TANZANIA COUNTRY REPORT ON COTTON RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION 2010 SEACF MEETING
INTRODUCTION • Cotton is Tanzania’s second major export crop after coffee. • provides income and employment to about half a million households. • Fourty percent (40%) of the population depend on cotton. • large amount is exported as lint • The value of exports has been fluctuating • Continue being potential for GDP, exports, farmer incomes and employment • Cultivated on about 300,000 – 500,000 ha (9%) of total cultivated land • Rain fed crop characterized by low input-low output
Presented by: Mwangulumba, E (TCB) Mr. Kalidushi,B (TCB) Dr. Kibani, T (ARI-Ukiriguru) Dr. Lukonge, E (ARI-Ukiriguru) Mr. Mrosso, F (ARI-Ilonga)
• It is exclusively a smallholder crop - farms 0.5 – 5 ha, the average being 1.0 ha. • Cotton is grown in 42 out of 121 districts in 13 out of 21 regions
National Cotton Structure • The cotton sub-sector is governed by the Cotton Industry Act No.2 of 2001 which provides for establishment of the Cotton Board • The Tanzania Cotton Board (TCB) is the arm of the government which is charged with the responsibility of regulating the industry • Tanzania Cotton Association (TCA) is the association of ginners and exporters of cotton.
• TCA serves as an interface between the public and the private sector where issues of mutual interest are discussed to foster development of the cotton industry • Tanzania Cotton Growers Association (TACOGA) is the association of cotton growers which is there to advance the interests of farmers • Cotton Development Trust Fund (CDTF)
Acreage and Cotton Production • 348,464.1 ha have been so far sown up to January, for the ongoing farming season of 2009/2010. A decline in acreage compared to the 403,400 ha sown in 2008/09 season, was expected as an aftermath of the 2008/2009 economic and financial crises.
• Financial Institutions: CRDB Bank finances 90% of cotton buying transactions. Others are Stanbic, Exim, TIB etc.
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Production trend for the past 10 years
400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0
• By the end of 2009/10 buying season, 267,004 tons of seed cotton had been procured and 494,452 bales @ 181 kg produced.
19 99 /0 20 0 00 /0 20 1 01 /0 20 2 02 /0 20 3 03 /0 20 4 04 /0 20 5 05 /0 20 6 06 /0 20 7 07 /0 20 8 08 /0 20 9 09 /1 0
Yield (tons)
Seed Cotton Production, 2000-2009
Years
Reasons for output drop in 2009/10 —
• The 2009/10’s buying season-cotton crop, was ready for sale by early June, however the buying season had to be delayed until 22nd June 2009 as the banks were not yet in a position to extend any financing due to economic and financial crises.
The rainfall regime being sub-optimal and poorly distributed
– Farmers’ reaction to anticipated low prices due to economic and financial crises – Insects attack being unchecked due to most farmers failure to spray, in the aftermath of the suspension of passbook system
• The two largest regional cooperative unions namely SHIRECU and NCU were again involved in cotton buying alongside the private buyers. • Producer prices as of 22nd June were 360 shillings per kg of seed cotton. However they rose to 440 shillings per kg by the second week of July following a government decision to add 80 shilling per kg as an interim measure to boost producer prices.
• The crop for the current buying season (2009/10) have dropped from 368,697 tons or 683,000 bales or 123,623 tons of lint, of 2008/09 buying season.
Marketing and ginning • During the 2009/10 season the number of cotton buyers licensed to buy cotton was only 34 in contrast to 42 during the 2008/09 season. • The decline was a direct result of bad economic circumstances which had prompted some buyers to exit the market as a result of financial losses and subsequent failure to secure bank loans.
• In the wake of the economic and financial crises, the suggested producer price of 360 shilling per kg (equivalent to 49 cents per pound FOT) was lower than a suggested price of 400 shillings (equivalent to 60 cents FOT) offered during the 2008/09 season. • The intension of the government was to try to stabilize producer prices in the aftermath of the crises.
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Lint exports and local consumption • During 2008/09 season, Tanzania exported a total of 57,000 tons of lint valued at USD 83 million, compared to 33,245 tons worth USD 42 million which were exported in 2007/08. • The exports are currently underway and by 26th February 2010 a total of 50,314 tons of lint worth USD 73 million had been exported for the current export season of 2009/2010. The major destinations of Tanzanian cotton lint are India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Kenya, China and Thailand.
Grade and Type of cotton produced • Tanzania cotton is sold on basis of grade, together with the corresponding staple length known as Type; • Basic selling grade is Gany as adopted by the International Cotton Association (ICA) • There are seven (7) grades out of which five (5) are physical and two (2) are descriptive as shown below: -
• The type is independent from colour grade; for example you can have Type 1 Tang, Type 1 Gany, Type 1 Gany - and Type 3 Tang etc. • There are three types of cotton as shown below: -
• Local consumption of lint was exceptionally higher than exports in 2008/2009. For the first time in history, the trends were reversed. During 2008/09 the 21 textile mills consumed a total of 66,600 tons of lint compared to 37,489 tons during the 2007/08 season. • This can be attributable to an increase in purchasing power for local mills in the wake of economic and financial crises which lead to plummeting in price of cotton lint.
Tanzania Grade Universal grades
% of the total crop
Remarks
Tang
Good middling
1.4
Physical
Gany +
Strict middling
41.63
Physical
Gany
Middling
39.73
Physical (basis)
Gany -
Strict low middling
13.81
Descriptive
Gany -
Low middling
1.8
Physical
Gany -
Strict Good Ordinary
0.4
Descriptive
Yika
Good Ordinary
0.32
Physical
0.91
No grade
Undergrade (UG) Below grade (BG)
Type
Type 1 - staple length 1 1/8"
Millimetre
Code
% of the total crop
28.2 -28.7
36
36.17
Type 2 - staple 27.4 -27.9 length 1 3/32"
35
50.56
Type 3 - staple 26.7 -27.2 length 1 1/16"
34
13.27
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Competitive Position of Tanzania Cotton •
Within the medium staple length range of between 1 1/16” and 1”;
•
It is hand picked
•
Over 82% grade is middling and above;
•
More than 50% is roller ginned with low nep and short fibre content;
Cotton production constraints
•
lack of a sustainable input provision and distribution system
•
Competition from other enterprises
•
Inadequate extension services
•
Declining soil fertility
•
Pests and diseases
•
Unreliable marketing
•
High reliance on rain fed production
•
High cost of production
•
Price fluctuation
•
Low level of domestic value addition to the produced lint
•
Effect of subsidies offered by the developed countries on cotton prices
2010/2011 Forecast • In recognition of the fact that farmers received a fairly good price in the buying season 2009/10, a good response to grow cotton was expected from the farmers, in 2009/2010 farming season. • The actual acreage recorded in January 2010, is however, by far lower than that recorded at same time, last year. Never the less, the seed cotton output is forecast above 260,000 tons.
• Over 95% is within the prime micronaire range of 3.5 - 4.9; • High uniformity ratio of 81 - 85% which is ideal for high speed spinning technology; • Fibre strength ranges between 25 and 29 gms/ tex which is also ideal for high speed spinning technology; • Detailed HVI test results of fibre properties; and • New crop is available as early as July.
Future prospects • The government in collaboration with stakeholders is working on various initiatives aimed at increasing cotton output through improved yields and revamping the textile industry. • These include:— • Introduction of voucher system for input supply; – • Scaling up conservation agriculture; – • Attracting foreign and local textile investments and, – • Improving Research and Extension services
COTTON RESEARCH Broad objective To develop sustainable and cost effective cotton production technologies suitable for cotton farmers aiming at improving productivity of cotton and financial returns. Specific objectives To develop high yielding varieties with resistance to the major diseases and pests, high ginning out turn, and acceptable fire qualities To develop pests and disease control measures with environmental concern aspects To promote and facilitate the application of integrated soil and fertility management technologies To produce breeder seed
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RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS
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Two new cotton varieties with improved GOT and resistance to Fusarium wilt and bacterial blight has been released to the Western Cotton Growing Areas. and one is in pipeline for release in the Eastern Cotton Growing Areas.
•
Testing and recommendation of new pesticides are continuing. Codal Gold 412.5 DC (Prometrin + S-Metolachlor) herbicide has been recommended for use on cotton.
•
New system of prebasic seed multiplication is continuing. For example, in 2008/09 100 ha have been cultivated and obtained 61.5 tons of seed cotton that produced 38 tons of seeds.
COTTON PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS (RESEARCH CHALLENGES)
New varieties SN
Technology
New Technology
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Variety develop ment a) UK91
Yield 2.0-2.5kg/ha, GOT 39.6% Jassid resistance high, FW resistance high, BB resistance Good, Fibre strength 2628g/tex, Micronare 4.3, Fibre length 1.1 Inch
2.
b) UKM08
Yield 2.5-2.8 kg/ha, GOT 42.3% Jassid resistance high, FW resistance Good BB resistance Good, Fibre strength 30-2 g/tex, Micronare 4.03, Fibre length 1.275 Inch
3.
c) UK08
Yield 2.0-2.5kg/ha, GOT 40.2% Jassid resistance high, FW resistance Good BB resistance Good, Fibre strength 28.2g/tex, Micronare 4.2, Fibre length 1.276 Inch
Research needs • Irrigation facilities (research centers are at nearby
• Cotton pests and diseases
sources of suitable
• low soil fertility
• water for irrigation)
• Unreliable rainfall (amount and distribution)
• Strong system for exchange of breeding materials
• Inadequate high quality seeds for planting
• Adequate researchers and technicians
• Inadequate research funding and capital
• Adequate funding
infrastructure
STRATEGIES
• Improve collaboration with international institutions
• Cotton planting (Nov.-WCGA, Feb. -ECGA)
• Property right and bio-safety regulation are underway. Through this, the Government may allow testing of Genetically Engineered materials. • Improvement of seed production and distribution under support by Tanzania Gatsby Trust (TGT) project and Cotton Development Trust Fund (CDTF) • Introduction of conservation agriculture technologies under farmers condition (TGT support) • Introduction of labor saving technologies (TGT support) • Shortening breeding period by using biotechnology techniques (TGT support) • To broaden knowledge on pest control to the farmers and extension workers (TGT support)
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• Pests (Cotton stainers and Red bollworm) • Hand hoe weeding
• Spraying
• Cotton hand picking
• Mature cotton ready for picking
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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