimation
Name
Date
Section 1 Description and Measurement
Measurement I found this information on page .
(continued)
Define measurement. Then give five examples of things that are measured. Measurement is
.
Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Estimation I found this information on page .
Distinguish two situations in which you might use estimation. 1.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
Precision and Accuracy I found this information on page .
Contrast precision and accuracy. Define each term. Then complete the Venn diagram with an example of measurements that are precise, accurate, and both precise and accurate. Precision is
.
Accuracy is
. Precise
Accurate Both
measurements of 13.54 cm and 13.56 cm for an actual length of 13.55 cm
Measurement
17
Name
Date
Section 1 Description and Measurement
Precision and Accuracy I found this information on page .
(continued)
Sequence the steps to follow when rounding a measurement. Look at the digit
.
If the digit is less than 5,
If the digit is 5 or greater,
.
I found this information on page .
.
Complete the chart of rules for using significant digits. Identify each category as always, sometimes, or never significant. Type of Digit
Significant?
non-zero digits
zeros at the beginning of a number zeros in whole numbers Summarize how to use significant digits in multiplication and division and in addition and subtraction. When multiplying and dividing, the number of significant digits in the answer is determined by in the problem. In addition and subtraction, the number of significant digits in the answer is determined by .
CONNECT IT
18
Measurement
Give examples of exact measurements and estimated measurements.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
zeros between other digits
Name
Date
Measurement Section 2 SI Units Predict three things you expect to learn in Section 2 after reading its title and headings. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define variable to show its scientific meaning. variable
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
SI unit for mass amount of change of one measurement in a given amount of time International System of Units amount of matter in an object amount of space an object occupies SI temperature scale SI unit for length measure of the gravitational force on an object
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define summary. summary
Measurement
19
Name
Date (continued)
I found this information on page .
Sequence the prefixes used in the SI system from smallest to largest. Write each prefix in the proper place on the diagram. centideci-
dekagiga-
hectokilo-
megamicro-
millinano-
Length
Organize information about length in the graphic organizer.
I found this information on page . Tool:
A measure of:
Length
SI units:
Volume
Distinguish methods of finding volume.
I found this information on page .
Regular, square or rectangular objects:
Irregular objects:
20
Measurement
one million
one thousand
one hundred
ten
one-hundredth
one-tenth
Largest
one-thousandth
one-millionth
one-billionth
Smallest
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The International System
one billion
Section 2 SI Units
Name
Date
Section 2 SI Units
(continued)
Mass
Contrast mass and weight. Complete the chart.
I found this information on page .
Mass
Weight
What is it a measure of ? What SI units are used to measure it? Is it the same everywhere?
Temperature
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Label the diagrams to identify important temperatures in the three temperature scales. Circle the scale that is used for SI units. Kelvin (K)
Celsius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
Boiling point of water Freezing point of water
Absolute zero
Time and Rates I found this information on page .
Analyze the relationship between time and rate. Time is measured in
in the SI system. It tells . A rate is .
S YNTHESIZE I T
Explain why it is important to have a standard system of units for scientists to use for measuring.
Measurement
21
Name
Date
Measurement Section 3 Drawings, Tables, and Graphs Scan Section 3. Write two facts you discovered as you scanned the section. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Write an original sentence to show the scientific meaning of model. model
New Vocabulary Define each vocabulary term using your book or a dictionary.
table
bar graph
line graph
graph
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define category. Use category in an original sentence to show its scientific meaning. category
22
Measurement
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
circle graph
Name
Date
Section 3 Drawings, Tables, and Graphs
Scientific Illustrations I found this information on page .
Tables and Graphs I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare and contrast drawings, photographs, and movies. Drawings
Photographs
Movies
Complete the outline to describe tables and graphs. I. Tables A. B.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
II. Graphs A. B. I found this information on page .
Create a sample line graph. Label the x-axis and y-axis.
Summarize what kind of data can be shown on a line graph.
Measurement
23
Name
Date
Section 3 Drawings, Tables, and Graphs
Tables and Graphs
(continued)
Model a bar graph of your own. Write a caption explaining each part of the graph.
I found this information on page .
Sequence the steps to follow to create a circle graph. 1. 2. 3.
I found this information on page .
S YNTHESIZE I T
Evaluate why it is important to examine the scale on a graph. Explain why a broken scale is sometimes useful.
Compare the two graphs of U.S. endangered species per year in your book. Which do you think is more accurate? Which shows the data most clearly? Why? What other type of graph might you use to show these data?
24
Measurement
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Suppose that you have been asked to design your ideal science classroom. The builder wants to know what measurements will be needed to make your room. Create a plan for your classroom. Include at least one item for which each of the following will need to be measured: length, volume, mass, and temperature. Predict a time measurement for your construction. Suggest ways that each can be measured. Create a scientific illustration showing the design of your room.
Measurement
25
Name
Date
Measurement
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write D if you disagree with the statement.
Measurement
After You Read
• Measurements are recorded by using numbers. • Measurements can be precise but not accurate. • Most scientists use inches and feet to measure length. • A bar graph shows parts of a whole.
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about measurement.
26
Measurement
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table Before You Read Preview the chapter title, section titles, and the section headings. List at least two ideas for each section in each column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Make a list of three questions that you think of when you see hot air balloons.
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
27
Name
Date
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table Section 1 Structure of Matter Read the What You’ll Learn statements for Section 1. Write three questions that come to mind. Look for answers to each question as you read the section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define density to show its scientific meaning. density
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word next to each definition.
uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom invisible, negatively charged particle anything that has mass and takes up space statement that matter is not created or destroyed, but only changes its form positively charged central part of an atom positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define theory. theory
28
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
small particle that makes up most kinds of matter
Name
Date
Section 1 Structure of Matter
What is matter? What isn’t matter? I found this information on page .
(continued)
State the two characteristics common to all matter. 1. 2. Label each example as matter or not matter.
What makes up matter?
air
light
heat
water
Organize Democritus’s ideas about atoms. Complete the concept map.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Democritus’s Ideas about Atoms
Identify the two main ideas in Dalton’s atomic theory of matter. 1. 2. Summarize Lavoisier’s experiment and the conclusion he drew from it. Experiment:
Conclusion:
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
29
Name
Date
Section 1 Structure of Matter
Models of the Atom
(continued)
Compare and contrast the Thomson and Rutherford atomic models.
I found this information on page .
Create a drawing of the Bohr atom. Label the positively charged, negatively charged, and neutral parts.
Identify how the modern model of the atom differs from the Bohr model.
A NALYZE IT
Make a relative time line of atomic models. List the models from oldest to youngest. State the new discovery that was made with the development of each new model.
30
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Name
Date
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table Section 2 The Simplest Matter Skim the headings and subheadings in Section 2. Write three predictions about what you will learn in this section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Write a scientific sentence using the word mass. mass
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
matter made of only one kind of atom number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element atom of an element with a different number of neutrons the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom weighted average mass of the isotopes of an element element that generally has a shiny luster and is a good conductor of heat and electricity element that is usually dull in appearance and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity element that has characteristics of metals and nonmetals
Academic Vocabulary Define unique using a dictionary. unique
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
31
Name
Date
Section 2 The Simplest Matter
The Elements I found this information on page .
(continued)
Summarize three key facts about elements. 1. 2. 3.
The Periodic Table
Complete the graphic organizer to show how the periodic table is organized.
I found this information on page .
The Periodic Table is organized in
that have
Identifying Characteristics I found this information on page .
that have
Label the square below with information you would find about chlorine on the periodic table. Identify each piece of information and explain what you can learn from it.
Cl
32
columns, called
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
rows, called
Name
Date
Section 2 The Simplest Matter
Identifying Characteristics I found this information on page .
(continued)
Contrast the three isotopes of hydrogen. Complete the chart. Isotope
Protium
Deuterium
Tritium
Number of protons Number of neutrons Mass number
Classification of Elements
Summarize the four characteristics of each type of element in the chart below.
I found this information on page .
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids
1.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
3.
4.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are located in specific areas of the periodic table. Use what you know about elements and the periodic table to explain why this is.
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
33
Name
Date
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table Section 3 Compounds and Mixtures Scan Section 3 using the checklist below. Read all section headings. Read all bold words. Read all charts and graphs. Look at the pictures. Think about what you already know about compounds and mixtures. Write two facts you learned about compounds and mixtures as you scanned the section. 1.
Review Vocabulary Define formula. Then use the term in an original sentence to show its scientific meaning. formula
New Vocabulary Use each vocabulary term in a scientific sentence. substance compound mixture
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define symbol. Give an example of a symbol you have used in science. symbol
34
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
Name
Date
Section 3 Compounds and Mixtures
Substances I found this information on page .
(continued)
Classify the types of substances. Complete the graphic organizer by describing each type and giving two examples.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Substances
I found this information on page .
Type:
Type:
Description:
Description:
Examples:
Examples:
Summarize what information is contained in the formula of a compound.
Analyze the formula of each compound. Identify which elements are in each compound and how many atoms of each element make up one unit of the compound.
Formula
Water
Hydrogen peroxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
H 2O
H2O2
CO2
CO
Atoms and elements
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
35
Name
Date
Section 3 Compounds and Mixtures
Mixtures I found this information on page .
(continued)
Contrast compounds and mixtures. Complete the Venn diagram with at least five facts. Compounds
Mixtures Both
Summarize characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. A homogeneous mixture You
.
see the individual parts. A heterogeneous mixture .
You
see the individual parts.
Examples of a homogeneous mixture:
Examples of a heterogeneous mixture:
CONNECT IT
Give examples of two mixtures and two compounds that are important to your everyday life.
36
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Name
Date
Tie It Together The formulas for three substances are listed below. • Describe the properties of each substance as thoroughly as you can. • Identify each as an element or a compound. • Write the number of protons in the nuclei of the element or elements in each substance. • State whether those elements are metals, nonmetals, or metalloids, and any properties you can infer for those elements. • Use a periodic table.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Water (H2O):
2. Table salt (NaCl):
3. Gold (Au):
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
37
Name
Date
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table Chapter Wrap-Up Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third column. How do your ideas now compare with those you provided at the beginning of the chapter? K What I know
W What I want to find out
L What I learned
Use this checklist to help you study. Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about atoms and elements.
38
Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Review
Name
Date
States of Matter Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
States of Matter • There are four states of matter. • Solids take the shape of their containers. • Substances cannot change directly from a solid to a gas. • The air around you is putting pressure on your body.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Write about what you predict is a source of the warm water in a hot natural spring in a cold, snowy climate.
States of Matter
39
Name
Date
States of Matter Section 1 Matter Skim through Section 1 of your text. Write three questions that come to mind when reading the headings and looking at the illustrations. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define the word atom in a scientific sentence.
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition. matter that does not have a definite shape or volume anything that takes up space and has mass matter with a definite shape and volume liquid’s resistance to flow uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid matter with a definite volume but no definite shape
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define definite. definite
40
States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
atom
Name
Date
Section 1 Matter
(continued)
What is matter? I found this information on page .
Define matter, and identify the four states of matter. Matter:
The Four States of Matter
Solids I found this information on page .
Complete the statements about properties of solids. Do solids have definite shape?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Do solids have definite volume? Do solids take the shape of its container? How do particles in solids move? How are particles in crystalline solids arranged?
How are particles in amorphous solids arranged?
Liquids I found this information on page .
Contrast liquids with solids. 1.
2.
3.
States of Matter
41
Name
Date
Section 1 Matter
(continued)
Liquids
Distinguish between viscosity and surface tension.
I found this information on page .
Gases
Organize information about gases.
I found this information on page .
Gases do not have definite
or
S UMMARIZE I T those in a gas.
42
States of Matter
Compare and contrast the motion of particles in a solid with
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
are made of particles that move
fill the
Name
Date
States of Matter Section 2 Matter Changes of State Predict three things that might be discussed in this section after reading the title and headings. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define the word energy using a dictionary or your book. energy
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition. average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the change from a gas state to a liquid state the change from a solid state to a liquid state total kinetic energy of the particles in a material the change from a liquid state to a gas state the change from a liquid state to a solid state movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define item. item
States of Matter
43
Name
Date
Section 2 Matter Changes of State
Thermal Energy and Heat I found this information on page .
(continued)
Classify each phrase to show whether it describes thermal energy, temperature, or both. • depends on the number of particles • average energy of particles
• involves kinetic energy of particles • total energy of particles
Thermal Energy
Temperature
I found this information on page .
Create a drawing to show a glass of lemonade with ice cubes in it. Use arrows to show the movement of thermal energy.
Complete the chart below on specific heat.
Specific Heat I found this information on page .
Cool Substances with high specific heats Substances with low specific heats
44
States of Matter
Heat
slowly quickly
Example
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Both
Name
Date
Section 2 Matter Changes of State
Changes Between the Solid and Liquid States I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare the changes between the solid and liquid states by completing the chart. Melting
Freezing
What is it?
Thermal energy released or absorbed?
Changes Between the Liquid and Gas States
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Changes Between the Solid and Gas States
Distinguish the changes between gas and liquid states by filling in the graphic organizer.
gas
liquid
Summarize information about sublimation.
I found this information on page .
S YNTHESIZE I T
Explain the relationship between heat and temperature.
States of Matter
45
Name
Date
States of Matter Section 3 Behavior of Fluids Scan Section 3 of your book. Write three facts you discovered about fluids as you scanned the section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define the word force in a sentence to show its scientific meaning. force
New Vocabulary Use a dictionary or your book to define the key terms.
buoyant force
Archimedes’ principle
density
Pascal’s principle
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define expand to show its scientific meaning. expand
46
States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
pressure
Name
Date
Section 3 Behavior of Fluids
Pressure I found this information on page .
(continued)
Complete the formula for pressure. Then analyze how pressure changes with a change in force or area. Pressure
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
If force
and area
increases
stays the same
decreases
stays the same
stays the same
increases
stays the same
decreases
then pressure
I found this information on page .
Define atmospheric pressure and describe why you do not feel it.
I found this information on page .
Analyze how the size of a weather balloon would change as it rises into the atmosphere. Create and label a drawing or write sentences to explain why the balloon changes size.
States of Matter
47
Name
Date
Section 3 Behavior of Fluids
Changes in Gas Pressure
(continued)
Complete the graphic organizer to show how changes in volume and temperature can increase pressure.
I found this information on page .
as volume Pressure increases as temperature
I found this information on page .
Compare the buoyancy of an object that is more dense than water with an object that is less dense than water. Draw and label arrows to show the buoyant force and weight of each. More Dense
Pascal’s Principle I found this information on page .
S YNTHESIZE I T
Less Dense
Summarize Pascal’s principle, and give an example that illustrates the principle.
An ice cube (solid water) floats in liquid water. Explain this in terms of density and buoyant force.
48
States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Float or sink?
Name
Date
Tie It Together Synthesize It Describe a situation from daily life in which you have experienced each change of state identified below. Explain how thermal energy was involved in the change of state. Condensation
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Melting
Freezing
Evaporation
States of Matter
49
Name
Date
States of Matter
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
States of Matter
After You Read
• There are four states of matter. • Solids take the shape of their containers. • Substances cannot change directly from a solid to a gas. • The air around you is putting pressure on your body.
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about states of matter.
50
States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Matter—Properties and Changes Before You Read Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about properties of matter and how matter can change. List three things that you already know about these topics in the first column. Then list three things that you would like to learn about them in the second column.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
K What I know
W What I want to find out
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal What happens to a swimming pool when the correct chemicals are not added to the water?
Matter—Properties and Changes
51
Name
Date
Matter—Properties and Changes Section 1 Physical Properties Scan the headings in Section 1 of your book. Identify three topics that will be discussed. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define matter using your book or a dictionary. matter
New Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the following terms.
density
state of matter
size-dependent property
size-independent property
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define occupy to show its scientific meaning. occupy
52
Matter—Properties and Changes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
physical property
Name
Date
Section 1 Physical Properties
Physical Properties I found this information on page .
(continued)
Summarize how to calculate density using both words and symbols. To find the density of an object,
:
D ______
I found this information on page .
Complete the States of Matter chart below for forms of water. States of Matter drinking water:
ice: gas
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Identify two variables that affect the state of matter. The state of matter depends on the
and
of the matter. I found this information on page .
Compare and contrast size-dependent properties and size-independent properties by providing examples of each. Physical Properties Size-dependent
Size-independent
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4. 5.
Matter—Properties and Changes
53
Name
Date
Section 1 Physical Properties
Physical Properties of Acids and Bases
(continued)
Label the pH scale below with values of pH. Identify the pH range of acids and the pH range of bases.
I found this information on page .
7
neutral
Summarize some acidic and basic products that can be purchased in a grocery store. Acidic Products
Basic Products
1.
1.
2.
2.
CONNECT IT
When milk “goes bad,” its pH changes. Infer if it becomes more acidic or more basic. Support your reasoning.
54
Matter—Properties and Changes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Name
Date
Matter—Properties and Changes Section 2 Chemical Properties Skim Section 2 of your book. Write three questions that come to mind. Look for answers to your questions as you read the section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define solubility using your book or a dictionary. solubility
New Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the following terms. Then use each term in a sentence to show its scientific meaning.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
chemical property
reactivity
salts
Academic Vocabulary
Use a dictionary to define label to show its scientific meaning.
label
Matter—Properties and Changes
55
Name
Date
Section 2 Chemical Properties
A Complete Description I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare and contrast physical properties with chemical properties. Complete the Venn diagram using the phrases below. • can be observed without changing the matter
• observed when matter changes into a different type of matter
• can be used to identify the substance
• can be detected by using the senses
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
I found this information on page .
Organize information about common chemical properties by completing the graphic organizer.
Common chemical properties include the ability to react with
56
Matter—Properties and Changes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Both
Name
Date
Section 2 Chemical Properties
A Complete Description I found this information on page .
(continued)
Complete the chart below to provide examples of the chemical properties of different materials. When this material:
Reacts with:
It will:
the phosphorus and wood of a match a slice of apple iron
oxygen and form hypochlorous acid
chlorine aluminum
I found this information on page .
Define how salts are formed.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
An
reacts with a
to form
and a salt. Identify the chemicals that form table salt.
ⴙ
sodium chloride
CONNECT IT
Some fire extinguishers contain carbon dioxide. Analyze why spraying carbon dioxide on a fire would extinguish it.
Matter—Properties and Changes
57
Name
Date
Matter—Properties and Changes Section 3 Physical and Chemical Changes Scan Section 3 of your book. Use the checklist below. Read all the headings. Read all the bold words. Look at the charts, graphs, and pictures. Think about what you already know about physical and chemical changes. Write three things that you want to learn about physical and chemical changes. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define weathering using your book or a dictionary.
New Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the following terms. Then use each term in a sentence to show its scientific meaning. physical change
chemical change
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define undergo to show its scientific meaning. undergo
58
Matter—Properties and Changes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
weathering
Name
Date
Section 3 Physical and Chemical Changes
Physical Change I found this information on page .
(continued)
Classify examples of physical changes of states of matter by completing the diagram. Example water freezing
Change of State liquid
ice melting
water evaporating
dew forming
Chemical Changes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Summarize the chemical change that wood undergoes when it burns. wood
ⴙ
I found this information on page .
fire
ⴙ
Create a graphic organizer to identify at least five signs of chemical change.
Matter—Properties and Changes
59
Name
Date
Section 3 Physical and Chemical Changes
Chemical and Physical Changes in Nature
(continued)
Organize information about physical weathering by completing the graphic organizer.
I found this information on page . Exposed rock is reduced to soil through the action of
I found this information on page .
Sequence the 4 steps by which stalactites form. 1. As water moves slowly through rock
2. The water drips into a cave.
3. As water it leaves behind
4. This process slowly builds
CONNECT IT
on the ceiling of the cave, .
.
Predict which physical properties of clothing can be affected when clothing is washed. Support your answer with examples.
60
Matter—Properties and Changes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
.
Name
Date
Tie It Together Distinguishing Physical and Chemical Properties Review the illustrations in this chapter. For each picture, write down one or more physical or chemical properties that are shown. If you want, you can team with some partners. Have a contest to see who can find the most properties for five pictures in two minutes. Then try the next five pictures. Physical and Chemical Properties Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Picture
Matter—Properties and Changes
61
Name
Date
Matter—Properties and Changes Chapter Wrap-Up Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
L What I learned
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three main ideas you learned that you did not know before.
62
Matter—Properties and Changes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds • Electrons exist with specific levels of energy. • Elements can be arranged according to their properties. • An atom that loses an electron is called a molecule.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Elements can form bonds by sharing electrons.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Write a sentence comparing household glue to chemical bonds.
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
63
Name
Date
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds Section 1 Why do atoms combine? Skim the objectives for Section 1. Write three questions that come to mind from reading these statements. Look for answers to each question as you read the section. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define atom to show its scientific meaning.
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to its definition. model of the area around the nucleus where electrons usually travel the different areas for an electron in an atom symbol for an element surrounded by as many dots as there are electrons in its outer energy level force that holds two atoms together
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define period. Then tell how the word is used in the context of the periodic table. period
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Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
atom
Name
Date
Section 1 Why do atoms combine?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Atomic Structure
(continued)
I found this information on page .
Model the structure of an atom that has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons. Label the protons, neutrons, electrons, and nucleus in your drawing.
Electron Arrangement
Complete the chart to show the maximum number of electrons that can exist in each energy level of an atom.
I found this information on page .
Energy Level
Maximum Number of Electrons
1 2 3 4 Write the formula for calculating the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an energy level. Formula for calculating electrons per energy level:
Periodic Table and Energy Levels
Analyze the relationship of the atomic number of a neutral atom to the number of electrons and protons it contains.
I found this information on page .
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
65
Name
Date
Section 1 Why do atoms combine?
I found this information on page .
Identify the number of electrons each of the atoms has in its outer energy level. Then shade the boxes of the elements that are stable. 1
18
H
He
Li
Element Families I found this information on page .
Electron Dot Diagrams
2
13
14
15
16
17
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Compare how the elements in a family are similar. Use the noble gases and alkali metals as examples.
Model the arrangement of electrons by making electron dot diagrams for the elements represented below.
I found this information on page . Li
Be
CONNECT IT
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Hydrogen gas is lighter than helium gas. Hypothesize why airships use helium for buoyancy instead of hydrogen.
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Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Electron Configuration
(continued)
Name
Date
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds Section 2 How Elements Bond Predict three things that might be discussed in this section after reading the headings that appear in it. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Write a sentence using the word electron that shows its scientific meaning. electron
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to its definition.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements are present in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present chemical bond that forms between nonmetal atoms when they share electrons atom that is no longer neutral because it has gained or lost electrons pure substance containing two or more elements that are chemically bonded bond in which electrons are shared unevenly chemical bond formed when metal atoms share their pooled electrons chemical bond formed from an attraction between ions neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons
Academic Vocabulary Define achieve using a dictionary. achieve
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
67
Name
Date
Section 2 How Elements Bond
Ionic Bonds— Loss and Gain I found this information on page .
(continued)
Complete the electron dot diagram below to show the final compound. Na
ⴙ
Cl
Na
ⴙ
Cl
ⴚ
Summarize what is occurring in the diagram. Your description should include the words ion, negative, positive, and compound.
Compare and contrast metallic bonds with ionic bonds by completing the Venn diagram with at least five facts. Ionic Bonds
I found this information on page .
Both
Metallic Bonds
Describe two characteristics of metals that are caused by metallic bonding.
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Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Metallic Bonding— Pooling
Name
Date
Section 2 How Elements Bond
Covalent Bonds—Sharing I found this information on page .
(continued)
Organize information about covalent bonds. I. Covalent Bond A. Definition:
B. How atoms share electrons 1. 2. C. Multiple bonds:
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Model a polar molecule, and label the ends as more positive or more negative.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Chemical Shorthand
Label the parts of the chemical formula shown. Then summarize what the formula tells you about the compound.
I found this information on page . H 2O
CONNECT IT
Chlorine is a gas with a distinct odor. Do you think that someone with an acute sense of smell would be able to smell chlorine in table salt? Explain.
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
69
Name
Date
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds Chapter Wrap-Up Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
After You Read
• Electrons exist with specific levels of energy. • Elements can be arranged according to their properties. • An atom that loses an electron is called a molecule. • Elements can form bonds by sharing electrons.
Use this checklist to help you study. Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about how chemicals bond.
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Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
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Review
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions Before You Read Preview the chapter title, section titles, and section headings. List at least two ideas for each section in each column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal What types of products do you think are manufactured in a chemical plant?
Chemical Reactions
71
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions Section 1 Chemical Formulas and Equations Skim Section 1 of your text. Read the headings and look at the illustrations. Write three questions that come to mind. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define atom to show its scientific meaning. atom
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to its definition. substance that exists before a chemical reaction begins
process that produces a chemical change chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction tells the reactants, products, physical state, and proportions of each substance in a chemical reaction
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define undergo. undergo
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Chemical Reactions
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
chemical reaction that releases heat energy
Name
Date
Section 1 Chemical Formulas and Equations
Physical or Chemical Change?
(continued)
Compare and contrast the two types of changes in matter by completing the chart.
I found this information on page .
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Description
Examples
Chemical Equations I found this information on page .
Label the products, reactants, and subscripts in the chemical equation.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
CH3COOH NaHCO3
Conservation of Mass I found this information on page .
CH3COONa H2O CO2
Complete the chart below about the chemical reaction above. Then summarize the law of conservation of mass. Element
C
Number of atoms in reactants
3
H
O
Na
5
Number of atoms in products The law of conservation of mass states that
.
Chemical Reactions
73
Name
Date
Section 1 Chemical Formulas and Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
(continued)
Complete the process of balancing the chemical equation below. First, count the number of atoms of each element in the products and the reactants to complete the chart. CH4
I found this information on page .
O2 Carbon
CO2 Hydrogen
H2O Oxygen
Reactants Products Balance the number of hydrogen atoms in the equation by writing the correct coefficient in front of the correct molecule. Then count and record the atoms in the new equation. CH4
O2 Carbon
CO2 Hydrogen
H2O Oxygen
Reactants
Finish balancing the equation by balancing the number of oxygen atoms in the equation. CH4
Energy in Chemical Reactions
O2
CO2
Predict whether the reaction above is endothermic or exothermic and explain why. The energy term would appear on the right side of the equation.
I found this information on page .
COMPARE IT
74
H2O
Compare the terms endothermic and exothermic.
Chemical Reactions
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Products
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions Section 2 Rates of Chemical Reactions Scan the headings, bold words, and illustrations in Section 2. Write two facts that you learned as you scanned the section. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Define state of matter in a scientific sentence. state of matter
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to its definition. substance that slows down a chemical reaction
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
large protein molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without changing permanently or being used up energy needed to start a chemical reaction amount of a substance present in a certain volume how fast a chemical reaction happens after it is started
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define volume. volume
Chemical Reactions
75
Name
Date
Section 2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
How fast? and Activation Energy—Starting a Reaction
(continued)
Evaluate the events that occur during a chemical reaction by completing the paragraph. Activation energy is the
I found this information on page .
needed to start a(n)
. Molecules of the reactants can then with enough energy to the
of the reactants. New bonds
to
create the products of the reaction.
Reaction Rate
Describe two ways that the rate of a reaction can be measured.
I found this information on page .
I found this information on page .
Complete the concept map by identifying factors that affect reaction rate. Factors that Affect Reaction Rate
Changing the speed and energy with which molecules collide affects the reaction rate.
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Chemical Reactions
The number of reactant molecules in a given volume affects the chance that molecules will collide and react.
Only atoms in the outer layer of the reactant material can react—the number of molecules out in the open affects reaction rate.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Reaction rate can be found by measuring
Name
Date
Section 2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
Slowing Down Reactions
(continued)
Summarize the information about inhibitors. Include an example.
I found this information on page .
Speeding Up Reactions
Complete the graphic organizer about ways catalysts can work.
I found this information on page .
providing .
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Catalysts can speed up reactions by
holding .
reducing .
I found this information on page .
Identify four other functions that enzymes carry out in the body. 1. 2. 3. 4.
S YNTHESIZE I T
A scientist adds 1 mg of a catalyst to a solution to speed reaction rate. How much of the catalyst will be left after the reaction occurs? Explain.
Chemical Reactions
77
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third column. Compare your previous responses with these. K What I know
W What I want to find out
L What I learned
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about chemical reactions.
78
Chemical Reactions
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility • Burning a substance changes it into other substances. • All mixtures are solutions. • Stirring can speed up the rate at which a substance dissolves. • Acidic foods are sour.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Find and name four items around you that are mixtures.
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
79
Name
Date
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility Section 1 What is a solution? Read the What You’ll Learn statements for Section 1. Write four questions you have after reading the statements. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Review Vocabulary Define proton to show its scientific meaning. proton
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word in the left column next to solid that comes out of its solution due to a chemical reaction matter with the same composition and properties throughout substance that dissolves a solute mixture in which substances are not evenly mixed mixture with two or more substances that are evenly mixed substance that dissolves and seems to disappear into another substance another name for a homogeneous mixture
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define physical to show its scientific meaning. physical
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Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
each definition.
Name
Date
Section 1 What is a solution?
Substances I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare elements and compounds by completing the chart. Substance
Definition
Element Compound
I found this information on page .
Contrast physical and chemical processes. Complete the sentences. Physical processes Chemical processes
Mixtures
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
change substances. change substances.
Distinguish heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures. Place the phrases in the Venn diagram. • not bonded chemically • not evenly mixed • evenly mixed
• can be physically separated • also known as solutions
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous Both
How Solutions Form
Summarize how solutions form. Define solute and solvent in your answer.
I found this information on page .
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
81
Name
Date
Section 1 What is a solution?
I found this information on page .
(continued)
Contrast crystallization and precipitate formation. Crystallization:
Precipitate formation:
Liquid Solutions I found this information on page .
Organize examples of each type of solution. Liquid solvent:
Liquid solute:
Solution:
Gas solute:
Solution:
Solid solute:
Solution:
ⴙ
Liquid solvent:
Liquid solvent:
ⴙ
Gaseous Solutions I found this information on page .
Identify the solvent and solute(s) for each solution. The air you breathe:
Brass:
CONNECT IT
A jar of ocean water sits on a shelf uncovered for some time. Once the water is gone, a white, salty substance is left in the jar. Hypothesize what kind of change occurred. What does this tell you about the water?
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Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ⴙ
Name
Date
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility Section 2 Solubility Scan the headings, bold words, and illustrations in Section 2. Write two facts you learned as you scanned the section. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Define polar bond. polar bond
New Vocabulary Write a scientific definition for each vocabulary term.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
aqueous
solubility
saturated
concentration
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define chemical as an adjective. chemical
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
83
Name
Date
Section 2 Solubility
Water—The Universal Solvent I found this information on page .
(continued)
Model and label a water molecule, including: • the shared electrons in the bonds • the partial positive and partial negative charge areas • the hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Contrast the ways in which ionic and polar molecular compounds dissolve in water. Complete the chart. Type of Compound
How It Dissolves in Water
Ionic
Polar molecular
What will dissolve?
Analyze the phrase “like dissolves like.” Summarize what this phrase means in your own words.
I found this information on page .
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Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Name
Date
Section 2 Solubility
(continued)
How much will dissolve?
Summarize how temperature affects solubility. As temperature increases, the solubility of liquid-solid solutions
I found this information on page .
usually solutions usually
and the solubility of liquid-gas .
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Describe a saturated solution and tell how a solution can become supersaturated.
Rate of Dissolving I found this information on page .
Identify three ways the rate of dissolving can be increased. 1. 2. 3.
Concentration
Summarize how adding solute changes the properties of a solvent.
I found this information on page .
S UMMARIZE I T
A chef slowly stirs sugar into a pot of water. Describe what happens to the solution as the water heats. What can you conclude about how long it will take the solution to boil?
SEE OVERSET PG
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
85
Name
Date
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility Section 3 Acidic and Basic Solutions Predict three topics you expect to be discussed in Section 3. Read the headings and bold words to help make your prediction. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define physical property using your book or a dictionary. physical property
New Vocabulary Write an original sentence using each vocabulary term.
pH hydronium ion base indicator acid
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define conduct as a verb in its scientific sense. conduct
86
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
neutralization
Name
Date
Section 3 Acidic and Basic Solutions
Acids I found this information on page .
(continued)
Model and label the formation of a hydronium ion from a hydrogen ion in water.
Write a sentence explaining how hydronium forms from an acid.
I found this information on page .
Organize information about the properties of acids and some examples of acids. Complete the diagram.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Properties
Examples
1.
1. Acids
2.
Bases
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
Organize properties and examples of bases. Complete the diagram.
I found this information on page .
Properties
Examples
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
Bases
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
87
Name
Date
Section 3 Acidic and Basic Solutions
I found this information on page .
Label the diagram of the pH scale. Label the areas of the scale for acids, bases, and neutral solutions. Draw arrows showing how the strength of acids and bases increases.
0
Indicators I found this information on page .
Neutralization I found this information on page .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
Summarize what determines the strength of acidic and basic solutions.
Describe the response of the indicator litmus paper in each case. When placed in acid, litmus paper
.
When placed in base, litmus paper
.
Complete the cause-and-effect chart about neutralization.
The pH of the solution becomes more neutral.
CONNECT IT
Heartburn is caused by excess acid in the digestive system. Antacid tablets treat heartburn by neutralizing the acid. Explain what you can conclude about the tablets, and why.
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Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What is pH?
(continued)
Name
Date
Tie It Together Can You Guess? Write clues that a classmate could use to guess three substances or mixtures from everyday life. Include information about the properties and uses of the substance or mixture. For example, if you chose vinegar, you might write: “This is a liquid-liquid solution. It is a weak acid. It is used on salads and in other foods.” Trade clues with a classmate and try to guess each other’s items.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1.
2.
3.
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
89
Name
Date
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility Chapter Wrap-Up Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
After You Read
• Burning a substance changes it into other substances. • All mixtures are solutions. • Stirring can speed up the rate at which a substance dissolves. • Acidic foods are sour.
Use this checklist to help you study. Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned that surprised you.
90
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Review
Name
Date
Carbon Chemistry Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Carbon Chemistry • All living things on Earth are made of compounds that contain carbon. • Methane has one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms. • Polymers are small organic molecules that link together to form chains. • Some carbon compounds cannot move through cell membranes.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Find and name four items around your classroom that are made from carbon compounds.
Carbon Chemistry
91
Name
Date
Carbon Chemistry Section 1 Simple Organic Compounds Skim Section 1 of your book. Read the headings and examine the illustrations. Write three questions that come to mind. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define chemical bond using your book or a dictionary.
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition. most compounds that contain carbon organic compound that has only carbon and hydrogen atoms compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures and different physical and chemical properties carbon molecule to which no additional hydrogen atoms can be added hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds
Academic Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define formula in its formula
92
Carbon Chemistry
scientific sense.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
chemical bond
Name
Date
Section 1 Simple Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds
(continued)
Summarize why carbon is able to form many compounds.
I found this information on page .
Hydrocarbons I found this information on page .
Distinguish between organic compounds and hydrocarbons by completing the diagram.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
organic compounds contain
I found this information on page .
hydrocarbons contain
Model the simplest hydrocarbon, methane. Provide its chemical and structural formulas. Chemical Formula of Methane
Structural Formula of Methane
Carbon Chemistry
93
Name
Date (continued)
I found this information on page .
Contrast methane with ethane.
I found this information on page .
Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
I found this information on page .
Analyze isomers of hydrocarbons. Compare and contrast butane and isobutane by completing the chart. Butane
Isobutane
Number of Carbon Atoms Number of Hydrogen Atoms Chemical Formula Structural Formula
CONNECT IT
Ethyne is a hydrocarbon with a triple bond. Identify whether it is saturated or unsaturated and why.
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Carbon Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Section 1 Simple Organic Compounds
Name
Date
Carbon Chemistry Section 2 Other Organic Compounds Scan the headings of Section 2 to predict three types of compounds that can be formed by substituting hydrogen atoms. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define chemical formula using your book or a dictionary. chemical formula
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A group that has the formula -COOH. A group that has the formula -OH. An acid that includes an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. A group that has the formula -NH2.
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define substitute to show its scientific meaning. substitute
Carbon Chemistry
95
Name
Date
Section 2 Other Organic Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons I found this information on page .
(continued)
Summarize how and why chemists change hydrocarbons to make substituted hydrocarbons. How:
Why:
I found this information on page .
Identify the four possible compounds created by substituting chlorine atoms for hydrogen atoms in methane. Number of chlorine atoms
Chemical formula
Chemical name
2 3 4 I found this information on page .
Contrast methanol with methane by drawing methanol in the box at right. The difference between methane and methanol is
H H
C
H
H
. Model acetic acid in the box below. The difference between methane and acetic acid is
. 96
Carbon Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1
Name
Date
Section 2 Other Organic Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons
(continued)
Compare and contrast types of substituted hydrocarbons. Alcohols
I found this information on page .
Carboxylic Acids
Amines
Group of Atoms Added Chemical Formula of Group Added Structural Formula of Group Added
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Examples
I found this information on page .
Summarize the chemical structure of amino acids and why amino acids are important to life.
CONNECT IT
Benzene is a ring-shaped hydrocarbon containing six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. Phenol is formed when one hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxyl group. What type of compound is phenol? Support your response.
Carbon Chemistry
97
Name
Date
Carbon Chemistry Section 3 Biological Compounds Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 3 as you read the headings. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define chemical reaction using your book or a dictionary. chemical reaction
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word next to each definition. chemical reaction in which monomers are bonded together
organic compound that contains the same elements as carbohydrates but in different proportions polymers of glucose monomers in which hundreds or more molecules are joined together small, organic molecules that link together to form polymers biological polymer made up of amino acids complex lipid that is present in foods that come from animals molecule made up of many small organic molecules linked together with covalent bonds to form a long chain
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define approximate. approximate
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Carbon Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
organic compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Name
Date
Section 3 Biological Compounds
What is a polymer?
(continued)
Identify at least three uses of polymers in daily life.
I found this information on page .
Proteins are Polymers I found this information on page .
Summarize the functions and sources of proteins. Functions
Sources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Proteins are made up of
Carbohydrates I found this information on page .
Model sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Sucrose
Glucose
Fructose
Carbon Chemistry
99
Name
Date
Section 3 Biological Compounds
Carbohydrates I found this information on page .
(continued)
Distinguish between three different types of carbohydrates by defining them in the graphic organizer. Types of Carbohydrates
I found this information on page .
CONNECT IT
Summarize information about lipids. Type
Description
Sources
Analyze the effects of cholesterol on the body. Explain why it is needed and how it can be harmful.
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Carbon Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lipids
Name
Date
Tie It Together Analyze Your Diet 1. Divide a sheet into three columns. 2. Label the columns “Protein-rich foods,” “Carbohydrate-rich foods,” and “Lipid-rich foods.” 3. Make a list of all the foods you have eaten over the past few days. Identify which category each food belongs in. 4. If you are unsure of the category of a food, investigate that food further.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Analyze Are there changes you should make in your eating patterns? Explain how. Otherwise, explain why your eating pattern is a healthful one.
Carbon Chemistry
101
Name
Date
Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Carbon Chemistry
After You Read
• All living things on Earth are made of compounds that contain carbon. • Methane has one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms. • Polymers are small organic molecules that link together to form chains. • Some carbon compounds cannot move through cell membranes.
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about carbon chemistry.
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Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Motion and Momentum Before You Read Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. Complete the two columns of the table by listing at least two ideas in each column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Describe how your motion changed as you moved from your school’s entrance to your classroom.
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Name
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Motion and Momentum Section 1 What is motion? Preview the section by reading the What You’ll Learn statements. Write three questions that come to mind from reading these statements. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Write a sentence that uses the word meter to show its scientific meaning. meter
New Vocabulary Define the new vocabulary terms using your book or a speed
average speed
instantaneous speed
velocity
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define displace in its scientific sense. displace
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
dictionary.
Name
Date
Section 1 What is motion?
Changing Position I found this information on page .
(continued)
Analyze the meaning of relative motion. Complete the sentences. To determine whether something changes position, you must identify
. An object changes position if .
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Contrast distance and displacement. Draw a diagram showing distance and displacement for a person jogging halfway around a lake. Label the distance and displacement.
Speed I found this information on page .
Complete the equation for calculating speed. speed (in meters/second) = Compare and contrast average speed and instantaneous speed. Give an example of average speed, instantaneous speed, and one in which instantaneous speed changes. Average speed:
Instantaneous speed:
Example:
Motion and Momentum
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Date
Section 1 What is motion?
Graphing Motion I found this information on page .
(continued)
Analyze the distance-time graph. Graph lines to show: • Person C, whose speed is 2 m/s. • Person D, who is standing still. Distance v. Time
Distance
2.0
Person A
1.5 Person B 1.0 0.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5 2.0 Time
2.5
3.0
Compare the speed of each person by completing the paragraph. is plotted on the horizontal axis and is plotted on the vertical axis. A steeper line indicates
. On this graph, Person A
has a speed of
and Person B has a speed
of
. If speed were zero, the line would
be
.
CONNECT IT
Think of a time recently when you might have run around a track or traveled in a car or bus. Describe the motion thoroughly. Remember to include how your velocity changed.
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0
Name
Date
Motion and Momentum Section 2 Acceleration Predict three things you will learn in this section. Read the section title and subheadings to help you make your predictions. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define kilogram. kilogram
New Vocabulary Use your book to write the scientific definition of acceleration.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
acceleration
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to find the mathematical definition of positive. positive
Motion and Momentum
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Date
Acceleration and Motion
(continued)
Distinguish the three ways that an object can accelerate. Complete the concept map.
I found this information on page .
Acceleration includes
1.
Calculating Acceleration I found this information on page .
2.
3.
Complete the mathematical equation to calculate acceleration for objects moving in a straight line. Acceleration Equation (in m/s)
acceleration (in m/s2)
(in m/s)
time (in s)
Analyze the equation above to rewrite it using symbols. a I found this information on page .
Compare and contrast positive and negative acceleration by completing the chart. Types of Acceleration Positive Change in speed Relationship of initial speed to final speed
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Motion and Momentum
Initial speed is less than final speed.
Negative
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Section 2 Acceleration
Name
Date
Section 2 Acceleration
Calculating Acceleration I found this information on page .
(continued)
Analyze the acceleration graph below. Label the parts of the graph showing zero acceleration, positive acceleration, and negative acceleration. Speed v. Time
8 7
Speed (m/s)
6 5 4 3 2 1
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
0
1
2
3
4 5 6 Time (s)
7
8
9
Summarize how you can identify each type of acceleration on an acceleration graph. Complete the sentences. A line for positive acceleration slopes
.
A line for negative acceleration slopes
.
A line for zero acceleration
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
A jogger runs around a circular track. She starts at a speed of 2 m/s, then speeds up to 6 m/s. She runs at that speed for 20 minutes, and then comes to a stop. Describe her acceleration. Is it ever zero?
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Name
Date
Motion and Momentum Section 3 Momentum Scan the headings, bold words, and illustrations in Section 3. Write two facts you discovered about momentum as you scanned the section. 1.
2.
Review Vocabulary Use the term triple-beam balance in a sentence. triple-beam balance
New Vocabulary Define the scientific meanings of the new vocabulary terms using mass
inertia
momentum
law of conservation of momentum
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define predict. predict
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Motion and Momentum
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
your book or a dictionary.
Name
Date
Section 3 Momentum
Mass and Inertia I found this information on page .
(continued)
Label the arrow below to show the relationship between mass and inertia.
Greater mass Less mass
Momentum I found this information on page .
Has
inertia
Has
inertia
List two factors that affect an object’s momentum. 1.
affect
momentum
2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Summarize the calculation of momentum in words on the lines below.
Complete the equation used to calculate momentum. momentum (in kg • m/s)
(in kg)
(in m/s)
Analyze the equation above and rewrite it using symbols. Use the letter p to represent momentum.
Conservation of Momentum
Summarize the law of conservation of momentum in your own words. Two balls that collide are an example.
I found this information on page .
Motion and Momentum
111
Name
Section 3 Momentum
Using Momentum Conservation I found this information on page .
Date (continued)
Model the law of conservation of momentum when a moving object of small mass collides with an object of greater mass that is initially at rest. In the first row, model what happens if the two objects stick together. In the second, model what happens if the two bounce away from each other. • Use arrows to show the size and direction of each object’s momentum. • Label each object with its mass, speed, and direction. After Impact
CONNECT IT
At a science fair, contestants can win a prize if they can roll a ball with a specific momentum chosen by the presenter. The contestants have a choice of two balls. One has greater mass than the other. Which would you choose, and why?
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Bounce off
Stick together
Before Impact
Name
Date
Tie It Together Work with a partner to perform the experiment below to explore changes in momentum. Materials wooden block stopwatch ball that will roll easily tape meterstick triple-beam balance 1. Find and record the mass of the block and ball, using the balance. Block:
2. 3. 4.
5.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. 7.
Ball: Mark a line on the floor with tape. Place the block on the line. Measure a distance of 5 m from the line and mark a second line. Practice rolling the ball until you can roll it from the 5-m line to the block. Roll the ball from the 5-m line to the block. Use the stopwatch to time the roll. Then measure how far the block moved from the line when the ball hit it. Use a chart like the one below to record your data. Repeat step 4 four more times, varying the speed with which you roll the ball. Record the time and distance for each trial. Use your data to calculate the speed for each trial. Then use that information and the mass of the ball to calculate the momentum of the ball in each trial. Analyze your data. What relationship do you see between the momentum of the ball and the distance the block moved? Why do you think this relationship exists?
Data Table Trial
Time
Speed
Momentum
Distance Block Moved
1 2 3 4 5 Motion and Momentum
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Motion and Momentum
Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
L What I learned
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about motion and momentum.
114
Motion and Momentum
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Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Force and Newton’s Laws Before You Read Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. List at least two ideas for each section in each column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Describe three examples of pushing or pulling an object. How did the object move?
Force and Newton’s Laws
115
Name
Date
Force and Newton’s Laws Section 1 Newton’s First Law Predict three topics that will be discussed in Section 1 as you scan the headings. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define velocity. velocity
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition.
two or more forces that act on an object and do not cancel each other combination of all of the forces acting on an object two or more forces whose effects cancel each other states that if the net force acting on an object is zero, the object will remain at rest or, if it is moving, continue to move in a straight line with constant speed a push or pull
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define constant in its scientific sense. constant
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Force and Newton’s Laws
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force that opposes sliding between two touching surfaces
Name
Date
Section 1 Newton’s First Law
Force I found this information on page .
(continued)
Analyze how forces combine to form a net force. If forces act in the same direction
.
If forces act in opposite directions . I found this information on page .
Create two drawings to show how an object is affected by balanced and unbalanced forces. Use arrows and labels to show the forces and motion. Below each drawing, explain the effect of the forces.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Balanced Forces
Unbalanced Forces
Force and Newton’s Laws
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Name
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Section 1 Newton’s First Law
Newton’s First Law of Motion
(continued)
Summarize Newton’s first law of motion in your own words.
I found this information on page .
Compare the three types of friction. Complete the concept map.
I found this information on page .
S YNTHESIZE I T
Friction
What It Is
What It Is
What It Is
Example
Example
Example
A carpenter uses sandpaper to smooth a rough piece of wood. State what type of friction the carpenter is using.
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Friction
Name
Date
Force and Newton’s Laws Section 2 Newton’s Second Law Read the What You’ll Learn statements. Write two questions that come to mind as you read the statements. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Define acceleration to show its scientific meaning. acceleration
New Vocabulary Use your book to define each term.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Newton’s second law of motion
weight
center of mass
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define require to show its scientific meaning. require
Force and Newton’s Laws
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Name
Date
Section 2 Newton’s Second Law
Force and Acceleration
(continued)
Summarize Newton’s second law of motion in your own words. Then complete the equation used to calculate acceleration.
I found this information on page . in newtons
acceleration (in meters/second 2)
in kilograms
Gravity I found this information on page .
Complete the chart to show how mass and distance affect gravitational force. If . . .
Then gravity . . .
mass is larger mass is smaller
distance decreases Distinguish between weight and mass by explaining what would happen to the weight and mass of an object if it were taken from Earth to Mars. On Mars, the weight would
because
. The mass would
because .
Using Newton’s Second Law
Contrast speeding up, slowing down, and turning as forms of acceleration. Identify the direction of the force in each case.
I found this information on page .
Acceleration speeding up slowing down turning
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Direction of Force
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distance increases
Name
Date
Section 2 Newton’s Second Law
Circular Motion I found this information on page .
Air Resistance I found this information on page .
(continued)
Model how a satellite stays in orbit around Earth. Label the direction of centripetal force and the direction of the satellite’s motion.
Summarize the two factors that affect the air resistance on a falling object. 1.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
Center of Mass I found this information on page .
Label the center of mass of common objects. In the space below, draw a wrench, a ball, and a book. Place a dot to represent where you predict the center of mass of each object will be found.
CONNECT IT
The gravitational force on the Moon is one-sixth the gravitational force on Earth. Hypothesize what it would be like to jump or play ball on the Moon.
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Name
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Force and Newton’s Laws Section 3 Newton’s Third Law Scan the list below to preview Section 3 of your book. Read all section titles. Read all bold words. Look at all of the pictures. Think about what you already know about forces and gravity. Write two facts you discovered about Newton’s third law of motion as you scanned the section. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Define force to show its scientific meaning.
New Vocabulary Use your book to define Newton’s third law of motion. Newton’s third law of motion
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define react in its scientific sense. react
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Force and Newton’s Laws
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force
Name
Date
Section 3 Newton’s Third Law
Action and Reaction
(continued)
Summarize Newton’s third law in your own words.
I found this information on page . Model how action and reaction forces act in pairs. • Draw a situation in which a force pair acts.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Use arrows to label the action and reaction forces.
Analyze how the forces act and how the motions of the objects change.
I found this information on page .
Sequence the events in a rocket launch that show Newton’s third law. Complete the flow chart. Rocket fuel is ignited, producing hot gas.
Action force
Reaction force
Force and Newton’s Laws
123
Name
Date
Section 3 Newton’s Third Law
Weightlessness I found this information on page .
(continued)
Organize information about weightlessness. Complete the concept web. Happens because:
Occurs during:
Causes a sensation of:
S UMMARIZE I T
Happens in spacecraft because:
Explain why action and reaction forces do not cancel each other’s effects. Give an example.
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Force and Newton’s Laws
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Weightlessness
Name
Date
Tie It Together Think of an activity that you enjoy in your daily life. Describe how each of Newton’s laws applies to your chosen activity. Then, draw a diagram to show how you use force in the activity. Newton’s First Law of Motion:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion:
Newton’s Third Law of Motion:
Diagram:
Force and Newton’s Laws
125
Name
Date
Force and Newton’s Laws Chapter Wrap-Up Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
L What I learned
Use this checklist to help you study. Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things you have learned about forces and Newton’s laws.
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Force and Newton’s Laws
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Review
Name
Date
Forces and Fluids Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Forces and Fluids • Snowshoes allow you to decrease your pressure on the surface of snow. • The buoyant force pushes an object in a fluid downward. • A fluid can transmit force. • Wind blowing across a roof is at lower pressure than the air inside the house.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Compare and contrast five objects that float with five objects that sink.
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Name
Date
Forces and Fluids Section 1 Pressure Scan the headings in Section 1 of your book. Predict three topics that will be discussed. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define weight using your book or a dictionary. weight
New Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the vocabulary terms. Then use each term in a sentence that shows its scientific meaning.
fluid
barometer
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define definite to show its scientific meaning. definite
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Forces and Fluids
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pressure
Name
Date
Section 1 Pressure
What is pressure? I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare the pressure exerted by equal weights spread over different surface areas. Label the two diagrams to indicate which object applies more pressure, and which applies less.
1 kg
1 kg
pressure
I found this information on page .
pressure
Summarize the effects of force and area of contact on pressure by completing the diagram.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pressure increases if
I found this information on page .
Define how to calculate pressure. Complete the formula and the chart below. P ______
Calculating Pressure Abbreviation
Stands for
P
pressure
Measured in
F A
Forces and Fluids
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Name
Date
Section 1 Pressure
Fluids I found this information on page .
(continued)
Organize information about the 3 different kinds of fluid. Identify and provide an example of each. Fluids
I found this information on page .
Atmospheric Pressure I found this information on page .
Model how pressure is exerted on an object suspended in a fluid. Draw arrows to indicate the directions in which pressure is exerted on the cube in the diagram.
Compare different atmospheric pressures. Sketch two identical barometers. Show one barometer indicating higher atmospheric pressure than the other.
lower pressure
130
Forces and Fluids
higher pressure
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pressure in a Fluid
Name
Date
Forces and Fluids Section 2 Why do objects float? Skim Section 2 of your book. Write three questions that come to mind. Look for answers to your questions as you read the section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define Newton’s second law of motion using your book or a dictionary. Newton’s second law of motion
New Vocabulary Read the definitions below. Write the correct vocabulary term on Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the blank to the left of each definition. states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object upward force exerted by a fluid on any object in the fluid physical property of matter that can be found by dividing an object’s mass by its volume
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define displace to show its scientific meaning. displace
Forces and Fluids
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Name
Date
Section 2 Why do objects float?
I found this information on page .
What causes the buoyant force? and Sinking and Floating
Compare buoyant force and gravity by completing the Venn diagram with at least three facts. Gravity
Buoyant Force Both
Model the effects of gravity and the buoyant force by labeling the diagram below with arrows indicating the direction of the buoyant force, gravity, and net forces.
I found this information on page . object whose weight is greater than buoyant force
Changing the Buoyant Force I found this information on page .
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Forces and Fluids
object whose weight is less than buoyant force
Summarize the relationship between buoyant force and shape.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Buoyant Force
(continued)
Name
Date
Section 2 Why do objects float?
Archimedes’ Principle I found this information on page .
(continued)
Complete the formulas for calculating the mass and the density of a fluid or an object. To find the mass of a fluid or
To find the density of a fluid or
an object,
an object, :
m
I found this information on page .
: D ______
Summarize the relationship between the density of an object and its ability to sink or float by completing the chart. Relationship Between Density and Buoyancy If the density of an object is
Then it will
Greater than water Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Less than water
Boats I found this information on page .
Model how an aluminum boat will float while a solid aluminum cube of the same mass will sink. Label the two objects in your diagram as denser than water or less dense than water.
CONNECT IT
A dry sponge may float on the surface of the water, but then eventually sink. Explain why this is true.
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Name
Date
Forces and Fluids Section 3 Doing Work with Fluids Scan the What You’ll Learn statements for Section 3 of your book. Identify three topics that will be discussed. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define work using your book or a dictionary. work
New Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the vocabulary terms.
hydraulic system
Bernoulli’s principle
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define input to show its scientific meaning. input
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Forces and Fluids
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Pascal’s principle
Name
Date
Section 3 Doing Work with Fluids
Using Fluid Forces
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Pascal’s Principle and Hydraulic Systems I found this information on page .
(continued)
Model the way that pushing on a fluid increases the pressure within it. Draw a piston pressing on fluid in a container. Label the piston and the fluid, and use an arrow to indicate the direction of force.
Sequence the steps by which force is increased through a hydraulic system. Then complete the statement.
is applied to a
piston.
The
is transmitted through
is applied to a
.
piston.
the fluid exerts on the large piston is .
Pressure in a Moving Fluid and Bernoulli’s Principle
Summarize how Bernoulli’s principle applies to the effects of wind on buildings.
I found this information on page .
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Date
Wings and Flight
(continued)
I found this information on page .
Complete the diagram to model how the shape of a wing creates lift. Use arrows to indicate the airflow above and below the wing, the action force, and the reaction force.
I found this information on page .
Organize information about the functions of different shapes of birds’ wings by completing the chart. Birds’ Wings Type of Bird Seabirds
Shape of Wing
Function of Wing Gliding long distances
Forest and field birds Swallows, swifts, and falcons
CONNECT IT multiple wings.
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Discuss why you think early airplanes were designed with
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Section 3 Doing Work with Fluids
Name
Date
Tie It Together Measure It
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Apply what you have learned about the shape and function of birds’ wings. Sketch and label three airplanes: one designed for “aerobatics” (aerial acrobatics); one for supersonic flight; and an engineless glider.
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Forces and Fluids
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Forces and Fluids
After You Read
• Snowshoes allow you to decrease your pressure on the surface of snow. • The buoyant force pushes an object in a fluid downward. • A fluid can transmit force. • Wind blowing across a roof is at lower pressure than the air inside the house.
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T the chapter.
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Forces and Fluids
After reading this chapter, identify three main ideas from
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Energy and Energy Resources Before You Read Preview the chapter title, the section titles, and the section headings. List at least two ideas for each section in each column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Choose three devices that use electricity and identify the function of each device.
Energy and Energy Resources
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Date
Energy and Energy Resources Section 1 What is energy? Analyze the objectives for Section 1. Write three questions you have. Look for responses to each question as you read the section. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define mass to show its scientific meaning. mass
New Vocabulary Read each definition below. Write the correct vocabulary term energy in the nucleus of an atom ability to cause change energy stored in chemical bonds energy that an object has as a result of its motion current that comes out of batteries and wall sockets energy that increases with temperature energy that is stored because of an object’s position energy carried by light
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define enormous. enormous
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Energy and Energy Resources
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on the blank in the left column.
Name
Date
Section 1 What is energy?
The Nature of Energy I found this information on page .
(continued)
Create a list of three examples of how energy causes changes that you observe in your classroom. 1. 2. 3.
Energy of Motion I found this information on page .
Complete the graphic organizer by using information from your book to describe energy of motion. Energy an object has as a result of its motion is
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
which increases or decreases with
Energy of Position I found this information on page .
Complete the graphic organizer by using information from your book to describe energy of position. Energy an object has as a result of its position is
which increases or decreases with
Energy and Energy Resources
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Date
Section 1 What is energy?
Forms of Energy I found this information on page .
(continued)
Synthesize your knowledge of each form of energy by providing examples of them. Form of Energy
Example
Thermal
Chemical
Radiant
Nuclear
CONNECT IT
Choose any three forms of energy discussed in this lesson. Explain how each form of energy is important in your daily life.
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Electrical
Name
Date
Energy and Energy Resources Section 2 Energy Transformations Preview Section 2 of your book using the checklist. Read all section headings. Read all bold words. Look at all of the pictures and read their labels. Think about what you already know about how energy changes form. Write three facts you discovered about energy transformations as you scanned the section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define the vocabulary terms using your book. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
transformation
New Vocabulary law of conservation of energy
generator
turbine
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define convert. convert
Energy and Energy Resources
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Section 2 Energy Transformations
The Law of Conservation of Energy
(continued)
State the law of conservation of energy. The law of conservation of energy states that
I found this information on page .
I found this information on page .
Energy Changes Form
Model the potential and kinetic energy transformations that take place as a person tosses a ball into the air and then catches it. • Label the points at which the ball has the greatest potential energy and the greatest kinetic energy.
Analyze the energy flow in a gasoline-powered engine and complete the diagram below.
I found this information on page .
heating of engine
movement of engine
144
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Changing Kinetic and Potential Energy
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Section 2 Energy Transformations
Generating Electrical Energy I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare and contrast energy transformations that occur when electrical energy is generated in coal power plants with energy transformations that occur when energy is used to help you hear. Sequence steps in each process side-by-side. Coal Power Plants
Energy in Hearing
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Contrast a turbine with a generator. Turbine
Generator
S YNTHESIZE I T
Identify some points in the energy flow through a power plant that might produce unwanted forms of energy and make the plant less efficient.
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Energy and Energy Resources Section 3 Sources of Energy Predict what you will learn in this section. Read the title. Then write two topics that might be discussed. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Write a sentence using the word resource that shows its scientific meaning. resource
New Vocabulary Define the key terms using your book or a dictionary.
renewable resource
alternative resource
inexhaustible resource
photovoltaic
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define percent. percent
146
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nonrenewable resource
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Section 3 Sources of Energy
Energy Resources I found this information on page .
(continued)
Identify two types of energy from the natural world that Earth’s surface receives. 1.
2.
Fossil Fuels, Nuclear Energy, and Hydroelectricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Compare energy resources by completing the table. Energy Resources Fossil Fuels
Nuclear
Hydroelectric
Source of energy
Renewable
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Section 3 Sources of Energy
Complete the concept map by listing four alternative sources of energy.
I found this information on page .
Conserving Energy
Alternative sources of energy
Identify two reasons to conserve fossil fuels. 1.
I found this information on page . 2.
CONNECT IT
148
List three specific things you can do to conserve fossil fuels.
Energy and Energy Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Alternative Sources of Energy
(continued)
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Tie It All Together Energy and Energy Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Make a concept map that includes all of the ways energy can be generated that are mentioned in this chapter.
Now imagine you are an energy expert on a planning council for a new town to be built on an island. Evaluate resources and/or methods you will suggest that the new town use. Justify your choices and provide possible challenges to the project.
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Energy and Energy Resources Chapter Wrap-Up Review the ideas that you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
L What I learned
Review Use this checklist to help you study.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
Summarize three main points of the chapter in a paragraph or by using a concept map.
150
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Review the information you included in your Foldable.
Name
Date
Work and Simple Machines Before You Read Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. Complete the first two columns of the chart by listing at least two ideas for each section in each column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Describe three machines you used today and how they made doing a task easier.
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Work and Simple Machines Section 1 Work and Power Review the objectives for Section 1. Write three questions that come to mind from reading these statements. Look for answers to each question as you read the section. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define force to show its scientific meaning. force
work
power
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define version. Use version in an original sentence to show its scientific meaning. version
152
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New Vocabulary Use each key term in a scientific sentence.
Name
Date
Section 1 Work and Power
What is work?
(continued)
Summarize what must occur for work to be done.
I found this information on page .
I found this information on page .
Model the relationship between an applied force and work by sketching two drawings in the boxes provided. In the top box, show a situation in which work is done. In the bottom box, show a situation in which no work is done. • Use arrows to show the direction of the applied force and any motion that results. • Write a caption explaining each illustration.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Work is done.
Caption:
Work is not done.
Caption:
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Section 1 Work and Power
Calculating Work I found this information on page .
(continued)
Complete the mathematical equation describing how work is calculated. Complete the same equation below it, using the units in which each measurement is recorded. Then write the same equation below that, using the correct symbols. work
joules
What is power? I found this information on page .
Define the term power. Complete the mathematical equation describing how power is calculated in word and symbol form. Power is
.
power
P
I found this information on page .
Summarize the way in which work, energy, and power are related by filling in the blanks below. When you do
on an object, you
the energy of that object. Energy is yourself to
from
. Power is equal to the amount of transferred over a certain
CONNECT IT
Consider an active sport. Describe the work that is done by people as they play the sport.
154
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.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Identify the unit in which power is measured.
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Work and Simple Machines Section 2 Using Machines Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2 after reading the headings in this section. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define friction to show its scientific meaning.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
friction
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word next to each definition. output work divided by input work force exerted on a machine number of times that a machine increases the input force; equal to the output force divided by the input force force exerted by a machine
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define device to show its scientific meaning. device
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Section 2 Using Machines
What is a machine? and Mechanical Advantage I found this information on page .
(continued)
Organize information by listing the three ways a machine can make work easier. A machine makes work easier by changing 1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
Summarize mechanical advantage. Then write the formula for calculating it. Mechanical advantage is .
mechanical advantage
I found this information on page .
Analyze the diagrams in your book that show the three ways machines make work easier. Complete the chart by describing the effect of the machine on the output force. What Machine Does Increases force
Increases distance
Changes direction of force
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Work and Simple Machines
How Force Is Changed
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The equation for calculating mechanical advantage is
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Section 2 Using Machines
Efficiency I found this information on page .
(continued)
Summarize the relationship between efficiency and friction by completing the paragraph. The
of a machine is the ratio of the work to the
I found this information on page .
is a force that
the motion of one object sliding over
another. This
a machine’s
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
.
Complete the mathematical equation that describes how efficiency is calculated. efficiency (in percent)
I found this information on page .
work.
100%
Model how oil reduces the friction between two surfaces. Sketch a cross-section view of two horizontal surfaces sliding past each other. Indicate contact points on the upper and lower surfaces and a layer of oil between them.
CONNECT IT
Think of some machines that you use. List the machines and the parts that may be affected by friction.
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Work and Simple Machines Section 3 Simple Machines Scan Use the checklist below to preview Section 3 of your book. Read all section titles. Read all bold words. Read all charts and graphs. Look at all the pictures, and read their captions. Think about what you already know about machines. Write two facts you discovered about simple machines. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Define the term compound to show its scientific meaning. compound
a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around the groove machine that does work only with one movement an inclined plane that moves a flat, sloped surface, or ramp an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or post machine made up of two or more simple machines two circular objects of different sizes that rotate together a rigid rod or plank that pivots about a point called the fulcrum
Academic Vocabulary Define section. Use section in an original sentence to show its scientific meaning. section
158
Work and Simple Machines
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New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word next to each definition.
Name
Date
Section 3 Simple Machines
What is a simple machine? I found this information on page .
(continued)
Contrast simple and compound machines by completing the chart. Simple Machine
Compound Machine
Description
Examples
Inclined Plane I found this information on page .
Compare how the amount of force needed to move an object changes with the length of the inclined plane. Complete the phrases below with less, more, and the most. Longer Inclined Plane:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
force is needed to move an object
Shorter Inclined Plane: force is needed to move an object
Lifting Without an Inclined Plane: force is needed to move the object
Lever I found this information on page .
Model how changing the location of a fulcrum in a lever affects its mechanical advantage. Draw two levers of the same length but with fulcrums at different points. • Label the input force, output force, and fulcrum in your drawings as well as the distances between the fulcrum and each force. • Show a calculation of the mechanical advantage of each.
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Section 3 Simple Machines
Wheel and Axle
(continued)
Analyze the wheel and axle by filling in the blanks below.
I found this information on page .
If the input force is applied to the axle, the mechanical advantage is
one. If the input force is applied to the wheel,
the mechanical advantage is almost always
Pulley
one.
Classify the three types of pulleys by completing the chart.
I found this information on page .
Pulleys Type of pulley
Effect on force
Mechanical advantage
Fixed pulley
Pulley system
CONNECT IT
Analyze what types of wheel and axles are on a bicycle. List and describe them in terms of their mechanical advantage.
160
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Movable pulley
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Tie It Together Synthesize It
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You will be loading heavy crates into a truck. The crates are too heavy to lift to the bed of the truck. Make use of as many simple machines as you can to help you. Explain how you would use them.
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Work and Simple Machines Chapter Wrap-Up Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third column. How do your ideas about what you know now compare with those you provided at the beginning of the chapter? K What I know
W What I want to find out
L What I learned
Use this checklist to help you study. Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about work and simple machines.
162
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Review
Name
Date
Thermal Energy Before You Read Think about the term thermal energy. List as many words as you can think of that use therm- as part of their root word.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Science Journal Describe five things that you do to make yourself feel warmer or cooler.
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Thermal Energy Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy Skim through Section 1 of your text. Write three topics that might be discussed in this section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define the following key terms using your book or a dictionary. kinetic energy
New Vocabulary
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
temperature
thermal energy
Academic Vocabulary random
What is temperature? I found this information on page .
Complete the statements about temperature. Molecules are always called when they are moving
. Energy of motion is . Molecules have more . Temperature is .
164
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Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
What is Temperature? I found this information on page .
(continued)
Sequence the steps to show how temperature changes cause most objects to expand or contract. The first step has been done for you. Object Is Heated
Object Is Cooled
molecules move apart
molecules move closer together
molecules moves faster
molecules moves slower
1 object becomes warmer
1 object becomes cooler
object expands
Measuring Temperature I found this information on page .
object shrinks, or contracts
Compare the three temperature scales in the chart below. Characteristics of Each Scale
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Temperature at which water freezes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Temperature at which water boils Number of degrees between water’s freezing and boiling points I found this information on page .
Organize the formulas from your book into the conversion chart. Fahrenheit to Celsius
Celsius to Fahrenheit
Celsius to Kelvin
Formula Break it down
COMPARE IT
Knowing that metals expand when heated, explain how you can apply this knowledge to a metal jar lid that is screwed on too tightly.
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Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
I found this information on page .
Compare the potential energy of molecules with the potential energy of a ball. Complete the statements that have been started for you. Potential Energy Statements
Ball Analogy Statement
1. molecules in a material exert attractive forces on each other 2. molecules in a material have potential energy
A ball has potential energy.
3. as molecules move closer together or farther apart, potential energy changes
I found this information on page .
Gravity exerts an
As a ball moves closer to or farther from Earth’s surface,
Synthesize Suppose you have two balls of colored dough, each at 22°C. One ball is blue, the other is yellow. When the two balls are mixed together, their total mass is 100g of green dough. Mark the statements that are true about this thermal energy analogy. Correct any false statements so they become true.
50 g blue
ⴙ
50 g yellow
ⴝ
100 g green
22°C
The mass of the green dough is twice the mass of the blue dough. The mass of the green dough is equal to the sum of the mass of the yellow and the blue dough. The thermal energy of the green dough is equal to twice the sum of thermal energy of the yellow and the blue dough. 166
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Thermal Energy
(continued)
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Thermal Energy Section 2 Heat Skim through Section 2 of your text. Write three facts you discovered about heat. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Use the term electromagnetic wave in a scientific sentence.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
electromagnetic wave
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word next to each definition. transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles in a gas or liquid transfer of thermal energy by direct contact by collisions between particles thermal energy that is transferred from a substance at higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature material that transfers heat easily amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
Academic Vocabulary Define occur using a dictionary. occur
Thermal Energy
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Section 2 Heat
(continued)
Heat and Thermal Energy I found this information on page .
Label the two drawings to illustrate the statement: Heat is transferred when objects that differ in temperature are brought into contact. • Label the temperature of each object • Draw an arrow showing the direction of heat transfer.
Heat transfer
Analyze the drawing below to help classify each type of energy transfer as conduction, convection, or radiation.
I found this information on page .
The Sun’s rays heat the sand particles by Body heat transferred to the air by
. .
Cool air pushes in to replace warm, air flow by natural . Heat transferred from sand to towel to body by
.
Heat from the Sun warms iced tea by Fan pushes air molecules by forced
. .
Warmer molecules move more quickly, transferring heat throughout the iced tea by 168
Thermal Energy
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Conduction Radiation Convection
No heat transfer
Name
Section 2 Heat
Date (continued)
Thermal Conductors and Thermal Insulators I found this information on page .
Compare and contrast thermal conductors and thermal insulators by writing the words and phrases in the Venn diagram. • • • •
does not conduct heat easily conducts heat easily gold and copper air
• material contains some loosely held electrons • materials do not contain loosely held electrons
Thermal Conductors
Thermal Insulators Both
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
depend on how strongly atoms hold electrons
CONNECT IT
Analyze sources of thermal pollution and their effects on organisms and the environment. Design a possible plan to reduce thermal pollution.
Thermal Energy
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Thermal Energy Section 3 Engines and Refrigerators Read the What You’ll Learn objectives of Section 3. Write four questions that come to mind from reading these statements. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Review Vocabulary Define the terms using your book or a dictionary.
New Vocabulary heat engine
internal combustion engine
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define internal in its scientific sense. internal
170
Thermal Energy
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work
Name
Date
Section 3 Engines and Refrigerators
Heat Engines I found this information on page .
(continued)
Identify the six different forms of energy and give an example of each. Types of Energy
I found this information on page .
Sequence the steps of a four-stroke cycle engine in the chart.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Steps in the Four-Stroke Cycle Intake stroke
The piston moves downward.
Compression stroke Power stroke
Exhaust stroke
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Section 3 Engines and Refrigerators
Refrigerators I found this information on page .
(continued)
Sequence steps to show how a refrigerator stays cold inside. Explain what happens as coolant moves through a refrigerator by writing what occurs at each location.
Freezer unit 4.
3.
2. Liquid coolant passes through the expansion valve and changes into a gas.
Heat
5.
7. 6. The warmer gas releases its heat to the cooler air outside the refrigerator.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Analyze and discuss why the statement “An air conditioned building is like stepping into a giant refrigerator!” is true.
172
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1.
Name
Date
Tie It Together Synthesize Suppose that you are a television weather forecaster. As a part of your job, you have been asked to help educate people about science. On the lines below, plan a weather forecast for your region. After you have finished planning, present your forecast to the class. Explain as many of the following terms as possible during your forecast. temperature
Fahrenheit scale
Celsius scale
radiation
convection
conduction
Tomorrow’s Weather Forecast Date:
Location:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Forecast:
Notes about terms:
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Thermal Energy
Date
Chapter Wrap-Up
After You Read Examine the list of terms that include the root therm- that you wrote at the beginning of this chapter. Write in the space below what you think therm- means.
Review Use this checklist to help you study. Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.
Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about the movement of molecules.
174
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Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Name
Date
Waves Before You Read Before you read the chapter, read each statement below. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Waves • Waves carry matter and energy. • There is more than one kind of wave. • Waves carry different amounts of energy. • All waves travel at the same speed.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Write a paragraph about some places where you have seen water waves.
Waves
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Waves Section 1 What are waves? Skim the title and headings of Section 1. List two things that might be discussed in this section. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Define energy in your own words. energy
New Vocabulary Define each vocabulary term using your book or a dictionary. wave
transverse wave
compressional wave
electromagnetic wave
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define medium in its scientific sense. medium
176
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mechanical wave
Name
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Section 1 What are waves?
What is a wave? I found this information on page .
(continued)
Identify two types of waves that carry energy. 1. 2.
I found this information on page .
A Model for Waves I found this information on page .
Contrast the energy carried in a sound wave and the energy in a moving ball.
Create your own model for a wave. Use information from your book to make a drawing that models how a wave can move energy without moving matter. • Label the parts of your drawing that represent matter and energy. • Write a caption to explain your drawing.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
My Model for Waves
Waves
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Section 1 What are waves?
Mechanical Waves I found this information on page .
(continued)
Organize information from the section in the outline below. Mechanical waves—Travel through a
.
A. Types of wave mediums 1. 2. 3. B. Types of Mechanical Waves 1. 2.
I found this information on page .
Compare and contrast the characteristics of sound waves and electromagnetic waves by completing the Venn diagram below. • carry energy • carry radiant energy • do not need a medium
• mechanical waves • move through a medium
Sound
Electromagnetic Both
CONNECT IT in your daily life.
178
Waves
Evaluate how electromagnetic and mechanical waves are useful
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Making Sound Waves and Electromagnetic Waves
Name
Date
Waves Section 2 Wave Properties Scan Section 2 of your book. Write three facts you discovered about wave properties as you scanned the section. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Define each key term using your book or a dictionary.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
speed
New Vocabulary amplitude
wavelength
frequency
Academic Vocabulary Use the word parallel in a scientific sentence. parallel
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Section 2 Wave Properties
Amplitude I found this information on page .
Wavelength I found this information on page .
(continued)
Create a transverse wave in the space below. Label the crest, trough, and amplitude of the wave on your drawing.
Complete the descriptions for determining wavelength of two types of waves in the chart below. Wavelength is the distance:
Type of Wave Transverse Compressional
to the next or from one to the next
Frequency I found this information on page .
180
Waves
Model the relationship between frequency and wavelength when wave speed is the same. In the top box, draw a wave with a frequency of one wavelength per second. In the bottom box, draw a wave with a frequency of two wavelengths per second.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
from one
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Date
Section 2 Wave Properties
Wave Speed I found this information on page .
(continued)
Summarize how to use the wave speed equation to calculate wave speed by completing the steps below. 1. The wave speed equation is wave speed in m/s 2. To calculate the speed of a wave that has a frequency of 550 Hz and a wavelength of 0.8 m, insert the values into the wave speed equation. wave speed
3. Multiply to find the answer. Answer:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Compare the speeds of different types of waves in different mediums by completing the chart below with the words gases, liquids, or solids. How mediums affect wave speed Wave type
move fastest through
move slowest through
mechanical waves electromagnetic waves
CONNECT IT
Individual members of a choir sing at different pitches. Analyze the wavelengths of the sound waves produced by soprano, alto, and baritone singers.
Waves
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Waves Section 3 Wave Behavior Predict by reading the title and subheadings three things that might be discussed in this section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Write a sentence using the word echo to reflect its scientific use. echo
New Vocabulary Use the new vocabulary terms to write your own original scientific sentences.
refraction
diffraction
interference
Academic Vocabulary Define overlap using a dictionary. overlap
182
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reflection
Name
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Section 3 Wave Behavior
Reflection I found this information on page .
(continued)
Skim the section about reflection. In the Question spaces, write two questions you have about reflection. As you read the section, write answers to your questions. Question: Answer:
Question: Answer:
Refraction
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Create a diagram below showing what happens to a light wave as it passes from water to air. Draw a second picture showing what happens as light passes from air to water. Label the normal and the light ray’s direction of travel in each drawing.
Summarize why light refracts when it passes from one material to another.
Sequence the seven colors into which sunlight separates when it passes through a prism. Longest
Wavelength
Shortest
Waves
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Section 3 Wave Behavior
Diffraction I found this information on page .
(continued)
Summarize two factors that affect how much a wave can be diffracted. 1. 2.
I found this information on page .
I found this information on page .
Model constructive and destructive interference in the two boxes below. Label the crests and troughs of the waves in your model. Interference Constructive
Destructive
Contrast the behavior of waves and particles by completing the chart below. Behavior
Waves
Particles
When they pass through an opening When they meet
CONNECT IT
Use what you have learned about the behavior of waves to evaluate two ways to protect your ears from damage due to loud noises.
184
Waves
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What happens when waves meet?
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Date
Tie It Together Model Wave Motion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Design a model you could use to study the behavior and properties of waves. Draw your model below.
Answer each question about your model. 1. What medium does your model use?
2. How could you measure the wavelength of the waves in your model?
3. How could you use your model to demonstrate reflection, refraction, and diffraction of waves?
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Waves
Date
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Waves
After You Read
• Waves carry matter and energy. • There is more than one kind of wave. • Waves carry different amounts of energy • All waves travel at the same speed.
Review Use this checklist to help you study.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T learned about waves.
186
Waves
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Review the information you included in your Foldable.
Name
Date
Sound Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Sound • Vibrating objects produce sound. • Sound travels in electromagnetic waves. • Noise and music have the same characteristics. • Percussion instruments form sound by causing a column of air to vibrate.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Write a paragraph about the quietest place you’ve ever been.
Sound
187
Name
Date
Sound Section 1 What is sound? Skim Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that come to mind. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Write a sentence that explains the scientific meaning of the review term frequency. frequency
New Vocabulary Find the new vocabulary terms in the section and write a definition for each term.
pitch
echo
Doppler effect
Academic Vocabulary Define energy using a dictionary. energy
188
Sound
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
loudness
Name
Date
Section 1 What is sound?
Sound and Vibration
(continued)
Complete the chart to describe the process by which a vibrating object produces a sound wave in air.
I found this information on page .
Sound Waves 1. An object vibrates in air. 2. 3. 4. This action creates a wave that carries energy without carrying matter.
Speed of Sound
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Compare factors that affect the speed of sound waves by completing the diagram. State of material
Slower
Faster
Temperature of material
Amplitude and Loudness
Contrast amplitude with loudness.
I found this information on page .
Frequency and Pitch I found this information on page .
Compare the relationship between the wavelength of a sound wave with its frequency. Sound Waves Traveling at the Same Speed Wavelength
Frequency
shorter longer Sound
189
Name
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Section 1 What is sound?
Echoes I found this information on page .
(continued)
Identify and describe two ways echoes are useful. 1.
2.
I found this information on page .
Diffraction of Sound Waves
Model the Doppler effect as experienced by a person traveling past a stationary source of sound such as a factory whistle. Label the source of the sound, direction of motion, higher pitch, and lower pitch.
Define diffraction and cite an occasion when you experienced the diffraction of sound.
I found this information on page .
CONNECT IT
190
Sound
Explain how sound waves are useful in healthcare.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Doppler Effect
Name
Date
Sound Section 2 Music Predict three things that might be discussed in this section. Scan the headings to make your predictions. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Use compressional wave in a sentence. compressional wave
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word next to each definition.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
thin membrane that stretches across the ear canal lowest frequency produced by a vibrating object group of sounds that have been deliberately produced to make a regular pattern condition that occurs when an object vibrates at its natural frequency by absorbing energy from a sound wave or other object vibrating at that frequency frequency higher than an instrument’s fundamental frequency repeated echoes of sound frequencies at which an object vibrates
Academic Vocabulary Define the noun sequence using a dictionary. sequence
Sound
191
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Section 2 Music
(continued)
What is music? I found this information on page .
Complete the Venn diagram using the five facts listed below that compare music and noise. • traffic on a city street • designed to make a regular pattern • folk song
• created by vibrations • usually irregular and disorganized
Music
Noise
Overtones I found this information on page .
Analyze the relationship between the frequencies of fundamental tones and their overtones by filling out the chart below. Frequencies of Tones and Overtones in Hz Fundamental Tone
First Overtone
Second Overtone
Third Overtone
262
524
786
1,048
440
Musical Scales I found this information on page .
Complete the diagram below by filling in two of the frequencies for the musical scale of C. octave
octave
octave
C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C 261.6 Hz
192
Sound
523.2 Hz
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Both
Name
Date
Section 2 Music
(continued)
Stringed Instruments, Percussion, and Brass and Woodwinds I found this information on page .
Reverberation
Classify the instruments below as Stringed Instruments, Percussion, Brass, or Woodwinds. List the name of the instrument in the correct column of the chart. drums flute guitar saxophone oboe clarinet trumpet violin xylophone Stringed
Percussion
Brass
Woodwinds
Summarize what reverberation is and how it can be controlled.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
The Ear I found this information on page .
Sequence the path of sound through the ear. List the parts of the ear in order that sound moves through beneath the appropriate heading. Use these terms: anvil, auditory nerve, cochlea, ear canal, eardrum, hammer, oval window, and stirrup. Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Brain
Sound
193
Name
Sound
Date
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Sound
After You Read
• Vibrating objects produce sound. • Sound travels in electromagnetic waves. • Noise and music have the same characteristics. • Percussion instruments form sound by causing a column of air to vibrate.
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, describe something you learned about sound that surprised you.
194
Sound
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Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Electromagnetic Waves Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Electromagnetic Waves • A wave transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter. • All electromagnetic waves produce light that you can see. • Some electromagnetic waves can damage your skin. • Radio and TV stations can broadcast at any frequency.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Describe how sitting in sunlight makes you feel. How can sunlight affect your skin?
Electromagnetic Waves
195
Name
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Electromagnetic Waves Section 1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves Skim through Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings and examining the illustrations. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define wave to show its scientific meaning. wave
New Vocabulary Use your book to define the following terms. Then write a sentence using each term.
electromagnetic radiation
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define transfer to show its scientific meaning. transfer
196
Electromagnetic Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
electromagnetic wave
Name
Date
Section 1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
Waves in Space I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare and contrast mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves by completing the Venn diagram with at least seven different facts. Mechanical Waves
Electromagnetic Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Both
Forces and Fields I found this information on page .
Distinguish among the three types of force fields. List each type and its effect in the chart below. Force Fields Type of force field
Effect
Electromagnetic Waves
197
Name
Date
Section 1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
Making Electromagnetic Waves and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
Model how electromagnetic waves are produced. Then write a caption explaining your model.
I found this information on page .
I found this information on page .
(continued)
Caption:
Complete the outline below to organize information about the properties of electromagnetic waves. I. Wavelength and frequency A. One complete vibration of the particle creates
B. The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is
II. Electromagnetic radiation A. B.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Sketch waves of different wavelengths. Label the wavelength in each wave. Identify which of your waves would have the highest and lowest frequencies.
198
Electromagnetic Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
Name
Date
Electromagnetic Waves Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Scan the headings of Section 2 in your book. Identify three topics that will be discussed. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define prism to show its scientific meaning. prism
New Vocabulary Write a paragraph describing electromagnetic radiation. Use
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
all of the vocabulary words in ways that show their scientific meanings. electromagnetic spectrum radio wave infrared wave visible light ultraviolet radiation X ray gamma ray
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define vary to show its scientific meaning. vary
Electromagnetic Waves
199
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Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
I found this information on page .
Radio Waves I found this information on page .
Infrared Waves I found this information on page .
Sequence the six groups of electromagnetic waves from the lowest frequency and longest wavelength to the highest frequency and shortest wavelength. 1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
6.
Create a graphic organizer to identify at least six applications of radio waves.
Identify two key facts about infrared waves. 1. Infrared waves are emitted strongly by . 2. Infrared waves can be detected by .
Visible Light
Summarize why visible light has different colors.
I found this information on page .
200
Electromagnetic Waves
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Electromagnetic Waves
(continued)
Name
Date
Section 2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ultraviolet Radiation I found this information on page .
(continued)
Distinguish the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the human body. Harmful effect(s):
Helpful effect(s):
X Rays and Gamma Rays
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Astronomy with Different Wavelengths
Compare and contrast X rays and gamma rays. Complete the Venn diagram using at least five facts. X Rays
Both
Gamma Rays
Analyze why astronomers use satellites to study objects in space that do not produce visible light.
I found this information on page .
S UMMARIZE I T
Explain how electromagnetic waves are used by air-traffic controllers to monitor and track airplane traffic.
Electromagnetic Waves
201
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Electromagnetic Waves Section 3 Using Electromagnetic Waves Scan the list below to preview Section 3 of your book. Read all section headings. Read all bold words. Read all charts and graphs. Look at all of the pictures. Think about what you already know about electromagnetic waves. Write three facts you discovered about using electromagnetic waves as you scanned this section. 1. 2. 3.
satellite
New Vocabulary Use your book to define the following terms. carrier wave
Global Positioning System
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define enable to show its scientific meaning. enable
202
Electromagnetic Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Review Vocabulary Define satellite to show its scientific meaning.
Name
Date
Section 3 Using Electromagnetic Waves
Telecommunications
Organize examples of telecommunications.
I found this information on page .
Using Radio Waves I found this information on page .
(continued)
Telecommunications
Sequence the process by which radio transmissions travel from a station to your radio. Include information about both AM and FM radio. The first step has been completed for you. 1. A radio station broadcasts its assigned frequency as a carrier wave. 2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3.
4.
5.
Telephones I found this information on page .
Classify the different ways electrical signals from a telephone can be sent to a receiving telephone. An electrical signal representing sound waves is sent directly through
is changed into
and sent through
and sent through
Electromagnetic Waves
203
Name
Date
Section 3 Using Electromagnetic Waves
Sequence the events that occur when a pager is used.
I found this information on page .
Communication Satellites
A number is dialed.
Summarize how radio signals are sent to the other side of the world.
I found this information on page .
The Global Positioning System
Complete the graphic organizer below to identify the information provided by a Global Positioning System. Information provided by Global Positioning Systems
I found this information on page .
CONNECT IT
204
Describe at least two possible uses of a Global Positioning System.
Electromagnetic Waves
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Telephones
(continued)
Name
Date
Tie It Together Design a Banner With a partner, create a large banner or poster about different types of electromagnetic radiation. • Draw the electromagnetic spectrum on your banner. • Identify each type of electromagnetic wave and its wavelength range. • Include interesting facts and uses for each type of wave.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Add one or two pictures for each type of wave to show how people use that type of radiation.
Electromagnetic Waves
205
Name
Date
Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Electromagnetic Waves
After You Read
• A wave transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter. • All electromagnetic waves produce light that you can see. • Some electromagnetic waves can damage your skin. • Radio and TV stations can broadcast at any frequency.
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about electromagnetic waves.
206
Electromagnetic Waves
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Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses • You can only see objects that give off their own light. • A plane mirror has a flat surface that reflects light. • Light travels at the same speed through all materials. • All telescopes use lenses to gather light from distant objects.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Describe how you use mirrors and lenses during a typical day.
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
207
Name
Date
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses Section 1 Properties of Light Predict Read the title of Section 1. List three things that might be discussed in this section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define the term electromagnetic waves using your book or a dictionary. electromagnetic waves
New Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to write scientific definitions of the light ray
medium
Academic Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to write the scientific definition of primary. primary
208
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
key terms.
Name
Date
Section 1 Properties of Light
Light and Matter I found this information on page .
(continued)
Organize information about how light waves interact with materials. Opaque
Translucent
Transparent
How light interacts Examples
Color I found this information on page .
Model how light rays behave to produce different colors. Do a diagram for black, one for white, and one for blue. • Draw arrows pointing toward the object to show light rays that strike and are absorbed by the object.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Draw arrows pointing away from the object to show light rays that are reflected. • Label the arrows to show what colors are absorbed and what colors are reflected. Black
White
Blue
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
209
Name
Date
Section 1 Properties of Light
I found this information on page .
(continued)
Distinguish between how your eye sees primary light colors and primary pigment colors. Color
Light colors: the color you see is
Pigment colors: the color you see is
Identify the primary light colors that combine to make:
yellow light: I found this information on page .
Identify the primary light colors that are reflected and absorbed by each pigment color below. Reflected
Absorbed
Yellow Magenta Cyan
CONNECT IT
Identify careers or hobbies that involve knowledge of the ways that primary light colors and primary pigment colors combine.
210
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
white light:
Name
Date
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses Section 2 Reflection and Mirrors Skim through Section 2 of your book. Read the headings and look at the illustrations and diagrams. Write three questions that you think may be answered in this section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Use the word normal in a scientific sentence. normal
New Vocabulary Define the key terms using your book or a dictionary.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
law of reflection
focal point
focal length
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to find the scientific meaning of incidence. incidence
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
211
Name
Date
Section 2 Reflection and Mirrors
I found this information on page .
Reflection from Surfaces
Model the law of reflection. Use the figure in your book to help you. Label: • the normal • the incident ray as a solid line • the reflected ray as a dashed line
Compare and contrast diffuse and regular reflections. Use the figure in your book to help you.
I found this information on page .
Diffuse Surface
Reflected rays are Sketch of rays reflecting off surface
212
• the angle of incidence • the angle of reflection
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
Regular
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Law of Reflection
(continued)
Name
Date
Section 2 Reflection and Mirrors
Reflection from Surfaces I found this information on page .
(continued)
Sequence steps explaining how light rays travel to form a reflected image in a plane mirror. The first step has been done for you. 1. Light rays from a light source strike each part of a person. 2.
3.
4.
Concave and Convex Mirrors
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Compare the characteristics of convex and concave mirrors by completing the following chart. Characteristics of Curved Mirrors Concave
Convex
Surface curve
Reflected light ray paths Image size (if object is farther from mirror than focal point) Image size (if object is closer to mirror than focal point) Orientation of image (if object is farther from mirror than focal point) Orientation of image (if object is closer to mirror than focal point) Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
213
Name
Date
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses Section 3 Refraction and Lenses Objectives Review the objectives for Section 3. Write three questions that come to mind from reading these statements. Look for answers to each question as you read the section. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Use the word refraction in a scientific sentence.
New Vocabulary Read the definitions below. Write the correct vocabulary term on the blank in the left column. lens that is thicker at the edges than in the middle transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to bend lens that is thicker in the center than at the edges
Academic Vocabulary Define image using a dictionary. Write a scientific definition of the term. image
214
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
refraction
Name
Date
Section 3 Refraction and Lenses
The Bending of Light Rays I found this information on page .
(continued)
Organize the relative speed of light traveling through different media by putting solid, liquid, and gas in their correct relative positions along the arrow. Speed of Light in Different Media
Slowest
The Refraction of Light Waves
Fastest
Draw a ray of light as it passes from air to water. Label the air and water in your drawing.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
215
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Section 3 Refraction and Lenses
Convex and Concave Lenses
(continued)
Compare concave and convex lenses by completing the chart. Characteristics of Curved Lenses
I found this information on page .
Convex
Concave
Shape
Effect on light waves
Image (if object is closer than one focal length from the lens)
Total Internal Reflection I found this information on page .
216
Model the path of light as it passes through water. Draw a ray of light and water and label its parts. Use arrows to show the path of light.
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Image (if object is more than two focal lengths from the lens)
Name
Date
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses Section 4 Using Mirrors and Lenses Predict three things that might be discussed in this section and write them on the lines below. Read the section title and headings to help make your predictions. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Use retina in a sentence. retina
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
New Vocabulary Define the key terms using your book or a dictionary. refracting telescope
reflecting telescope
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define compound as it relates to lenses. compound
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
217
Name
Date
Section 4 Using Mirrors and Lenses
Microscopes I found this information on page .
(continued)
Classify the types of lenses used in a compound microscope to complete the chart below. Lenses in a Compound Microscope Lens
Shape
Position
Function
Objective
Eyepiece
Compare features of refracting and reflecting telescopes in the Venn diagram with at least 11 facts found below. • • • • •
can see stars and galaxies convex eyepiece lens convex objective lens concave objective mirror gathers light from distant objects • Keck telescope
• lens must be supported by edges only • limits to size of objective lens • mirror can be supported from the back • mirror can be made very large without sagging • Yerkes Observatory
Refracting
Reflecting Both
218
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Telescopes I found this information on page .
Name
Date
Section 4 Using Mirrors and Lenses
Cameras I found this information on page .
(continued)
Identify three ways in which the process of making an image with a camera is similar to the way an image is made by the human eye. 1. 2. 3.
Lasers
Model the light waves from a laser by drawing them below.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
Contrast three characteristics that make laser light different from the light of an ordinary light bulb.
CONNECT IT
Describe three examples of devices that use lenses or mirrors.
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
219
Name
Date
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses Chapter Wrap-Up Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
After You Read
• You can only see objects that give off their own light. • A plane mirror has a flat surface that reflects light. • Light travels at the same speed through all materials. • All telescopes use lenses to gather light from distant objects.
Use this checklist to help you study. Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about light, mirrors, and lenses.
220
Light, Mirrors, and Lenses
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Review
Name
Date
Electricity Before You Read Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. List at least two ideas for each section in each column. K What I know
W What I want to find out
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Write a paragraph describing a lightning flash you have seen. Include information about the weather conditions at the time.
Electricity
221
Name
Date
Electricity Section 1 Electric Charge Skim Section 1 of your text. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings and looking at the illustrations. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Use the term element in a scientific sentence.
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition. material in which electrons cannot move easily from place to place positively or negatively charged atom attractive force between positively and negatively charged objects material through which electrons can easily move space in which charges exert a force on each other rapid movement of excess charge from one place to another imbalance of electric charges on an object
Academic Vocabulary Define overall using a dictionary. overall
222
Electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
element
Name
Date
Section 1 Electric Charge
Electricity I found this information on page .
I found this information on page .
(continued)
Summarize how an atom can become a positive or negative ion. When an atom
electrons, it becomes a negative ion.
When an atom
electrons, it becomes a positive ion.
Compare and contrast how electrons and ions move. Complete the chart. Electrons
Ions
How they move
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Can they move through solids? Example
Electric Forces I found this information on page .
Create sketches to show how like and unlike charges attract or repel each other.
Electricity
223
Name
Date
Section 1 Electric Charge
Insulators and Conductors I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare conductors and insulators by completing the chart below. Insulator
Conductor
Definition
Examples
Induced Charge I found this information on page .
Sequence the events leading to an electric discharge by lightning. Air currents may cause the bottom of a storm cloud to become
The negative charge of the cloud in the ground below.
A cloud-to-ground lightning strike occurs when .
Grounding
Summarize why grounding is important.
I found this information on page .
CONNECT IT
Some electric lamps are made of metal, which is a conductor. Explain why people do not get a shock when they touch lamps
224
Electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
.
Name
Date
Electricity Section 2 Electric Current Predict three things that might be discussed in this section after reading the headings. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define gravitational potential energy. gravitational potential energy
New Vocabulary Use your book to define the key terms.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
electric current
circuit
voltage
resistance
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define potential as it is used to discuss electricity. potential
Electricity
225
Name
Date
Flow of Charge
(continued)
I found this information on page .
Model a simple electric circuit by completing the diagram below. • Mark the positive and negative ends of the battery. • Draw wires to complete the circuit. • Use arrows to indicate the direction of the flow of current.
I found this information on page .
Organize information by completing the flow chart describing how a current flows in a circuit powered by a battery.
The battery produces
in the wire.
The electric field forces
to move toward the .
The electrons in the wire.
with
After each collision, electrons .
226
Electricity
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Section 2 Electric Current
Name
Date
Section 2 Electric Current
Batteries I found this information on page .
Resistance
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this information on page .
(continued)
Create a concept web to summarize at least six facts about batteries.
Classify the following pairs of items according to their resistance. List each item on a line beneath the correct end of the arrow. • long wire/short wire • insulator/conductor Lower Resistance
• thin wire/thick wire • tungsten filament/copper Higher Resistance
CONNECT IT
A toaster uses wires to heat bread. Describe what you can conclude about these wires.
Electricity
227
Name
Date
Electricity Section 3 Electric Circuits Scan Section 3 of your book. Write three facts you discovered about electric circuits as you scanned the section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Use power in a sentence to show its scientific meaning. power
New Vocabulary Define the key terms using your book or a dictionary.
series circuit
parallel circuit
electric power
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define output. output
228
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Ohm’s law
Name
Date
Section 3 Electric Circuits
Controlling the Current I found this information on page .
I found this information on page .
(continued)
Identify how voltage and resistance affect current. Voltage increases
Current
Resistance increases
Current
Complete the mathematical equation that describes Ohm’s law. voltage (volts)
(amperes)
(ohms)
OR I
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Series and Parallel Circuits I found this information on page .
Model a simple series circuit and a simple parallel circuit by drawing a diagram of each. • Label the energy source, devices, and wires in each circuit. • Use arrows to show the paths electrons can follow in each circuit.
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Electricity
229
Name
Date
Section 3 Electric Circuits
Protecting Electric Circuits I found this information on page .
(continued)
Compare two ways that electric circuits are protected. Protecting Electric Circuits Device
How It Works
Fuse Circuit breaker
Electric Power I found this information on page .
Summarize how electric power is calculated. Complete the equation. power (watts)
(amperes)
(volts)
OR
Electrical Safety I found this information on page .
Create a list of tips that people can use to prevent electrical shock and a list of tips to avoid being injured by lightning. Ways to Prevent Electrical Shock
S YNTHESIZE I T
Ways to Keep Safe from Lightning
Describe why it might be useful for a set of decorative lights to be connected in a parallel circuit instead of a series circuit.
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Electricity
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P
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Invent an electrical device that uses a simple circuit powered by a battery. You can design your device to use a series circuit, a parallel circuit, or both. For example, it can power an electric motor, light a bulb, or ring a bell. Draw a diagram of your device below, label its parts, and explain its purpose and how it works.
Electricity
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Name
Date
Electricity
Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart. K What I know
W What I want to find out
L What I learned
Review Use this checklist to help you study.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about electricity.
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Electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Review the information you included in your Foldable.
Name
Date
Magnetism Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Magnetism • Some minerals are natural magnets. • A compass needle is a small bar magnet. • Electricity cannot be used to make a magnet. • Many electric motors contain magnets.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal List three ways you have seen magnets used.
Magnetism
233
Name
Date
Magnetism Section 1 What is magnetism? Scan Section 1 of your book using the checklist below. Read all section headings. Read all bold words. Read all charts and graphs. Look at all of the pictures. Think about what you already know about magnetism. Write two things you learned about magnetism. 1. 2.
Review Vocabulary Define compass using a dictionary or your book.
New Vocabulary Use a dictionary or your book to define the following terms. magnetic field
magnetic domain
magnetosphere
Academic Vocabulary Define domain. Why is this term used when discussing magnetism? domain
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Magnetism
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compass
Name
Date
Section 1 What is magnetism?
Early Uses
(continued)
Summarize how people might have made the first compasses.
I found this information on page .
Magnets I found this information on page .
Complete the sentences about magnetic poles. Like magnetic poles
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Unlike magnetic poles
each other. each other.
I found this information on page .
Model the magnetic field of a bar magnet. • Draw the magnet, its poles, and its magnetic field lines. • Include arrows showing the direction of the field. • Add captions explaining the field strength.
I found this information on page .
Contrast magnetic domains in a nonmagnetic piece of iron and in a magnetized piece of iron. Draw and label the domains.
Magnetism
235
Name
Date
Section 1 What is magnetism?
Sequence the steps through which iron can become a magnet.
I found this information on page .
Earth’s Magnetic Field I found this information on page .
Electrons in iron atoms spin, producing magnetic fields.
Complete the following statements about Earth’s magnetic field. The region of space affected by Earth’s magnetic field is called the
. Earth’s magnetic field may be caused by the in the outer
Earth’s magnetic field is like a huge
. The
of Earth’s magnetic field sometimes the field rocks record the their
S UMMARIZE I T
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Magnetism
.
and
direction. Some kinds of of Earth’s
in
as the rocks
How do animals and humans use magnetism to find direction?
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Magnets
(continued)
Name
Date
Magnetism Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism Predict three topics that might be discussed in Section 2. Skim the headings and illustrations to help you make your predictions. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Use electric current in a scientific sentence. electric current
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition. current that periodically changes direction
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
any device that converts electric energy into kinetic energy device used to increase or decrease the voltage of an alternating current current-carrying wire wrapped around an iron core current in which electrons flow in only one direction device that uses a magnetic field to change kinetic energy into electricity light given off when charged particles collide with Earth’s atmosphere
Academic Vocabulary Define source using a dictionary. source
Magnetism
237
Name
Date
Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
Current Can Make a Magnet I found this information on page .
(continued)
Organize information about electromagnets. Electromagnet
Wht it is
How it works
How it is changed
Summarize how an electric motor works.
I found this information on page .
Using Magnets to Create Current I found this information on page .
Identify ways that magnets can be used to generate electricity. Generating Electricity Using Magnets How it works:
Alternating current Description:
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Magnetism
Direct current Description:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Magnets Push and Pull Currents
Name
Date
Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
Changing Voltage I found this information on page .
Superconductors
(continued)
Identify the results when a current passes through a transformer. Current enters the transformer through the coils on the input side.
More coils on the output side More coils on the input side
Complete the chart about the properties of superconductors.
I found this information on page .
Superconductors What they are How they are made How they react to magnets
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Uses
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Summarize how magnetic resonance imaging is useful.
I found this information on page .
CONNECT IT
Describe how magnetism and electricity are related.
Magnetism
239
Name
Date
Magnetism
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Magnetism
After You Read
• Some minerals are natural magnets. • A compass needle is a small bar magnet. • Electricity cannot be used to make a magnet. • Many electric motors contain magnets.
Review Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about magnetism.
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Magnetism
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Name
Date
Electronics and Computers Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You Read
Electronics and Computers • Electric current can carry information. • A clock that tells time without hands is an analog clock. • A computer stores information as numbers. • A keyboard and a computer mouse are examples of output devices.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal Describe three activities that you do using a computer.
Electronics and Computers
241
Name
Date
Electronics and Computers Section 1 Electronics Analyze the objectives for Section 1. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the objectives. Look for answers to each question as you read the section. 1. 2. 3.
Review Vocabulary Define crystal to show its scientific meaning. crystal
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word next to each definition. changing electric current that is used to carry information
electronic signal that does not vary smoothly but changes in steps and can be represented by a series of numbers element that is a poorer electrical conductor than metals, but a better conductor than nonmetals solid-state component that allows electric current to flow in only one direction solid-state component that can amplify the strength of an electric signal circuit that contains large numbers of interconnected transistors and diodes imprinted on a single small chip of semiconductor material
Academic Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define process as a noun. process
242
Electronics and Computers
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
electronic signal that varies smoothly with time
Name
Date
Section 1 Electronics
Electronic Signals
(continued)
Compare and contrast the two types of electronic signals by completing the Venn diagram with at least six facts.
I found this information on page .
Analog Signal
Digital Signal Both
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
changing electric current that is used to carry information
Electronic Devices I found this information on page .
Complete the outline describing electronic devices and components. Electronic Devices and Components A. Electronic devices 1. Definition:
2. Examples a. b. B. Electronic components 1. Definition:
2. Made from:
Electronics and Computers
243
Name
Date
Section 1 Electronics
Identify two types of semiconductors and describe how they work.
I found this information on page .
Solid-State Components
Semiconductors
Type:
Type:
How it works:
How it works:
Compare diodes with transistors by completing the chart. Identify how each is made and its uses.
I found this information on page .
Diodes
Transistors
How they are made
How they are used
CONNECT IT
Think of electronic devices you use. State which are analog and
which are digital.
244
Electronics and Computers
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Semiconductors
(continued)
Name
Date
Electronics and Computers Section 2 Computers Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2. Base your predictions on the section headings. 1.
2.
3.
Review Vocabulary Use the word laser in a scientific sentence.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
laser
New Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word next to each definition. integrated circuit that controls the flow of information between different parts of the computer; also called the central processing unit or CPU number system consisting of two digits, 0 and 1, that can be used by devices such as computers to store information temporary electronic memory within a computer any list of instructions for a computer to follow that is stored in the computer’s memory electronic memory that is permanently stored within a computer
Academic Vocabulary Define display using a dictionary. display
Electronics and Computers
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Date
Section 2 Computers
What are computers?
(continued)
Summarize what computers do on the lines below. Then list three ways modern computers have changed from early computers.
I found this information on page .
Computer Information
Model a byte using binary digits.
I found this information on page .
Compare the two types of computer memory. Computer Memory
I found this information on page .
can be either
or
Computer Programs and Computer Programming I found this information on page .
which is
which is
that stores information only when the computer is in use
that cannot be changed
Complete the sentences about computer programs and computer programming. All of the functions of a computer are controlled by Many different programs can be stored in the computer’s . The process of writing computer software is called . Software is written using such as Basic, C++, and Java.
246
Electronics and Computers
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Computer Memory
Name
Date
Section 2 Computers
Computer Hardware I found this information on page .
(continued)
Classify the three types of computer hardware. Computer Hardware Device Function
Storing Information I found this information on page .
carry information into computer
carry information out of computer
store information outside computer memory
Complete the chart listing one fact for each device. Storage Devices Device
Description
Hard disk Floppy disk Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Optical disk
Computer Networks I found this information on page .
CONNECT IT
Identify three ways computer networks are linked. Computer networks might be linked by , or
, .
Analyze how a microprocessor is similar to a human brain. How
is it different?
Electronics and Computers
247
Name
Date
Electronics and Computers Chapter Wrap-Up Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete the table below. Compare your previous answers with these. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Electronics and Computers
After You Read
• Electric current can carry information. • A clock that tells time without hands is an analog clock. • A computer stores information as numbers. • A keyboard and computer mouse are examples of output devices.
Use this checklist to help you study. Review the information you included in your Foldable. Study your Science Notebook on this chapter. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Review daily homework assignments. Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Self Check at the end of each section. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have learned about electronics and computers.
248
Electronics and Computers
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Review
Academic Vocabulary achieve: to gain, accomplish, attain, reach
enormous: very large
category: group or class of things
evaluate: to determine the worth of
chart: a sheet that gives information about something in the form of a diagram, graph, or table
expand: to get bigger
chemical: having to do with or made by chemistry compound: to make by combining parts or elements conduct: to carry or transmit confine: hold in one place, restrict constant: not changing; continuing
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
convert: to change from one form or use to another cycle: a series of events or actions that repeat regularly definite: having exact limits; precise and clear in meaning device: tool or instrument designed for a particular purpose displace: to take the place of or remove from the usual or proper place display: to reveal or exhibit domain: region with the same physical feature enable: to make able; to give means or power to encounter: to meet or experience energy: ability to cause movement or change
formula: a symbolic representation of something image: visual impression of something produced by reflection from a mirror or refraction from a lens incidence: the striking of a line or a ray of light on a surface input: what is put in; the amount of money, material, or effort put into a project or process; investment internal: having to do with the inside item: object or thing label: printed material that is fastened to something to provide information about it medium: substance through which a force or effect is transmitted occupy: to take up time or space occur: to take place output: useful power delivered by a circuit or device overall: including everything; total overlap: one thing extends over another parallel: being the same distance apart at all places percent: in, to, or for every hundred
Introduction to Physical Science
249
Academic Vocabulary period: a repeating interval; row of the periodic table
section: one of several parts that together make up the whole
physical: relating to material things; perceptible through the senses
sequence: fixed order of connected things significant: important
positive: real and numerically greater than zero
source: point of origin
potential: a difference in voltage between two points of an electrical circuit
summary: a brief account that covers the main points
predict: to foretell in advance on the basis of observation, experience, or scientific reason
symbol: something that represents something else
process: a particular method of doing something, generally involving a number of steps or operations pursue: to proceed with random: a haphazard course; without definite aim, direction, rule, or method; lacking a definite plan, purpose, or pattern react: to act because something has happened; to respond require: to need, or essential
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theory: explanation of things or events based on scientific knowledge resulting from many observations and experiments transfer: to move, carry, send, or change from one person or place to another undergo: to go through unique: one of a kind vary: to change; to make or become different version: variant of an original volume: amount of space that makes up or fills something
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
primary: first in time or order of development; designating colors regarded as basic or as those from which other colors form
technique: way of doing something, process
