Introduction to Music
Review • • • • • •
Johann Sebastian Bach Baroque Suite Chorale and Church Cantata Organ Music George Frideric Handel Oratorio
Classical Music •
Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Classical Music • •
Seven Years’ War—1756–1763 Louis XVI in France—1774–1792
Classical Music • • •
Seven Years’ War—1756–1763 Louis XVI in France—1774–1792 Am. Declaration of Independence—1776
Classical Music • • • •
Seven Years’ War—1756–1763 Louis XVI in France—1774–1792 Am. Declaration of Independence—1776 French Revolution—1789
Classical Music • • • • •
Seven Years’ War—1756–1763 Louis XVI in France—1774–1792 Am. Declaration of Independence—1776 French Revolution—1789 Napoleon: first French consul—1799
Classical Music • • • • • •
Seven Years’ War—1756–1763 Louis XVI in France—1774–1792 Am. Declaration of Independence—1776 French Revolution—1789 Napoleon: first French consul—1799 Napoleonic Wars—1803–1815
Classical Music • • • • • • •
Seven Years’ War—1756–1763 Louis XVI in France—1774–1792 Am. Declaration of Independence—1776 French Revolution—1789 Napoleon: first French consul—1799 Napoleonic Wars—1803–1815 Goethe: Faust—1808
Classical Music • • • • • • • •
Seven Years’ War—1756–1763 Louis XVI in France—1774–1792 Am. Declaration of Independence—1776 French Revolution—1789 Napoleon: first French consul—1799 Napoleonic Wars—1803–1815 Goethe: Faust—1808 Austin: Pride and Prejudice—1813
Classical Music •
Scientific advances changed world view
Classical Music • •
Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason
Classical Music • • •
Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority
Classical Music • • • •
Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment
Classical Music • • • • •
Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker
Classical Music • • • • • •
Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker Visual arts moved away from the ornate Baroque style
Classical Music • • • • • •
Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker Visual arts moved away from the ornate Baroque style
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Favored light colors, curved lines, and graceful ornaments
Classical Music Classical Style
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Transition to Period—1730–1770
Classical Music Classical Style
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Transition to Period—1730–1770
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C.P.E. and J.C. Bach: early pioneers
Classical Music Classical Style
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Transition to Period—1730–1770
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C.P.E. and J.C. Bach: early pioneers Concentrated on simplicity and clarity
Classical Music Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
Classical Music Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
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Greek and Roman antiquity
Classical Music Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
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Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal
Classical Music Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
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Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal Anything that is not rock, jazz, folk, or popular
Classical Music Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
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Greek and Roman antiquity Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal Anything that is not rock, jazz, folk, or popular
Music and visual arts stress balance and clarity of structure
Classical Music Three main composers:
Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Flexibility of Rhythm
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Flexibility of Rhythm
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Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Flexibility of Rhythm
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety
Texture
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Flexibility of Rhythm
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety
Texture
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Mostly homophonic, but with frequent shifts
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes
Dynamics
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes
Dynamics
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Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes
Dynamics
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Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics Use of gradual dynamic changes
Classical Music Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember Composers borrowed popular tunes
Dynamics
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Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics Use of gradual dynamic changes Related to development of the piano—soft/loud
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of four sections
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of four sections
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Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of four sections
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Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass
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Woodwinds: 2 each—flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of four sections
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Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass
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Woodwinds: 2 each—flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons
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Brass: 2 each—French horns, trumpets
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of four sections
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Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos, double bass
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Woodwinds: 2 each—flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons
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Brass: 2 each—French horns, trumpets Percussion—2 timpani
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role
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Strings most important with violins taking the melody
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role
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Strings most important with violins taking the melody
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Woodwinds added contrasting tone
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role
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Strings most important with violins taking the melody
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Woodwinds added contrasting tone Horns & trumpets brought power to loud passages
Classical Music The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors Each section had a special role
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Strings most important with violins taking the melody
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Woodwinds added contrasting tone
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Timpani used for rhythmic bite & emphasis
Horns & trumpets brought power to loud passages
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character
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First movement—fast
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character
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First movement—fast Second movement—slow
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character
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First movement—fast Second movement—slow Third movement—dance related
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several movements that contrast in tempo & character
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First movement—fast Second movement—slow Third movement—dance related Fourth movement—Fast
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA Theme and Variations
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA Theme and Variations Sonata
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio Rondo
Classical Music Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA Theme and Variations Sonata Minuet and Trio Rondo
Movements often contrast themes vividly
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Changing society affected musicians
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Changing society affected musicians
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Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Changing society affected musicians
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Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family
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Mozart: began at court, broke away, died poor
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Changing society affected musicians
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Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family
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Mozart: began at court, broke away, died poor
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Beethoven: successful as an independent musician
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
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Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
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Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets
Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
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Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets
Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons
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Composers wrote music that would sell
Classical Music Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
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Public concerts became common, with middle class purchasing tickets
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Demand for printed music, instruments & music lessons
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Composers wrote music that would sell Serious compositions flavored by folk and popular music
Classical Music Vienna in the 18th Century
Classical Music Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe
Classical Music Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized
Classical Music Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras
Classical Music Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe
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Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven, frequently played gigs in wealthy homes
Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras
Classical Music Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe
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Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven, frequently played gigs in wealthy homes
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Many musicians also worked in serenading street bands
Musicians came to study and be recognized Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras
Classical Music Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
Classical Music Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
Basic idea repeated again and again
Classical Music Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
Basic idea repeated again and again Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea
Classical Music Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
Basic idea repeated again and again Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea Each variation is about the same length as the original idea
Classical Music Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
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Basic idea repeated again and again
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Variations may alter melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, or all of these
Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea Each variation is about the same length as the original idea
Classical Music Haydn: Symphony No. 94 “Surprise”, Mvt. 2
Classical Music Minuet and Trio
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Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque
Classical Music Minuet and Trio
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Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque
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Each ternary part is itself ternary: Minuet Trio Minuet A B A ||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ ||
Classical Music Minuet and Trio
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Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque
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Each ternary part is itself ternary: Minuet Trio Minuet A B A ||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ ||
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Return of the Minuet is usually marked on the music as da capo
Classical Music Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Mvt. 3
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Minuet and Trio Form
Minuet A
Trio B
Minuet A
||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ ||
Classical Music Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Mvt. 3
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Minuet and Trio Form
Minuet A
Trio B
Minuet A
||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ ||
Classical Music Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over
Classical Music Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Classical Music Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Main theme alternates contrasting sections
Classical Music Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo)
Classical Music Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo) A B A C A B A (large rondo)
Classical Music Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Main theme alternates contrasting sections A B A C A (small rondo) A B A C A B A (large rondo) Note similarity to modern Pop music forms
Classical Music Beethoven: String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4
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Fourth movement, Rondo
Classical Music Beethoven: String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4
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Fourth movement, Rondo
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A)—three main sections
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A)—three main sections Exposition
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A)—three main sections Exposition
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Initial statement of first and second themes
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement Ternary form (A B A)—three main sections Exposition
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Initial statement of first and second themes Entire section usually repeated
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Development
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section Themes broken into fragments—motives
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section Themes broken into fragments—motives
Recapitulation
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section Themes broken into fragments—motives
Recapitulation
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Resolution of tension
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section Themes broken into fragments—motives
Recapitulation
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Resolution of tension Re-statement of first and second themes
Classical Music Sonata Form
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Development
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Themes broken into fragments—motives
Recapitulation
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Tension building section
Resolution of tension Re-statement of first and second themes
Often concludes with a “tag” or tail—Coda
Classical Music Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
Classical Music Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
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Exposition
Classical Music Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
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Exposition Development
Classical Music Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
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Exposition Development Recapitulation
Classical Music Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
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Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda
Classical Music Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
Classical Music Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
Looking Ahead • • • • • •
Classical Symphony Classical Concerto Classical Chamber Music Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven
