Interpretation of High Value Ecosystems and Natural Ecosystems for Malawi AN INTERPRETATION GUIDE FOR IDENTIFYING HIGH VALUE ECOSYSTEMS AND NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS IN MALAWI

© Red de Agricultura Sostenible

June 2014 Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN): CEFCA, Cote d’Ivoire · Fundación Interamericana de Investigación Tropical (FIIT), Guatemala · Fundación Natura, Colombia · ICADE, Honduras · IMAFLORA, Brazil · Pronatura Sur, Mexico · Rainforest Alliance · SalvaNatura, El Salvador · Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), United Kingdom

Table of Contents

The Sustainable Agriculture Network .......................................................................................................................3 SAN concept of HVE and Natural Ecosystem (Sustainable Agriculture Standard – July 2010 version) ..................3 Background on Critical Criterion 2.2......................................................................................................................3 General definition of some criterion terms ...........................................................................................................4 Exception (SAN Policy: Impact of Standard Changes on Certification Status) ....................................................4 Introduction to this document ...................................................................................................................................4 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................................5 Natural Ecosystem definition for Malawi ..................................................................................................................6 General Classification of Natural Ecosystems in Malawi ..........................................................................................6 Terrestrial Ecosystems ...........................................................................................................................................6 Aquatic Ecosystems ...............................................................................................................................................7 General High Value Ecosystem (HVE) definition for Malawi ................................................................................8 Identification of Natural Ecosystems inTea Growing Areas .................................................................................9 Identification of High Value Ecosystems in Tea Growing Areas ...............................................................................9 Areas set aside for National and/or International conservation purposes............................................................9 High Value aquatic ecosystems .......................................................................................................................... 10 Special cases for consideration of High Value Ecosystems in Malawi outside Protected Areas....................... 10 Destruction of ecosystems ................................................................................................................................. 10 Laws and Regulations ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Laws and regulations governing ecosystem management & conservation in Malawi ..................................... 11 International Conventions guiding Malawi’s biodiversity conservation programmes ...................................... 11 General Identification of NE and HVE areas in Malawi .......................................................................................... 11 Data sources used to locate HVE and NE areas in Malawi ................................................................................. 11 Interpretation of Protected Area Maps .................................................................................................................. 12 References............................................................................................................................................................... 13 Plant species found on Satemwa, Naming’omba & Eastern Produce estates ...................................................... 15 Annex: species lists ................................................................................................................................................. 16

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The Sustainable Agriculture Network Mission The Sustainable Agriculture Network promotes efficient agriculture, biodiversity conservation and sustainable community development by creating social and environmental standards. The Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) is a coalition of non-profit conservation and rural development organizations in the Americas, Africa, Europe and Asia promoting the environmental and social sustainability of agricultural activities through the development of good practice standards, certification and the training of rural producers throughout the world. Compliance with the SAN Sustainable Agriculture Standard is indispensable for farm certification and the right to use the Rainforest Alliance CertifiedTM seal on agricultural products. The SAN/RA certification system is jointly owned by the Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) and Rainforest Alliance. SAN develops, manages and owns the Standards for Sustainable Agriculture, and also coordinates the quality management behind the certification of rural producers. Rainforest Alliance is owner of the Rainforest Alliance CertifiedTM seal that identifies products from a certified farm and coordinates the market development for these products. This document is a complementary document to the SAN Sustainable Agriculture Standard for the specific aspects of Critical Criterion 2.2 in the context of Malawi. Its definition of High Value Ecosystems (HVE) and Natural Ecosystems (NE) are binding for any certification processes led by SAN accredited certification bodies on Malawian farms. This document provides a binding interpretation of High Value Ecosystems and Natural Ecosystems for Malawian farms to be in compliance with Critical Criterion 2.2 of the SAN Sustainable Agriculture Standard (version July 2010). Further on, this document provides a guide how to identify High Value Ecosystems and Natural Ecosystems in Malawi within the SAN framework of general terms and definitions.

SAN concept of HVE and Natural Ecosystem (Sustainable Agriculture Standard – July 2010 version) Background on Critical Criterion 2.2 Critical Criterion 2.2 states: “From the date of application for certification onwards, the farm must not destroy any natural ecosystem. Additionally, from November 1, 2005 onwards no high value ecosystems must have been destroyed by or due to purposeful farm management activities. If any natural ecosystems have been destroyed by or due to purposeful farm management activities between November 1, 1999 and November 1, 2005, the farm must implement the following analysis and mitigations: a. Conduct an analysis of the ecosystem destruction to document the scope and ecological impact of the destruction. b. Develop a mitigation plan with advice from a competent professional that is consistent with applicable legislation and that compensates for the negative impact. c. Implement the activities of this mitigation plan, including for example the set aside of a significant percentage of the farm area for conservation purposes.”

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Illustrated on a time line: Nov 1st, 1999

Nov 1st, 2005

Certification application date

If by or due to purposeful farm management activities destruction of… …NE (including HVE) occurred, then the farm must

…HVE occurred, then the farm must

…NE (HVE or not) occurred, then the farm must

not be certified

not be certified

implement mitigation activities

General definition of some criterion terms  



Natural ecosystems (NE): A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. Ecosystems in advanced natural succession stages without significant disturbance for minimum of 10 years. High value ecosystems (HVE): A natural ecosystems of special importance to environmental conservation, such as habitat that enables the reproduction of endemic and endangered species or hosts viable wild animal or plant population; provision of ecosystem services such as watershed protection in serious circumstances; or rare ecosystems. Destruction (of ecosystems): The significant direct or indirect disturbance of an ecosystem caused by a human being (within the context of NE and HVE definition the focus is on destruction by or due to purposeful farm management activities).

Exception (SAN Policy: Impact of Standard Changes on Certification Status) Rainforest Alliance Certified™ certifications achieved by clients before September 30, 2009 cannot be cancelled, if this situation is a result of non-compliance with criterion 2.2 – referring to irreversible situations of past land use only. Details are communicated in: “Policy on the Impact of Standard Changes on the Certification Status of clients”, SAN, 2009.

Introduction to this document This report has highlighted the definitions of a Natural Ecosystem (NE) and a High Value Ecosystem (HVE) in the context of Malawi with respect to the Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) and Rainforest Alliance standard definitions. The Malawi definitions of the NEs, HVEs and destruction of ecosystems have taken into consideration most of the available environmental management regulatory frameworks, guidelines and standard practices, including all international protocols ratified by Malawi. Considering the levels of human pressure exerting on the natural ecosystems, it has been a challenging task to identify natural ecosystems and high value ecosystems that strictly conform to the SAN standard definitions and guidelines. However, there still exist many natural ecosystems in Malawi that play very important roles of biodiversity conservation and general provision of ecosystem services. There are ninety-seven protected areas in the protected areas network system in Malawi. These include national parks, wildlife reserves and forests, each one of them principally established for the protection of the forests as well as serving as water catchment areas, apart from the preservation of wildlife in the case of national parks and SAN-G-44-1

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wildlife reserves. Some of these protected areas have been subject to encroachment. Many of the forests remaining around the areas in the tea growing districts of Mulanje, Thyolo and Nkhata-Bay continuously face human pressure for resource extraction, often very destructive. As a result of this, there is potential threat to the ecosystems that inhabit remnant populations of birds, fish and other forms of wildlife. The riparian vegetation lying within the privately owned tea growing areas in Malawi provide important refuge for plant and animal species. For this reason, they are considered HVEs – the case of Thyolo tea estates as important bird areas serves as a good example. SAN stakeholders in Malawi should take appropriate actions towards addressing the environmental disturbance that has been occasioned for these important habitats, for example removal of invasive alien species, and clearing of other tree species such as Eucalyptus from the remnant forests. Appropriate caution should be taken not to cause further ecological damage as a result of the removal of these targeted species. SAN/RA certified group administrators, estates and smallholders are responsible for protecting HVEs and NEs on their properties. The Rainforest Alliance is working in Malawi to promote sustainable tea production according to social and environmental principles defined by the Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) standards. An essential aspect of this process is the definition of Natural Ecosystems (NE) and High Value Ecosystems (HVE) with particular focus on the Tea Growing and Adjoining Areas (TGAAs) in Malawi. In 2011, two stakeholder workshops were conducted focussing on the interpretation of various SAN Standard criteria. Due to the specialized expertise needed to interpret critical criterion 2.2 of the SAN Sustainable Agriculture Standard, the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust (MMCT - P.O. Box 139, Mulanje, MALAWI, [email protected]) contributed the main inputs to this interpretation of HVE and NE areas in Malawi, involving the following elements:  Development of a definition of Malawi’s HVE and NE and  Definition of the main HVE/NE areas in the Malawi tea growing areas. The phrases in bold and underlined are binding considerations for audits of Malawi tea farms conducted by SAN accredited certification bodies.

Methodology The following stakeholders were contacted to gather information and gain a general understanding of the issues: the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM), the National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens, the University of Malawi (Biology Department), the Museums of Malawi, Satemwa Tea Estate, Naming’omba Tea Estate and Eastern Produce. Work also included field visits and desk work, comparing relevant literature. Some of the considerations included: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The need to link the HVE/NE concepts to the protected area system of Malawi (Wildlife and Forestry Acts: areas gazetted, boundaries demarcated), How to protect riparian forests on estates and smallholder catchment areas, The impact on smallholders within HVE demarcated areas e.g. Ruo River, How to deal with low and mid altitude forestry on estates, protected by intention or by agriculture legal requirements or good practice, How to protect natural forest remnants on tea estates which could be High Value Ecosystems.

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Natural Ecosystem definition for Malawi Areas with natural interactions between organisms and their physical habitats (biophysical interactions) lead to ecological processes that deliver valuable functions and services to human beings. These services include: a. Supporting services Services to the other categories e.g. formation of soils, nutrient cycling and purification of air; b. Provisioning services Food, fuel, water, pharmaceuticals, to organisms and human beings; c. Regulating services Climate regulation, water purification, flood protection and soil erosion control; d. Cultural/socio-economic services Education, recreation, ecotourism, economic, aesthetic value.

General Classification of Natural Ecosystems in Malawi The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP 2010) of Malawi describes three major natural ecosystems: aquatic, terrestrial and agro-ecosystems. The terrestrial ecosystems are described based on major vegetation types further classified as forests, grasslands and agro-ecosystems. Agro-ecosystems are considered natural ecosystems in the context of natural forest remnants and grasslands existing within private and customary lands used as habitat by some rare raptor and a many migratory species. There are three major natural aquatic ecosystems in Malawi: lakes, rivers, and small water bodies such as lagoons and wetlands (marshes and swamps), categorized as lacustrine, riverine, and palustrine respectively. Natural ecosystems in Malawi exist in various conservation statuses depending on the scale of use and impact by human activity.

Terrestrial Ecosystems Malawi’s terrestrial natural ecosystems are classified according to comparisons of the varying plant diversities based on topography, geology, climate and soil types. a. Forests Comprising of indigenous trees fanned out at least 8 m tall with their crowns interlocking: - Mid Altitude Forests (at less than 1,370 m): under the protected Areas Network or customarily or privately owned. - Seasonal Rainforests: Dry in 1-5 months of the year but alleviated by high atmospheric humidity or frequent mists. The undergrowth is sparse. - Dry semi-deciduous forest. - Deciduous Forests: chiefly in the Lower Shire Valley and Phalombe Plains. - Fringing Forest: Widespread in the tea growing areas along the banks of rivers, streams and lakes. - Montane Forests (above 1,370 m). - Sub-montane seasonal rainforest. - Montane forests (most above 1,980 m but sometimes as low as 1,675 m). b. Scrub Forests - Intermediate between forest and thicket. They occur in exposed picks and crests on higher mountains and small hills.

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c. Typical Woodland - Open stands of indigenous trees at least 5 m tall with crown covering at least 20% of surface in lateral contact. Grass cover usually present. Two ecologically distinct units of woodlands occur in Malawi: Miombo (Brachytegia) and Mopane woodlands. d. Scrub Woodland - Intermediate between woodland and scrub land. The majority of the plants are stunted trees. Commonly found at the edges of dambos (low-lying moist or commonly damp areas). e. Transition Woodland - Physiognomically intermediate between woodland and forests, and floristically a mixture of forest and woodland species. f.

Shrubland Mainly composed of shrubs not touching each other. Often with a grass stratum. Montane shrub lands occur on the exposed slopes of Mount Mulanje.

g. Grasslands - Grasses, graminoid and other herbaceous plants are predominant in the cover; trees and shrubs almost or totally absent. Two types of grasslands occur in Malawi: o Montane grasslands, such as those on the Nyika and Mulanje mountains; o Savanna grasslands or secondary grasslands that occur where forest or woodland has been destroyed, usually by fire and subsequently colonized by grasses.

Aquatic Ecosystems a. Lakes such as Lake Malawi, Lake Malombe, Lake Chiuta, Lake Chilwa; b. Riverine such as the Shire river, Ruo river, Bua river; c. Wetlands such as the marshes around the Lake Chilwa/Chiuta, Mpoto lagoon, Vwaza marsh and Chia lagoon. The Malawi Forestry Department designates particular areas, mostly upland areas or mountainous landscapes, for plantations either to provide fuelwood or soft timber. These are not part of the described natural ecosystems. Similarly, sector initiatives in agriculture and water development encourage fish-farming and other water related development initiatives, either for water supply purposes (eg. Mulunguzi Dam) or irrigation in plantation agriculture (Figure 1). None of these are regarded natural ecosystems. Naturally regenerated forests in customary landholdings that would potentially inhabit threatened species or provide ecosystem services as described under the section Natural Ecosystem definition for Malawi can be regarded as High Value Ecosystems. A minimum of 1 ha size has been adopted for such a classification.

Figure 1: Overhead irrigation on Satemwa estate SAN-G-44-1

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General High Value Ecosystem (HVE) definition for Malawi There are 97 gazetted protected areas in Malawi under the Protected Areas Network comprising 88 forest reserves, five National Parks and four wildlife reserves. The primary reason for the forest reserves is catchment protection; but adding to this function is the crucial role of biodiversity conservation, forest production, and protection of water supply, erosion control, nutrient recycling, as well as carbon capture and storage. Aquatic ecosystems falling within the Protected Areas Network system serve to protect all aquatic biodiversity. Therefore, any ecosystem (terrestrial or aquatic) is considered a High Value Ecosystem if it plays any one or more of the following functions: 1. Biodiversity conservation and supporting threatened or isolated species; 2. Is a part of the Protected Areas Network of Malawi; 3. A water catchment or wetland of ecological importance. Provision is however given for deliberate functional management within such ecosystems. Examples include the regulation of commercial use of non-timber forest products (such as mushrooms, grass for thatch, fuelwood collection, caterpillar collections and tourism development) that comply with the National Forest Policy and other regulatory instruments; enrichment planting and the removal of introduced invasive species and any management interventions as covered by the Environmental Sustainability Criteria Framework for the environment and natural resources management sector in Malawi (EAD, 2010). Naturally regenerated forests in customary landholdings that potentially inhabit threatened species or provide ecosystem services as described under the section Natural Ecosystem definition for Malawi are regarded as High Value Ecosystems. A minimum of 1 ha size has been adopted for such a classification. High Value Ecosystems are also networks of remnant forests in a landscape that may not be natural altogether, but contains fragments of high value forests that allow for species to disperse or act as refugia or migratory routes. Examples are Fringing Forests of Thyolo, Mulanje and Mkuwazi-Chisasira forests in Nkhata-Bay tea growing areas which are considered HVEs under the Malawian context. See figure 2 below of Satemwa estate in Thyolo district.

Fig. 2. Map of Satemwa Tea Estate in Thyolo showing natural forests (in green). Source: Mzumara, 2010.

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Identification of Natural Ecosystems in Tea Growing Areas Terrestrial natural ecosystems that are important for the protection of water sources and soil erosion control: Most protected natural ecosystems in Malawi are situated in upland, hill or montane areas and therefore are critical gravity water sources, but also erosion prone areas. Designated as such under the first Forest Ordinance of 1911 and second of 1926, they are protected as forest reserves in order to control soil erosion, deforestation and forest destruction due to shifting cultivation and forest fires. Other natural ecosystem areas were designated under the Wildlife and Fishery policies to protect important forest areas for watershed management and biodiversity conservation, as well as fuelwood and hardwood production for the construction industry. Implications for certification audits: Presently, all land within ten (10) meters from any river course of minimum 3 m wide and flowing at least ten months in a year are regarded as protected areas and therefore cannot be cultivated for any arable or plantation cultivation. These areas fall within the high value definition of critical criterion 2.2. A tea plantation shall designate all HVEs and NEs on their maps in accordance with critical criterion 2.2 of the SAN Sustainable Agriculture Standard. In the case of smallholdings organized in producer groups, the group administrator records such areas as stipulated by critical criterion 3.9 of the SAN Group Certification Standards.

Identification of High Value Ecosystems in Tea Growing Areas Areas set aside for National and/or International conservation purposes These include all areas designated for forest protection, water catchment/watershed protection and wildlife and biodiversity importance, in general. All areas of table 1 are considered High Value Ecosystems as defined in critical criterion 2.2 of the 2010 SAN Sustainable Agriculture Standard. Table 1. High Value Ecosystems in and around Tea Growing areas in Malawi Area/National gazette area Mulanje-Michesi Chisasira Thambani Thuchila Thyolo Mountain Thyolo Tea Estates Thyolomwani Tsamba Lichenya

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Area Date Conservation purpose (ha) protected 56,314 2,484 4,680 1,843 1,347 965 2,806 316

1927 1935 1927 1925 1924 1930 1927 1948 1998

Forest, water catchment Forest Forest, water catchment Forest Forest, water catchment Forest Forest Forest, water catchment Forest

IUCN red list CITES species species habitat habitat √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

IBA

CEPF

Biosphere Reserve

√ √ √ -

√ √ -

√ -

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High Value aquatic ecosystems The following aquatic ecosystems are considered a high value ecosystem for tea growing areas: the Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve river systems and the adjacent Lake Chilwa wetland: Ramsar IUCN red list site species habitat

Area/National gazette area The Ruo River basin (includes the Ruo river itself, the Lichenya river and Satemwa river catchments)

-

-

CITES species IBA habitat √

-

CEPF

Biosphere Reserve

√

-

Special cases for consideration of High Value Ecosystems in Malawi outside Protected Areas The case of the tea growing areas in Malawi deserve a special consideration in defining High Value Ecosystems. The situation of the Mulanje and Thyolo areas pause a challenge because these areas inhabit special avian fauna (Dowsett-Lemaire et-al, 1989, Mzumara, 2012) and mammalian species that could be considered disjunct species of otherwise extinct or near extinct species by comparison. Species such as Galagoides grantii and Otolemur crassicaudatus (galago species) survive in the few forest remnants in the tea growing riparian areas of Thyolo, but their taxonomic status may be considered different from their disjunct populations found in Mulanje’s Lichenya and the Tea Research Foundation’s remnant forests (Wallace, 2005). The IBA (2001) lists the naturally forested areas within the Tea Estates of Naming’omba, Nchima and Satemwa of Thyolo as important bird areas. That, coupled with Wallace’s findings of the Galago species found in Thyolo and their disjunct relatives in the Mimosa tea research supports the areas to be considered HVEs. These habitats habitats are considered High Value Ecosystems within the Malawi definition.

Destruction of ecosystems

Fig 3. Fuelwood gathering can destroy ecosystems

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Destruction of ecosystems in Malawi relates to the damage caused to an ecosystem’s productive capacity because of anthropogenic factors:  Harvesting of fuelwood for curing tea, polewood harvesting;  Excessive use of pesticides that can affect important pollinator insect populations;  Excessive use of fertilizers that can affect aquatic ecosystems by eutrophication;  Discharge of toxic chemical or industrial waste into aquatic systems or other natural ecosystems.  Purposeful introduction of exotic invasive species. However, where introduction of invasive exotic species is not based on purposeful farm management influences, this category of ecosystem destruction does not apply.

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Laws and Regulations Laws and regulations governing ecosystem management & conservation in Malawi Sector policies and regulatory instruments in Malawi prescribe conditions constituting an offence with regard to the management of natural ecosystems. In these definitions of destruction, any activities that are regarded as constituting an offence under these Acts shall be used as guidance for auditors when assessing noncompliance. The following policies and legislative instruments apply: a. The Forestry Policy (1996) and Forestry Act, (1997) b. The National Land Policy, (2002) c. The National Wildlife Policy, (2000) d. The National Parks and Wildlife Act, (1992) e. The National Environmental Policy (2004) f. Water Resources Management Policy (1994) g. National Land Resources Management and Strategy, (2000) h. National Fisheries and Aquaculture Act (1997)

International Conventions guiding Malawi’s biodiversity conservation programmes 1. The Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992; 2. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Water Fowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention, 1971) in 1971; 3. The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1968) in1973; 4. The Plant Protection Convention (1951) in 1974; 5. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973) in 1975; 6. The Convention on Protection of World Cultural and National Heritage Sites (1972) in 1982; 7. The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1893) in 1983; 8. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992; HVE designated specifically in conformity with these conventions within the tea growing areas in Malawi are the Lake Chilwa Wetland (designated a Ramsar Site in 1997) and Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve (declared a Man and Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO) in 2000).

General Identification of NE and HVE areas in Malawi Data sources used to locate HVE and NE areas in Malawi The following data are used by SAN accredited certification bodies to prepare audits and by auditors to assess compliance with critical criterion 2.2:  The Land Use cover map for Malawi of 1991 (done by the department of Land Resources Conservation, Lilongwe, 2009, ISO 19115, Standard version FDIS): The system provides land use data and the area covered by specific type of land use in the country. It aims to provide information of different land uses in the country and the area covered by each type of land use to assist in decision making. Not all areas are NE nor are they HVE. However, in the legend, the NE and HVE are depicted as forested areas and national parks or aquatic systems. The map basically combines areas for agroecosystems, Forested/woodland ecosystems, and evergreen forests and wetlands systems.  Malawi Woodland/Forest Cover maps (2005) by satellite interpretation and Protected Areas of Malawi (http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/malawi/PLUS/appa.pdf): The Malawi Woodland / Forest Cover map has been generated via Landsat image interpretation with 30 m spatial resolution dating from 2003 – 2005. The SAN-G-44-1

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

 

Protected Areas maps were developed for the Land Use planning project for the Malawi Government. They depict all protected areas in Malawi categorized as Forest Reserves, Wildlife Reserves and National Parks. Malawi has a freshwater national park and therefore these ecosystems are both terrestrial and aquatic. Map of Important Bird Areas (IBAs): These important sites were identified through the network of IBAs combined with the 2009 release of the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). Sources: Important Birds Areas: BirdLife International, August 2009, Protected Areas: World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), AZE Sites: Alliance for Zero Extinction, 2009, Ramsar Sites: BirdLife International (2002) Important Bird Areas and potential Ramsar Sites in Africa, UK: BirdLife International. Detailed Maps of Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) for the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspots: These maps were produced following a project commissioned to profile the Eastern Afromontane hotspot ecosystems in 2012. Habitat maps of IUCN globally threatened species: The IUCN Red List of Threatened species shows many of Malawi’s protected areas containing species that are either globally threatened, or of regionally endemic and restricted range. These NEs and HVEs are important habitats for fish (Mt. Mulanje and the Ruo River) and birds (Thyolo/Satemwa/Naming’omba forest remnants). These maps can be viewed at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/freshwater/eastafrica/geographicpatternsea

Interpretation of Protected Area Maps The following areas from the Protected Areas Network have been declared as reserves within the tea growing areas in Malawi. They are hereby interpreted as NEs and HVEs based on the descriptions given in the preceeding sections. These are binding interpretations for SAN certification audits. Table 3. Protected Areas of Malawi Based on IUCN Category, IBA and KBA Protected Area Name Mulanje-Michesi Chisasira Thambani Thuchila Thyolo Mountain Ruo River Basin Thyolo/mulan Tea Estates Thyolomwani Tsamba Lichenya

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General Term Forest Reserve Forest Reserve Forest Reserve Forest Reserve Forest Reserve River Forest Reserve Forest Reserve Forest Reserve Forest Reserve

Interpretation HVE HVE NE NE HVE HVE HVE NE HVE NE

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References Birdlife International (2002). Important Bird Areas and potential Ramsar Sites in Africa Birdlife International (2009). Malawi gap analysis: relationship between current protected area network and important sites for biodiversity Birdlife International (2009). Protected Areas: World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Alliance for Zero Extinction Birdlife International (2009). Towards an ecologically representative network of protected areas in Malawi Birdlife International (2012). Ecosystem Profile. Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot Chafota, J., Neil Burgess, Michele Thieme and Steve Johnson (2005). Lake Malawi/Niassa/Nyasa Ecoregion Conservation Programme – Priority conservation areas and vision for biodiversity conservation. Dowsett-Lemaire, F., Dowsett, R.J. and, M. Dyer (2001). Malawi. Pp. 539-555, in Fishpool, L.D.C. & Evans, M.I. (Eds). Important bird areas in Africa and related islands. Newbury and Cambridge: Pisces Publications and Birdlife Int., Cambridge, UK. Energy Affairs Department, (2003). National Energy Policy, Malawi Government Environmental Affairs Department (1998). State of the Environment Report for Malawi, 1998, Malawi Government Environmental Affairs Department (2001). National Environmental Action Plan, 2002, Malawi Government Environmental Affairs Department (2008). The Second National Communication of the Republic of Malawi under the Conference of the Parties of the United nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Malawi Government, Unpublished Environmental Affairs Department (2010). Environmental Sustainability Creiteria Framework for the Environment and Natural Resources Management Sector in Malawi Environmental Affairs Department (2010). Malawi Fourth Country Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Malawi Government Environmental Affairs Department (2011). Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for the Environment and Natural Resources Management Sector, Malawi Government Jumbe, C., R. Kachule and C. Mataya (2000). Evolution of Forest Policy in Malawi with reference to the miombo woodlands. Journal of Agriculture (4) 1. Kamoto, J.F., P.T. Doward and D.D. Shepherd (Unpublished). Decentralised governance of forest resources: analyzing devolution policy processes and their effects on decision making in communal forest management in Malawi. Malawi Bureau of Standards (2011). Catalogues of Malawi Standards Malawi Government (1992). National Parks and Wildlife Act Malawi Government (1994). Water Resources Management Policy Malawi Government (1996). Environmental Management Act, 1996 Malawi Government (1997). National Fisheries and Aquaculture Act SAN-G-44-1

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Malawi Government (2000). National Land Resources Management and Strategy Malawi Government (2000). National Wildlife Policy Malawi Government (2001). National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy Malawi Government (2004). National Environmental Policy, 2004 Millington Stephen J., and M. Kaferawanthu (2005). Analysis of biodiversity threats and opportunities in Malawi. Community Partnerships for Sustainable Resource Management – COMPASS II. Ministry of Lands and Housing (2002). National Land Policy Ministry of Natural Resources (1996). National Forestry Policy of Malawi, Malawi Government Mzumara, T.I. (2010). Satemwa tea estate biodiversity report Protected areas of Malawi (http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/malawi/PLUS/appa.pdf) Sustainable Agriculture Network (2010). Sustainable Agriculture Standards. Tweddle, D. (1979) "The zoogeography of the fish fauna of the Lake Chilwa basin" In M. Kalk, A. J. McLachlan and C. Howard-Williams (Ed.). Lake Chilwa: Studies of change in a tropical ecosystem. Monographiae Biologicae, 35. (pp. 177-182 & 440-441) The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk. Tweddle, D. and Skelton, P. H. (1998). "Two new species of Varicorhinus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Ruo River, Malawi, Africa, with a review of other southern African Varicorhinus species". Ichthyolological Exploration of Freshwaters 8 369-384. Wilson, John G. (Unpublished). Apalis Chariessa. The White winged apalis. Yaron, G., R. Mangani, J. Maluwa, P. Kambewa, S. Makungwa, A. Mtethiwa, S. Munthali, W. Mgoola and J. Kazembe (2011). Economic valuation of sustainable natural resources in Malawi.

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Plant species found on Satemwa, Naming’omba & Eastern Produce estates Source, MMCT, 2012 Acacia polyacantha Amaranthus hybridus Clerodendrum sp Crotalaria Ficus imberbe Glycine wightii Acalypha ornata Amaranthus lividus Ficus minuta Cussonia arborea Acalypha villicaulis Aneilema sp Combretum imberbe Cyanotis nodiflora Ficus molle Annona senagalensis Achyranthus aspera Albizia antinesiana Combretum apiculatum Arachis sp Ficus natalensis Argemon mexicana Aeschynomene sp Cyperus alternifolious Combretum molle Grewia -Tiliaceae Family Ficus sur Artemisia sp Agathisanthemum bujeri Cyperus sp Combretum zehyeri Grewia-Tiliaceae Tripsacum laxum Harungana madascariensis Ageratum conyzoides Asparagus africanus Commelina benghalensis Dalbergia nitidula Galinsoga purviflora Bridelia micrantha Albizia adianthifolia Tremor orientalis Crinum macowanii Rubus ellipticus (invasive) Stephania abysinica Polysphaeria lanceolata Barsema abysinica Khaya anthotheca Rawsonia abysinica Vepris stolzii Lepidotrichilia volkens Peddieia fischeri Sorondeia madagascariensis Ficus trichopodos Phoenix reclinata Lecanodiscus fraxini Clerodendrum capitata Cissus cornifolia Celtis Africana Behnia reticulate Scutia myrtina Celtis gomphophylla Euclia racemosa Fagara macrophylla Isoglossa grandiflora Asplenium erectum Embelia schiperi Mimusops zeyheri Galinera coffeioides Sapium ellipticum Aidia micrantha Oxytenanthera abyssinica Berchemia discolor Rapanea melanopholeos Maytenus senegalensis Sphaeranthus peduncularis Bridelia brideliifolia Zathoxylum gilletii Eucalyptus lusitanica Agelaea pentagyna Sonchus oleraceus Vernonia viafrae Ipomea turbinate Teclea nobilis Sphaeranthus angolensis Cordyla africana Dahlbergia melanoxylon

Asparagus mosambicensis Datura sp Aspilia mossambicensis Desmodium intortum Heliotropium Asystasia gangetica Dicliptera sp Heliotropium sp Persea americanum Digitaria sp Heteromorpha trifoliata Azolla filliculoides (water weed) Dioscorea sp Bidens pilosa Bidens pilosa Dombeya burgasiae Blumea alata Dombeya burgessiae Hyparhenia cymbaria Dracaena steudneri Afromomum angustifolia Cyathea uncinata Landolphia parvifolia Dracaena fragrans Kalanche lanceolata Croix lachrymajoides Rhynchosi hirta Rauvolpfia caffra Hibiscus calyphyllus Hybiscus deerstii Oxyanthus speciosa Psychotria zombamtana Maesa lanceolata Trichilia dregeana Breonadia salicina Vernonia myriantha Acalypha psitostachya Syzigium cordatum Polystichum zambesiacum Dryopteris inaequalis Aporrhiza paniculata Strombosia spp.Anthoclesta glandiflora

Hyperrhenia filipendula Brachystegia spiciformis Dracaena spicata Hypharhenia hirta Bridelia carthatica Dyschoriste verticillaris Hypoestes aspera Bridelia micrantha Eichornia crassipes Hypoestes aspera Gladiolus dalenii Elephantopus capassa Hypoestes forskali Hypoestes forskali Callistemon sp Eragrostis aspera Hypoestes sp Canna indica Eragrostis sp Eragrostis sp Ipomoea malvaceae Toona ciliatae (invasive) Ficus vallis-choudae Macaranga capensis Ensete livingstoniana Rothmania manganjae Xylia torreana Garcinia huilensis Oplicems undulatiformis Mondia whytei Polysphaeria distichocalyx Pentus schimperana Pentodon pentandra Hyparhenia cymbaria Dalbergia lacteal Rottboelia exaltata Triumpheta rhomboids Sclerochiton obtusispalus Tabernamontana elegans Strychnos spinosus Palinari curaterilfolia Vitex doniana Pericopsis angolensis Erhytrophleum suaveolens

Erythrina abyssinica Ipomoea pes-caprae Cassia petersiana Erythroxylon emarginatum Ipomoea shirambensis Cassimiroa edulis Eucalyptus spiciformis Celocia trygria Euphobia sp (red) Justisia striata Centella asiatica Faidherbia albida Khaya anthotheca Cissampelos mucronata Tree fern Ficus sur Lantana camara Ficus bubu Lantana camara (invasive) Sapium ellipticum Trilepisium madagascariensis Ocotea usambarensis Cyphia dregei Psychotria mahonii Ficus exasperate Astropomoea malvacea Setaria grandis Rhoicissus revoilli Acalypha chirindica Siphonochilus kirkii Siphonochilus decorus Justicia nyassanaMucuna pruriens Tarena neurophylla Thesium cymosum Hibiscus fuscus Syzigium afromontanum Keetia zanzibarica Bauhinia petersiana Lanea discolor Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Terminalia mollis Terminalia sericea

Note: Red means that the species is introduced, or invasive

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Annex: species lists The lists below show some representative taxa known to exist within the Mount Mulanje region, including Thyolo. Endemic Plants The Millennium Seed Bank Project of Kew Gardens (UK) had committed to five visits a year over the course of two years conducting plant collections. A botanist was seconded to MMCT for general plant collections and identifications. A checklist of vascular plants to Mt. Mulanje and surrounds was developed and cross-referenced with that produced by Alison Strugnell (Plant Sciences – Oxford University), and currently this list contains 1328 species. A checklist of the endemic plants is provided below. Family Acanthaceae Anacardiaceae Asphodelaceae Balsaminaceae Balsaminaceae Begoniaceae Campanulaceae Campanulaceae Capparaceae Celastraceae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Compositae Crassulaceae Cupressaceae Cyperaceae Ericaceae Ericaceae Ericaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Flacourtiaceae Rubiaceae Leguminosae-pap Scrophulariaceae

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Genus Species Family Genus Isoglossa milanjiensis Crassulaceae Crassula Rhus monticola Cyperaceae Pycreus Kniphofia mulanjeana Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus Impatiens quisqualis Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus Impatiens Shirensis Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus Begonia nyassensis Gramineae Alloeochaete Cyphia brummittii Gramineae Alloeochaete Cyphia Decora Gramineae Alloeochaete Cleome densifolia Gramineae Eragrostis Maytenus acuminata Gramineae Eragrostis Aster milanjiensis Gramineae Panicum Berkheya johnstoniana Iridaceae Gladiolus Bothriocline milanjiensis Labiatae Plectranthus Helichrysum bullulatum Labiatae Plectranthus Helichrysum densiflorum Labiatae Stachys Helichrysum dichroolepis Leguminosae-pap Tephrosia Helichrysum Polioides Orchidaceae Brownleea Helichrysum Sordidum Orchidaceae Cynorkis Helichrysum whyteanum Orchidaceae Polystachya Lopholaena Whyteana Orchidaceae Satyrium Senecio peltophorus Primulaceae Anagallis Vernonia milanjiana Proteaceae Protea Crassula sarcocaulis Restionaceae Restio Widdringtonia Whytei Rubiaceae Pyrostria Tetraria mlanjensis Rutaceae Vepris Erica austronyassana Umbelliferae Pimpinella Erica milanjiana Velloziaceae Xerophyta Erica Nyassana Asphodelaceae Kniphofia Clutia Brassii Compositae Helichrysum Clutia Conferta Compositae Senecio Euphorbia mlanjeana Melastomataceae Dissotis Euphorbia Whyteana Orchidaceae Polystachya Phyllanthus Confuses Gramineae Digitaria Rawsonia burtt-davyi Geraniaceae Geranium Psychotria sp. A Additional endemic species not on the Alison Strugnell List Lotus mlanjeanus Umbelliferae Pimpinella Selago thomsonii

species globularioides spissiflorus dolichanthus milanjianus nimbicola geniculata gracillima Oreogena Fastigiata Sylviae nymphoides Bellus Crassus mandalensis didymantha Whyteana mulanjiensis brevicalcar purpureobracteata afromontanum Oligantha Caffra mlanjiensis chapmanii elegantissima mulanjensis splendens monticola syncephalum whyteanus johnstoniana johnstonii Trinervis mlanjense

mulanjensis

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Mammals A small mammal survey was organized as part of the Mount Mulanje biodiversity survey programme. Dr. William Stanley was employed in order to undertake a small mammal survey. He visited a total of three sites (Lichenya, Ruo, and Chisongole), and his results are incorporated in the list below. Scientific name Cephalophus monticola Cephalophus natalensis Oreotragus oreotragus Sylvicarpra grimmia Tragelaphus scriptus Potamochoerus porcus Panthera pardus Bdeogale crassicauda Galerella sanguinea Crocuta crocuta Aonyx capensis Ictonyx striatus Civettictis civetta Epomorphus crypturus Rousettus aegyptiacus Epomophorus minor Epomophorus wahlbergi Nycteceius hyndae Scotophilus dinganii Eptesicus flavescens Rhinolophus blasii Rhinolophus fumigatus Pipistrellus africanus Pipistrellus flavescens Pipistrellus nanus (Lawrence & Loveridge 1953) Pipistrellus (Neoromicia) zuluensis Myotis bocagei Tadarida fulminans Dendrohyrax arboreus Heterohyrax brucei Procavia capensis Crocidura hildegardeae Crocidura luna Crocidura olivieri Pronolagus rupestris ? Petrodromus tetradactylus Rhynchocyon cirnei Cercopithecus aethiops Cercopithecus albogularis Cercopithecus pygerythus Papio cynocephalus Otelemur crassicaudatus Heliophobius argenteocinereus Hystrix africaeaustralis SAN-G-44-1

Common name (ko = kind of) Blue duiker Red forest duiker Klipspringer Common duiker Bushbuck Bushpig Leopard Bushy tailed mongoose Slender mongoose Spotted hyaena Small clawed otter Zorilla/ Stripped polecat African civet Peters's epauletted fruit bat Egyptian fruit bat

Leaf nosed bat Peak-saddle horseshoe bat Ruppell's horseshoe bat Banana bat ko simple-nosed pipistrelle

Tree hyrax/dassie Yellow-spotted rock hyrax/dassie Rock hyrax/ Rock dassie ko Shrew Greater grey-brown musk shrew ko musk shrew Smith's red rock rabbit Red rock hare Four-toed elephant shrew Checkered elephant shrew Vervet Monkey Blue monkey Velvet monkey Yellow baboon Thick-tailed bushbaby Silvery mole rat Cape porcupine

17

Scientific name Beamys hindei Crictomys gambianus Dasymys incomtus Dendromus melanotis Dendromus mesomelas Dendromus mystacalis Dendromus nyikae Grammomys dolichurus Grammomys ibeanus Lemniscomys rosalia Lophuromys flavopunctatus Mastomys natalensis Mus minutoides Mus triton Otomys angoniensis Pelomys fallax Praomys delectorum Rattus rattus Rhabdomys pumilio Saccostomus campestris Tatera leucogaster Thallomys paedulcus Beamys majori Heliosciurus mutabilis Paraxerus cepapi Paraxerus palliates Petrodromus tetradactylus Rhynchocyon cirnei Cercopithecus aethiops Cercopithecus albogularis Cercopithecus pygerythus Papio cynocephalus Otelemur crassicaudatus Heliophobius argenteocinereus Hystrix africaeaustralis Graphiurus murinus Graphiurus kelleni Graphiurus microtis Acomys spinosissmus Aethomys namaquensis Aethomys nyikae Beamys hindei Crictomys gambianus Graphiurus murinus Graphiurus kelleni Graphiurus microtis Acomys spinosissmus Aethomys namaquensis Aethomys nyikae

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Common name (ko = kind of) ko mouse African giant rat Water rat Grey climbing mouse Brant's climbing mouse Chestnut climbing mouse Nyika climbing mouse Woodland mouse ko Woodland mouse Single striped mouse ko Brush furred rat Natal multimammate rat Pygmy mouse Grey-bellied pygmy mouse Angoni vlei rat Groove-toothed mouse ko rat or mouse Black rat Striped mouse Pouched mouse Bushveld gerbil Tree rat Pouched rat Sun squirrel Bush squirrel South African red squirrel Four-toed elephant shrew Checkered elephant shrew Vervet Monkey Blue monkey Velvet monkey Yellow baboon Thick-tailed bushbaby Silvery mole rat Cape porcupine Woodland dormouse ko doormouse ko doormouse Spiney mouse Namaqua rock mouse Nyika veld rat ko mouse African giant rat Woodland dormouse ko doormouse ko doormouse Spiney mouse Namaqua rock mouse Nyika veld rat

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Birds Bird surveys have been undertaken by T. Mzumara in Mulanje and Thyolo and complementing those done by JohnstonStuart, 1992) whose checklist was updated with all Mulanje records from the Journals “Vocifer” and “Nyala”. However birding was also undertaken by the Rev. Stuart Lane and his results are also included in the list below. T. Mzumara’s works with the Bilrdlife International has greatly contributed to the listing of Mt. Mulanje as an Important Bird Area (IBA). However, with climate change, and the dwindling of the habitats around the Mt. Mulanje and Thyolo areas, the populations of these birds are somewhat threatened. English African black duck African black swift African boubou African broadbill African citril African cuckoo hawk African fish eagle African golden oriole African Goshawk African hawk eagle African palm swift African paradise flycatcher African redwinged starling African rock martin African saw-wing Alpine swift Angola pitta Ashy flycatcher Augur buzzard Ayres’ eagle Barn owl Bartailed trogon Barthroated apalis Bateleur Bearded robin Bertram’s weaver Black eagle Black sparrowhawk Black sunbird Blackeared seedeater Blackeyed bulbul Blackfronted bush shrike Blackheaded apalis Blackshouldered kite Bluecheeked Bee-eater Blue swallow Bluemantled crested flycatcher Booted Eagle Bronze manniken Brownbacked firefinch Buffspotted flufftail

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Scientific name Anas sparsa Apus barbatus Laniarius ferrugineus Smithornis capensis Serinus citrinelloides Aviceda cuculoides Haliaeetus vocifer Oriolus auratus notatus Accipter tachiro Hieraaetus fasciatus Cypsirius parvus Terpsiphone viridis Onychognathus morio Hirondo fuligula sub Psalidoprocne pristoptera Apus melba Pitta angolensis Muscicapa caerulescens Buteo rufufuscus Hieraaetus ayresii Tyto alba Apaloderma vittatum Apalis thoracica Terathopius ecaudatus Erythropygia quadrivirgata Ploceus bertrandii Aquila verreauxi Accipiter melanoleucos Nectarina amethystina Serinus mennellii Pycnonotus barbatus Malaconotus multicolor Apalis melanocaphala fuligin. Elanus caeruleus Merops persicus Hirundo atrocaerulea Trochocercus cyanomelas Hieraaetus pennatus Lonchura cucullta Lagonosticta rubricata Sarothrura elegans

19

English Bully canary Cabanis’s yellow bunting Cape batis Cape bunting Cape eagle owl Cape robin Cape turtle dove Carmine bee-eater Cinnamon dove Collared sunbird Common quail Common stonechat Crowned eagle Crowned hornbill Dappled modulatrix *? East African swee Eastern blackheaded oriole Eastern doublecollared sunbird Eastern forest scrub warbler Eastern least honeyguide Eurasian swift European bee-eater European blackcap European cuckoo European golden oriole European Hobby Falcon European reed warbler European Roller European sand martin European sedge warbler European swallow Fierynecked nightjar Garden warbler Goldenrumped tinkerbird Goldentailed woodpecker Grass owl Greater blue-eared starling Greatspotted cuckoo Green / Livingstone’s loerie Green twinspot Greenheaded oriole Grey cuckoo shrike Greyolive bulbul Gymnogene Halfcollared kingfisher Hamerkop Olive bush shrike Olivebreasted mountain bulbul Oliveflanked robin

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Scientific name Serinus sulphuratus Emberiza cabanisi Batis capensis Emberiza capensis Bubo capensis Cossypha caffra Streptopelia capicola Merops nubicus Aplopelia larvata Anthrepes collaris Coturnix coturnix Saxicola torquata Stephanoaetus coroaetus Tockus alboterminatus Modulatrix orostruthus Estrilda quartinia Oriolus larvatus sub sp rolleti Nectarinia mediocris Bradypterus mariae Indicator meliphilus Apus apus Merops apiaster Sylvia atricapella Cuculus canorus Oriolus oriolus Falco subbuteo Acrocephalus scirpaceus Coracias garrulous Riparia riperia Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Hirundo rustica Caprimulgus pectoralis Sylvia borin Pogoniulus bilineatus Campethera abingoni - sub Tyto capensis Lamprotornis chalybaeus Clamator glandarius Tauraco livingstonei Mandingoa nitidula Oriolus chlorocephalus Coraina caesia Phyllastrephus cerviniventrus Polyboroides typus Alcedo semitorquata Scopus umbretta Malaconotus olivaceus bertr.. Andropadus tephrolaemous f. Alethe anomala

20

English Olive sunbird Openbilled stork Orange thrush Oranje waxbill Squaretailed drongo Starred robin Steppe buzzard Steppe eagle Stripecheeked bulbul Striped / Redtailed flufftail Swee waxbill Taita falcon Tambourine dove Thyolo Alethe Tree pipit Threestreaked tchagra Trumpeter hornbill Violetbacked sunbird Wahlberg’s eagle Wailing cisticola Westernbanded snake eagle Whitebrowed coucal White-eared barbet Whitenecked raven White stork Whitetailed crested flycatcher Whitethroated swallow Whitewinged apalis Whyte’s barbet Willow warbler Wiretailed swallow Wood owl Yellowfronted Tinker Barbet Yellow warbler Yellow white-eye Yellowbellied bulbul Yellowbellied sunbird Yellowbilled duck Yellowbilled kite Yelloweyed canary Yellowstreaked bulbul Yellowthroated sparrow Yellowthroated warbler Palmnut vulture Pennantwinged nightjar Peregrine falcon Pied crow Pied wagtail Pintailed whydah

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Scientific name Nectarinia olivacea Anastomus lamelligerus Turdus gurneyi Amandava subflava Dicrurus ludwigii Pogonocichla stellata Buteo buteo Aquila nipalensis Andropadus milanjensis Sarothrura affinis Estrilda melanotis Falco fasciinucha Turtur tympanistria Alethe choloenthis Anthus trivialis Tchagra australis Tockus flavirostus Anthreptes anchietae Aquila wahlbergi Cisticola iais Circaetus cinerascens Centrophus superciliosus Buccanodon leucotis Corvus albicollis Ciconia ciconia Trochocercus albonotatus Hirondo albigularis Apalis chariessa Buccanodon whytii Phylloscopus trochilus Hirundo smithii Ciccaba woodfordii Pogoniulus chrysoconus Chloropeta natalensis Zosterops senegalensis Chlorocichla flaviventris Nectarinia venusta Anas undulata Milvus migrans Serinus mozambicus Phyllastrephus flacostriatus v. Petronia supercilliaris Phylloscopus ruficalla Gypohierax angolensis Macrodipteryx vexillarius Falco peregrinus Corvus albus Motacilla aguimp Vidua macroura

21

English Scientific name Placid bulbul Phyllastrephus placidus Pygmy kingfisher Ispidina picta Rameron pigeon Columba aquatrix Redbacked Shrike Lanius collurio Redcapped robin Cossypha natalensis Redchested cuckoo Cuculus solitarius Redcollared whydah Euplectes ardens Redeyed dove Stretopelia semitorquata Redfaced crimsonwing Cryptospiza reichenovii Redrumped swallow Hirondo daurica Redthroated twinspot Hypargos niveoguttatus Redwinged warbler Heliolais erythroptera Richard’s pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Rock kestrel Falco tinnunculus Rufousbellied tit Parus rufiventris pallidiventris Scalythroated honeyguide Indicator variegates Scarce swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus Shelley’s francolin Francolinus shelleyi Shelley’s sunbird Nectarinia shelleyi Silverycheeked hornbill Bycanistes brevis Singing cisticola Cisticola cantans Slenderbilled honeyguide Prodotiscus zambesiae Sombre bulbul Andropadus importunus hyp. Sooty tern Sterna fuscata Spotted flycatcher Muscicapa striata Spotted / Natal thrush Turdus fischeri Hildebrandt’s francolin Francolinus hildebranti joh… Honey buzzard Pernis apivoris Hoopoe Upupa epops House Martin Delichon urbica Large striped pipit Anthus lineiventris Lesser blue-eared starling Lamprotornis chloropterus Lesser doublecollared sunbird Nactarinia chalybea Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor Lesser seedcracker Pyrenestes minor Lesser spotted eagle Aquila pomarina Little green bulbul Andropadus virens zomben.. Longcrested eagle Lophaetusoccipitalis Longtailed forest scrub warbler Bradypterus cinnamomeus Longtailed wagtail Motacilla clara Martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus Miombo doublecollared sunbird Nectarina manoensis Mottled swift Apus aequatorialis Mountain thrush Turdus abyssinicus Mourning dove Stretopelia decipiens Moustached green tinkerbird Pogoniulus leucomystax Moxambique batis Batis soror Narina trogon Apaloderma narina Olive / Malagasy Bee-eater Merops superciliosus

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Birds on Satemwa Estate NB: Migrant status notes: AM=African Migrant; R=Resident; P=Palaearctic Migrant; B= Breeder; W = Wintering species Common Name African Emerald Cuckoo African Broadbill African fish Eagle African Golden Oriole African golden weaver African paradise flycatcher African yellow White-eye Amythest Starling Arrow marked Babbler Ashy blue Flycatcher Augur Buzzard Barn Swallow Black headed Heron Black eagle Black eyed bulbul Black headed Apalis Black headed Oriole Black shouldered Kite Black Sparrow hawk Blue spotted wood dove Broad billed Roller

Scientific Name Chrysococcyx cupreus Smithornis capensis Haliaeetus vocifer Oriolus auratus Ploceus xanthops Terpsiphone viridis Zosterops senagalensis Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Turdoides jardineii Muscicapa aquatic Buteo augur Hirundo rustica Ardea melanocephala Aquila verreauxii Pycnonotus tricolor Apalis melanocephala Oriolus larvatus Elanus caeruleus Accipiter melanoleucus Turtur afer Eurystomus glaucurus

Feeding Guild Insectivore Insectivore Raptor Frugivore Granivore Insectivore Insectivore Omnivore Insectivore Insectivore Raptor Insectivore Insectivore Raptor Omnivore Insectivore Frugivore Raptor Raptor Frugivore Insectivore

Migrant Status AM/R RB RB RB RB RB RB AM/RB RB RB RB PW RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB AMB

Source: Mzumara T.I. (2010)

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Reptiles In 2007, a reptile survey was undertaken by a team representing the Biodiversity Foundation of Africa (BFA) based in Zimbabwe. The team consisted of Dr. William Branch, Dr, Johan Marais, and Dr. Michael Cunningham. The team visited three sites (Lichenya, Ruo, and Chisongole, and another was undertaken in 2011 by Michael Cunningham visiting Thyolo in addition), and a potential new species of Arthroleptis was discovered in the Lujeri/Ruo gorge. The list below refers and “Mulanje Region” refers to Thyolo tea estates and surrounds. Common Name SUBORDER: LACERTILIA INFRAORDER: GEKKOTA FAMILY: GEKKONIDAE Tropical House Gecko Flat-headed House Gecko Grote’s Dwarf Day Gecko Cape Dwarf Day Gecko Chobe Dwarf Day Gecko INFRAORDER: ANGUIMORPHA FAMILY: VARANIDAE Nile Monitor INFRAORDER: IGUANIA FAMILY: CHAMAELEONIDAE Flap-necked Chameleon Meller’s Chameleon Mulanje Chameleon Beardless Pygmy Chameleon FAMILY: AGAMIDAE Kirk’s Rock Agama Mozambique Agama Blue-headed Tree Agama INFRAORDER: SCINCOMORPHA FAMILY: LACERTIDAE Blue-tailed Gliding Lizard Ornate Scrub Lizard FAMILY: SCINCIDAE SUBFAMILY: LYGOSOMATINAE Striped Skink Varied Skink Mulanje Skink Boulenger’s Skink Rainbow Skink Speckle-lipped Skink Wahlberg’s Snake-eyed Skink SUBFAMILY: SCINCINAE Mulanje Burrowing Skink Four-toed Burrowing Skink Black Legless Skink Loveridge’s Legless Skink FAMILY: CORDYLIDAE Spotted Flat Lizard FAMILY: GERRHOSAURIDAE Yellow-throated Plated Lizard SAN-G-44-1

Scientific Name

Hemidactylus mabouia Hemidactylus platycephalus Lygodactylus rex Lygodactylus capensis Lygodactylus bonsi

Mt Mulanje above 1800m Mulanje Region

Y Y

Varanus niloticus

Chamaeleo dilepis dilepis Chamaeleo melleri Chamaeleo mlanjensis Rhampholeon platyceps

Y Y Y Y

Y

? Y Y

Y Y ? Y

Agama kirkii Agama mossambica Acanthocercus atricollis

Y

Y Y

Holaspis laevis Nucras ornate

Y

Y

Trachylepis striata Trachylepis varia Trachylepis mlanjensis Trachylepis boulengeri Trachylepis margaritifer Trachylepis maculilabris Panaspis wahlbergii

Y Y

Y Y Y

Proscelotes mlanjensis Sepsina tetradactyla Melanoseps ater Melanoseps loveridgei (?)

Y

Platysaurus mitchelli

Y

Gerrhosaurus flavigularis

Y Y

Y Y Y

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Common Name Great Plated Lizard SUBORDER: SERPENTES INFRAORDER: SCOLECOPHIDIA FAMILY: TYPHLOPIDAE SUBFAMILY: TYPHLOPINAE Zambezi Beaked Blind Snake Blunt Blind Snake FAMILY: LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE Peter’s Thread Snake INFRAORDER: HENOPHIDIA FAMILY: PYTHONIDAE Southern African Python INFRAORDER: CAENOPHIDIA FAMILY: ATRACTASPIDIDAE SUBFAMILY: APARALLACTINAE Cape Centipede-eater Günther’s Centipede Eater SUBFAMILY: ATRACTASPIDINAE Bibron’s Burrowing Asp FAMILY: COLUBRIDAE SUBFAMILY: LAMPROPHIINAE Cape House Snake Mulanje Water Snake Cape Wolf Snake Mozambique Wolf Snake Cape File Snake Shire Slug-eater SUBFAMILY: COLUB RINAE Red-lipped Snake Mulanje Cross-barred Tree Snake Angola Green Snake Common Green Snake Spotted Bush Snake Tiger Snake Boomslang Mozambique Twig Snake East African Egg-eater SUBFAMILY: NATRICINAE Forest Swamp Snake 'INCERTEA SEDIS' Stulmann’s Shovel-snout SUBFAMILY: PSAMMOPHIINAE Mozambique Sand Snake Grey-bellied Grass Snake FAMILY: ELAPIDAE SUBFAMILY: ELAPINAE Boulenger’s Garter Snake Forest Cobra Mozambique Spitting Cobra

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Scientific Name Gerrhosaurus major major

Mt Mulanje above 1800m Mulanje Region

Rhinotyphlops mucruso Letheiobia obtusus

Y

Leptotyphlops scutifrons

Python natalensis

Y

Aparallactus capensis Aparallactus guentheri Atractaspis bibronii

Y

Lamprophis capensis Lycodonomorphus mlanjensis Lycophidion capense capense Lycophidion acutirostris Mehelya capensis capensis Duberria shirana Y

Y

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Dipsadoboa flavida flavida Philothamnus angolensis Philothamnus hoplogaster Philothamnus semivariegatus Telescopus semiannulatus Dispholidus typus Thelotornis mossambicanus Dasypeltis medici

Y

Y

Y Y Y Y Y

Natriciteres sylvatica Prosymna stuhlmannii Psammophis mossambicus Psammophylax variables

Elapsoidea boulengeri Naja melanoleuca Naja mossambica

Y

Y

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Green Mamba FAMILY: VIPERIDAE SUBFAMILY: CAUSINAE Shouted Night Adder Rhombic Night Adder SUBFAMILY: VIPERINAE Puff Adder Gaboon Adder ORDER: CHELONIA SUBORDER: PLEURODIRA FAMILY: PELOMEDUSIDAE Helmeted Terrapin

Dendroaspis angusticeps

Y

Causus defilippii Causus rhombeatus

Y

Bitis arietans arietans Bitis gabonica

Pelomedusa subrufa

Y

Reptiles of the Mount Mulanje region This list is provided partly as a product of the Reptile survey that was conducted by Dr. William Branch, Dr. Johan Marais, and Dr. Michael Cunningham providing habitat associations, abundance and conservation status. Localities include Mulanje, Thyolo and riparian forests of Mulanje and Thyolo tea growing areas. Key: * Habitats: EF = Evergreen Forest, W = Widespread, RF = Riparian Forest, S = Savannah, UG = Upland Grassland, R = Rock outcrops. ** Abundance

A = Abundant, C = Common, UC = Uncommon, R = Rare

Common Name Lizards Tropical House Gecko Flat-headed House Gecko Grote’s Dwarf Day Gecko Cape Dwarf Day Gecko Angulate Dwarf Day Gecko Chobe Dwarf Day Gecko Savannah Monitor Nile Monitor Flap-necked Chameleon Meller’s Chameleon Mulanje Chameleon Beardless Pygmy Chameleon Ground Agama Kirk’s Rock Agama Mozambique Agama Blue-headed Tree Agama Blue-tailed Gliding Lizard Mulanje Skink Boulenger’s Skink Rainbow Skink Speckle-lipped Skink Striped Skink Varied Skink Mulanje Burrowing Skink Wahlberg’s Snake-eyed Skink Legless Skink

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Scientific Name

Habitat

Hemidactylus mabouia Hemidactylus platycephalus Lygodactylus rex Lygodactylus capensis Lygodactylus angularis Lygodactylus bonsi Varanus albigularis albigularis Varanus niloticus Chamaeleo dilepis dilepis Chamaeleo melleri Chamaeleo mlanjensis Rhampholeon platyceps Agama armata Agama kirkii Agama mossambica Acanthocercus atricollis Holaspis laevis Trachylepis mlanjensis Trachylepis boulengeri Trachylepis margaritifer Trachylepis maculilabris Trachylepis striata Trachylepis varia Proscelotes mlanjensis Panaspis wahlbergii Melanoseps sp. (loveridgei ?)

W W EF, RF S EF R S A S RF, S EF EF, UG S I W S S R, UG EF, RF R EF, RF W W UG S UG

Abundance Conservation Status A C C C R UC R UC C C UC C UC C C UC UC C UC C UC C A UC A R

Endemic

Endemic CITES 2 CITES 2 CITES 2 CITES 2 CITES 2, Endemic CITES 2, Endemic

Endemic

Endemic

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Common Name Mulanje Flat Lizard Yellow-throated Plated Lizard Great Plated Lizard

Scientific Name Platysaurus mitchelli Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Gerrhosaurus major

TOTAL

Snakes Zambezi Beaked Blind Snake Blunt Blind Snake Southern African Python Cape Centipede-eater Bibron’s Burrowing Asp Cape House Snake Cape Wolf Snake Shire Slug-eater Stulmann’s Shovel-snout Forest Swamp Snake Red-lipped Snake Mulanje Cross-barred Tree Snake Common Green Snake Spotted Bush Snake Angola Green Snake Mozambique Sand Snake Grey-bellied Grass Snake Tiger Snake East African Egg-eater Boomslang Mozambique Twig Snake Boulenger’s Garter Snake Forest Cobra Mozambique Spitting Cobra Green Mamba Snouted Night Adder Puff Adder Gaboon Adder TOTAL

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Habitat R S S

Abundance Conservation Status C Endemic C UC

Forest 6 Rock 4 Savannah 9 U Grassland 4 Aquatic 1 Widespread 5 Rhinotyphlops mucruso Letheiobia obtusus Python natalensis Aparallactus capensis Atractaspis bibronii Lamprophis capensis Lycophidion capense capense Duberria shirana Prosymna stuhlmannii Natriciteres sylvatica Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Dipsadoboa flavida flavida Philothamnus hoplogaster Philothamnus semivariegatus Philothamnus angolensis Psammophis mossambicus Psammophylax variabilis Telescopus semiannulatus Dasypeltis medici medici Dispholidus typus Thelotornis mossambicanus Elapsoidea boulengeri Naja melanoleuca Naja mossambica Dendroaspis angusticeps Causus defilippii Bitis arietans arietans Bitis gabonica

Endemic 7 CITES 6

S EF, RF W S W W S UG S EF, RF W RF W S S S UG S RF RF, S S S EF S EF, RF RF W EF Forest 9 Savannah 12 U Grassland 2 Widespread 5

R R R R UC C UC UC UC UC C UC C C UC UC C UC UC C C R R C UC C C R

CITES 2

Restricted

Restricted

Restricted

Restricted 3 CITES 1

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Amphibians Checklist of the Amphibians of the Mount Mulanje region as done partly by Dr Michael Cunningham, Dr. William Branch, Dr. Johan Marais. Localities include riparian areas of Mulanje and Thyolo and the Mt. Mulanje massif. Common Name ORDER: ANURA FAMILY: ARTHROLEPTIDAE SUBFAMILY: ARTHROLEPTINAE Common Squeaker France’s Squeaker Lujeri Squeaker Dwarf Squeaker FAMILY BUFONIDAE Beira Toad Guttural Toad Garman’s Toad Linder’s Toad Flat-backed Toad FAMILY: HEMISOTIDAE Spotted Snout-burrower Guinea Snout-burrower FAMILY: MICROHYLIDAE Mozambique Rain Frog Power’s Rain Frog Banded Rubber Frog FAMILY: PIPIDAE SUBFAMILY: XENOPODINAE Tropical Platanna Common Platanna FAMILY: HYPEROLIIDAE SUBFAMILY: KASSININAE Red-legged Kassina Senegal Kassina SUBFAMILY: HYPEROLIINAE Short-legged Spiny Reed Frog Snoring Spiny Reed Frog Fornasini’s Spiny Reed Frog Argus Reed Frog Kachalola Reed Frog Kivu Reed Frog Painted Reed Frog Mitchell’s Reed Frog Long Reed Frog Spotted Reed Frog Variable Reed Frog Spiny-throated Reed Frog Tinker Reed Frog SUBFAMILY: LEPTOPELINAE Broadley’s Tree Frog Yellow-spotted Tree Frog

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Scientific Name

Arthroleptis stenodactylus Arthroleptis francei Arthroleptis nov. sp. Arthroleptis xenodactyloides Bufo beiranus Bufo gutturalis Bufo garmeni Bufo lindneri Bufo maculatus

Mt Mulanje above 1800m Mt Mulanje region

Y Y Y

Y Y Y

Y

Y

Hemisus marmoratus Hemisus guineensis

Y

Breviceps mossambicus Breviceps poweri Phrynomantis bifasciatus

Y

Xenopus muelleri Xenopus laevis

Y Y

Kassina maculate Kassina senegalensis

Y Y

Afrixalus brachycnemis Afrixalus crotalus Afrixalus fornasini Hyperolius argus Hyperolius kachalolae Hyperolius kivuensis Hyperolius marmoratus Hyperolius mitchelli Hyperolius nasutus Hyperolius puncticulatus Hyperolius pusillus Hyperolius spinigularis Hyperolius tuberilinguis

Y Y Y

Leptopelis broadleyi Leptopelis flavomaculatus

Y Y

Y

Y

Y Y Y

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Common Name Mozambique Tree Frog Cryptic Tree Frog FAMILY: PETROPEDETINAE Mongrel Frog Eastern Puddle Frog Mababe Puddle Frog Natal Puddle Frog Dwarf Puddle Frog Webbed Puddle Frog FAMILY: RANIDAE Angola River Frog Mulanje River Frog Darling’s White-lipped Frog Galam White-lipped Frog Ornate Frog Ansorge’s Ridged Frog Broadley’s Ridged Frog Guibe’s Ridged Frog Mascarene Ridged Frog Mozambique Ridged Frog Sharp-nosed Ridged Frog Schilluk Ridged Frog Small Ridged Frog Upemba Ridged Frog Udzungwa Ridged Frog Giant African Bullfrog Fülleborn’s Stream Frog Cryptic Sand Frog Marbled Sand Frog FAMILY: RHACOPHORIDAE Grey Foam Nest Frog ORDER: GYMNOPHONIA FAMILY: SCOLECOMORPHIDAE Kirk’s Caecilian + ** **

Scientific Name Leptopelis mossambicus Leptopelis parbocagii

Mt Mulanje above 1800m Mt Mulanje region Y

Nothophryne broadleyi Phrynobatrachus acridoides Phrynobatrachus mababiensis Phrynobatrachus natalensis Phrynobatrachus parvulus Phrynobatrachus perpalmatus

Y

Afrana angolensis Afrana johnstoni Amnirana darling Amnirana galamensis Hildebrandti ornate Ptychadena anchietae Ptychadena ansorgii Ptychadena broadleyi Ptychadena guibei Ptychadena mascareniensis Ptychadena mossambica Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Ptychadena schillukorum Ptychadena taenioscelis Ptychadena upembae Ptychadena uzungwensis Pyxicephalus adspersus Strongylopus fuelleborni Tomopterna cryptotis Tomopterna marmorata

Y Y

Y Y

Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Chiromantis xerampelina

Scolecomorphus cf. kirkii TOTAL 65

Y

Y

8

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Only noted if not recorded from Mt Mulanje region From Poynton (1966), Poynton & Broadley (1995) and Channing (2002) Threatened taxa (Channing 2002)

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Habitat Associations, abundance and Conservation Status of the Amphibians of the Mount Mulanje region Common Name Common Squeaker France’s Squeaker Dwarf Squeaker Lujeri Squeaker Guttural Toad Flat-backed Toad Red Toad Spotted Snout-burrower Mozambique Rain Frog Red-banded Rubber Frog Tropical Platanna Short-legged Spiny Reed Frog Snoring Spiny Reed Frog Fornasini’s Spiny Reed Frog Painted Reed Frog Long Reed Frog Spotted Reed Frog Spiny-throated Reed Frog Yellow-spotted Tree Frog Cryptic Tree Frog Broadley’s Tree Frog Eastern Puddle Frog Natal Puddle Frog Mongrel Frog Angola River Frog Mulanje River Frog Ornate Frog Anchieta’s Ridged Frog Sharp-nosed Ridged Frog Small Ridged Frog Fuelleborn’s Stream Frog Marbled Sand Frog Gray Foam Nest Frog

Scientific Name Habitat * Arthroleptis stenodactylus W Arthroleptis francei EF Arthroleptis xenodactyloides EF Arthroleptis nov. sp. RF Bufo gutturalis W Bufo maculates W Schismaderma carens S Hemisus marmoratus S Breviceps mossambicus S Phrynomantis bifasciatus S Xenopus muelleri A Afrixalus brachycnemis S Afrixalus crotalus S Afrixalus fornasini S Hyperolius marmoratus W Hyperolius nasutus S Hyperolius puncticulatus EF Hyperolius spinigularis RF Leptopelis flavomaculatus EF, RF Leptopelis parbocagii S Leptopelis argenteus RF Phrynobatrachus acridoides W Phrynobatrachus natalensis W Nothophryne broadleyi UG Afrana angolensis W Afrana johnstoni UG Hildebrandti ornate W Ptychadena anchietae W Ptychadena oxyrhynchus W Ptychadena taenioscelis S Strongylopus fuelleborni UG Tomopterna marmorata S Chiromantis xerampelina W

Abundance ** UC C A UC C C C C C C C UC UC C C UC C UC C R UC A A UC C R UC A A C R UC C

Conservation Endemic Endemic

Restricted Restricted

Restricted Endemic

Endemic

* Habitats: S = Savannah, EF = Evergreen Forest, W = Widespread, F = Forest (Evergreen and Riparian), UG = Upland Grassland. ** Abundance A = Abundant, C = Common, UC = Uncommon, R = Rare

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Fish The only known works on fish fauna date back to 1998 by Tweedle and Skelton in 1998 and most recently in 2011. List below refers. Family Species Amphiliidae Amphilius hargeri Cyprinidae Varicorhinus dimidiatus Cyprinidae Varicorhinus xyrocheilus Amphilius natalensis Barbus choloensis Barbus eutaenia Barbus lieomaculatus Barbus sp. Hippopotamyrus ansorgii Varicorhinus nelspruitensis

Author Boulenger - 1907 Tweddle & Skelton - 1998 Tweddle & Skelton - 1998 Tweddle & Skelton – 1998 Tweddle & Skelton – 1998 Tweddle & Skelton – 1998 Tweddle & Skelton – 1998 Tweddle & Skelton – 1998 Tweddle & Skelton – 1998 Tweddle & Skelton - 1998

Source: Michele L. Thieme, et-al.; Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW)

Butterflies The Butterfly group has been extensively surveyed in the Mulanje ecoregion by teams from the Paris Museum, Dr. J. Bayliss, and R. Murphy. The results of these surveys have been combined together with previously known data to give the following list. FAMILY-subfamily Hesperiidae-Coeliadinae Hesperiidae-Coeliadinae Hesperiidae-Coeliadinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae SAN-G-44-1

Scientific Name Coeliades anchises anchises Coeliades libeon Coeliades pisistratus Andronymus caesar philander Artitropa comus reducta Artitropa cretacea crona Artitropa erinnys nyasae Astictopterus stellata mineni Borbo detecta Borbo gemella Borbo micans Caprona pillaana Fresna nyassae Gegenes hottentota Gegenes niso niso Kedestes callicles Kedestes wallengrenil Caenides leonora dux Metisella orientalis Parosmodes morantii morantii Platylesches affinissima Platylesches galesa Platylesches langa Platylesches picanini Platylesches rasta rasta Platylesches robustus robustus

COLLECTOR Gerstaecker (1871) Druce (1875) Fabricius (1793) Hopffer (1855) Aurivillius (1925) Snellen (1872) Riley (1925) Trimen (1893) Trimen (1893) Mabille (1884) Holland (1896) Wallengren (1857) Hewitson (1878) Latreille (1824) Linnaeus (1764) Hewitson (1867) Trimen (1883) Evans (1937) Aurivillius (1925) Trimen (1873) Strand (1921) Hewitson (1877) Evans, W.H. (1937) Holland (1894) Evans, W.H. (1937) Neave (1910)

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FAMILY-subfamily Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Hesperiinae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Hesperiidae-Pyrginae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Lipteninae Lycaenidae-Miletinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae

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Scientific Name Platylesches tina Semalea arela Semalea pulvina Zophopetes dysmephila Abantis arctomarginata Abantis paradisea Abantis venosa Eagris nottoana Eagris sabadius ochreana Eretis melania Gomalia elma Meza larea Monza cretacea Sarangesa lucidella Sarangesa maculata Sarangesa phidyle Sarangesa ruona Spialia diomus ferax Spialia mafa higginsi Alaena amazoula nyasana Alaena lamborni Alaena picata interrupta Baliochila hildegarda Baliochila lipara Baliochila neavel Baliochila nyasae Baliochila woodi Deloneura ochrascens Mimacraea costleyi Pentila peucetia peucetia Teriomima puella Lachnocnema brimo Anthene crawshayi crawshayi Anthene hobleyi Anthene princeps princeps Anzanus jesous jesous Anzanus mirza Anzanus moriqua Anzanus natalensis Cacyreus lingeus Cacyreus palemon palemon Freyeria trochylus Cupidopsis cissus Cupidopsis iobates iobates Eicochrysops hippocrates Euchrysops osiris osiris Lampides boeticus Lepidochrysops aethopia Lepidochrysops delicata

COLLECTOR Evans (1937) Mabille (1871) Plötz (1879) Trimen (1868) Lathy (1901) Butler (1870) Trimen (1889) Wallengren (1857) Lathy (1901) Mabille (1891) Trimen (1862) Neave (1910) Snellen (1872) Mabille (1891) Mabille (1891) Walker (1870) Evans (1937) Wallengren (1863) Evans (1937) Hawker-Smith (1933) Gifford (1965) Hawker-Smith (1933) Kirby (1887) Stempffer & Bennett (1953) Stempffer & Bennett (1953) Stempffer & Bennett (1953) Riley (1943) Neave (1904) Druce (1912) Hewitson (1852) Kirby (1887) Karsch (1893) Butler (1899) Neave (1904) Butler (1876) Guérin-Méneville (1847) Plötz (1879) Wallengren (1857) Trimen (1887) Stoll (1782) Stoll (1782) Freyer (1843) Godart (1824) Hopffer (1855) Fabricius (1793) Hopffer (1855) Linnaeus (1767) Bethune-Baker (1923) Bethune-Baker (1923)

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FAMILY-subfamily Scientific Name COLLECTOR Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lepidochrysops gigantea Trimen (1898) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Lepidochrysops neavel Bethune-Baker (1923) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Euchrysops subpallida Bethune-Baker (1923) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Tuxentius calice calice Hopffer (1855) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Tuxentius melaena melaena Trimen (1887) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Uranothauna antinorii Oberthür (1883) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Uranothauma crawshayi Butler (1895) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Uranothauna alkensteini Dewitz (1879) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Zizeeria knysna Trimen (1862) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Zizina antanossa Mabille (1877) Lycaenidea-Polyommatinae Zizula hylax Fabricius (1775) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Aphnaeus (Aphnaeus) erikssoni erikssoni Trimen (1891) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Axiocerses amanga Westwood (1881) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Axiocerses bamptoni Henning & Henning (1996) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Axiocerses punicea Grose-Smith (1889) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Capys brunneus Aurivillius (1916) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Capys connexivus connexivus Butler (1897) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Lipaphnaeus aderna spindasoides Aurivillius (1916) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Spindasis apelles Oberthür (1878) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Spindasis mozambica Bertolini (1850) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Spindasis natalensis Westwood (1851-2) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Spindasis nyassae Butler (1884) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Crudaria leroma Wallengren (1857) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Deudorix (Pilodeudorix) caerulea Druce (1890) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Deudorix (Pilodeudorix) zeloides Butler (1901) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Deudorix (Virachola) dariaves Hewitson (1877) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Deudorix (Virachola) dinomenes Grose-Smith (1887) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Deudorix (Virachola) lorisona Hewitson (1862) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Deudorix (Virachola) magda Gifford (1963) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Aphniolaus) pallene Wallengren (1857) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Argiolaus) lalos lalos Druce (1896) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Argiolaus) silarus Druce (1885) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Epamera) alienus alienus Trimen (1898) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Epamera) bakeri Riley (1928) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Epamera) sidus Trimen (1864) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Epamera) violacea Riley (1928) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Iolaphilus) trimeni Wallengren (1875) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri nyasana Talbot (1935) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Gonatomyrina handmani Gifford (1965) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Leptomyrina hirundo Wallengren (1857) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Myrina dermaptera nyassae Talbot (1935) Lycaenidae-Theclinae Myrina silenus ficedula Trimen (1879) Nymphalidae-Libytheinae Libythea labdaca Westwood (1851) Nymphalidae-Danainae Amauris (Amaura) albimaculata latifascia Talbot (1940) Nymphalidae-Danainae Amauris (Amaura) echeria serica Stoll (1790) Nymphalidae-Danainae Amauris (Amauris) niavius dominicanus Trimen (1879) Nymphalidae-Danainae Amauris (Amaura) ochlea ochlea Boisduval (1847) Nymphalidae-Danainae Amauris (Amauris) tartarea damoclides Staudlinger (1896) Nymphalidae-Danainae Danaus chrysippus aegyptius von Schreber (1795)

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FAMILY-subfamily Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Argynninae Nymphalidae-Argynninae Nymphalidae-Acraeinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Limenitinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae

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Scientific Name Acraea (Acraea) acara Acraea (Acraea) acrita Acraea (Acraea) aganice Acraea (Acraea) anemosa Acraea (Acraea) caldarena Acraea (Acraea) egina Acraea (Acraea) insignis insignis Acraea (Acraea) machequena Acraea (Acraea) natalica Acraea (Acraea) neobule Acraea (Acraea) oncaea Acraea (Acraea) punctellata Acraea (Actinote) acerata Acraea (Actinote) anacreon Acraea (Actinote) cabira Acraea (Actinote) conradti vumbui Acraea (Actinote) encedon Acraea (Actinote) goetzei Acraea (Actinote) johnstoni Acraea (Actinote) pentapolis epidica Acraea (Actinote) igola Acraea (Actinote) serena Issoria smaragdifera Lachnoptera ayresii Pardopsis punctatissima Aterica galene theophane Bebearia cocalia orientis Crenidomimas concordia Cymothoë melanjae Cyrestis (Azania) camillus sublineata Euphaedra neophron neophron Euryphura archlys Hamanumida daedalus Neptidopsis ophione nucleata Neptis incongrua incrongrua Neptis melicerta Neptis saclava marpessa Neptis swynnertoni Neptis trigonophora Pseudacraea boisduvalii trimeni Pseudacraea deludens deludens Pseudacraea eurytes conradti Pseudacraea lucretia expansa Pseudargynnis hegemone Sallya morantii morantii Sallya amulia rosa Antanartia dimorphica dimorphica Antanartia schaeneia dubia Hypolimnas anthedon wahlbergi

COLLECTOR Hewitson (1865) Hewitson (1865) Hewitson (1852) Hewitson (1865) Hewitson (1877) Cramer (1775) Distant (1880) Grose-Smith (1887) Boisduval (1847) Doubleday (1850) Hopffer (1855) Eltringham (1912) Hewitson (1874) Trimen (1868) Hopffer (1855) Stevenson (1934) Linnaeus (1758) Thurau (1903) Godman (1885) Oberthür (1893) Trimen (1889) Fabricus (1775) Butler (1895) Trimen (1879) de Boisduval (1833) Hopffer (1855) Karsch (1895) Hopffer (1855) Bethune-Baker (1926) Lathy (1901) Hopffer (1855) Hopffer (1855) Fabricius (1775) Grunberg (1911) Butler (1896) Drury (1773) Hopffer (1855) Trimen (1912) Butler (1878) Butler (1874) Neave (1912) Oberthür (1893) Butler (1878) Godart (1819) Trimen (1881) Hewitson (1877) Howarth (1966) Howarth (1966) Wallengren (1857)

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FAMILY-subfamily Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Nymphalinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Satyrinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae Nymphalidae-Charaxinae

SAN-G-44-1

Scientific Name Hypolimnas deceptor deceptor Hypolimnas misippus Junonia actia Junonia artaxia Junonia natalica natalica Junonia octavia sesamus Junonia oenone oenone Junonia orithya madagascariensis Junonia sophia infracta Junonia terea elgiva Junonia tugela aurorina Salamis amacardii nebulosa Cynthia cardui Aphysoneura pigmentaria latilimba Bicyclus angulosus selousi Bicyclus campinus campina Bicyclus cottrelli Bicyclus ena Bicyclus safitza safitza Henotesia perspicua Melanitis leda helena Neocoenyra gregorii Neocoenyra ypthimoides Ypthima granulosa Ypthima impura paupera Charaxes jasius saturnus Charaxes varanes vologesis Charaxes acuminatus mlanji Charaxes candiope candiope Charaxes protoclea azota Charaxes macclounii Charaxes castor flavifasciatus Charaxes brutus natalensis Charaxes pollux geminus Charaxes druceanus proximans Charaxes bohemani Charaxes xiphares woodi Charaxes cithaeron nyassae Charaxes violetta melloni Charaxes achaemenes achaemenes Charaxes dilutus dilutus Charaxes margaretae Charaxes ethalion handmani Charaxes aubyni australis Charaxes martini martini Charaxes guderiana guderiana Charaxes zoolina zoolina Charaxes nichetes leoninus Euxanthe wakefieldi

COLLECTOR Trimen (1873) Linnaeus (1764) Distant (1880) Hewitson (1864) Felder (1860) Trimen (1883) Linnaeus (1758) Guenée (1865) Butler (1888) Hewitson (1864) Butler (1894) Trimen (1881) Linnaeus (1758) Le Cerf (1919) Trimen (1895) Aurivillius (1901) van Son (1952) Hewitson (1877) Hewitson (1851) Trimen (1873) Westwood (1851) Butler (1894) Butler (1894) Butler (1883) Ungemach (1932) Butler 1865) Mabille (1876) Van Someren (1963) Godart (1824) Hewitson (1877) Butler (1895) Butler (1895) Staudinger & Schatz (1886) Rothschild & Jordan (1900) Joicey & Talbot (1922) Felder (1859) Van Someren (1964) Van Someren (1964) Fox (1963) Felder (1866) Rothschild (1898) Rydon (1980) Henning (1982) Van Someren & Jackson (1957) Van Someren (1966) Dewitz (1879) Westwood (1850) Butler (1895) Ward (1873)

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FAMILY-subfamily Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Coliadinae Pieridae-Coliadinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Coliadinae Pieridae-Coliadinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae Pieridae-Pierinae FAMILY-subfamily Hesperiidae-Coeliadinae Hesperiidae-Coeliadinae Hesperiidae-Coeliadinae

SAN-G-44-1

Scientific Name Graphium policenes policenes Graphium colonna Graphium leonidas leonidas Graphium porthaon Graphium angolanus angolanus Graphium taboranus taboranus Papilio constantinus constantinus Papilio dardanus tibullus Papilio demodocus demodocus Papilio echeriodes shivensis Papilio thuraui occidua Papilio ophidicephalus niassicola Papilio pelodurus pelodurus Papilio nireus lyaeus Papilio phorcas nyikanus Appias epaphia contracta Appias sabina phoebe Belenois creona severina Belenois gidica abyssinica Belenois rubrosignata kongwana Catopsilia florella Colias electo electo Colotis evenina evenina Eronia leda Eurema (Eurema) desjardinsii marshalli Eurema (Terias) senegalensis Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana Mylothris sagala dentatus Mylothris yulei yulei Nepheronia argia mhondana Nepheronia thalassina SPECIES Coeliades anchises anchises Coeliades libeon Coeliades pisistratus

COLLECTOR Cramer (1775) Ward (1873) Fabricius (1793) Hewitson (1865) Goeze (1779) Oberthür (1886) Ward (1871) Kirby (1880) Esper (1798) Hancock (1987) Storace (1951) Storace (1955) Butler (1896) Doubleday (1845) Rothschild & Jordan (1903) Butler (1888) Butler (1900) Stoll (1781) Lucas (1852) Talbot (1943) Fabricius (1775) Linnaeus (1763) Wallengren (1857) Boisduval (1847) Butler (1898) Boisduval (1836) Riley (1921) Butler (1896) Butler (1897) Suffert (1904) Boisduval (1836) COLLECTOR Gerstaecker (1871) Druce (1875) Fabricius (1793)

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