INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCE

P-ISSN: 2301-4458 E-ISSN: 2301-8038 Vol. 01, No. 01 July 2012

Insan Akademika Publications

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Rice Organic Farming is a Programme for Strengtenning Food Security in Sustainable Rural Development Entun Santosa Professor of Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadajaran University, Bandung-Indonesia Jl. Raya Jatinagor, Sumedang-Indonesia [email protected].

Key Words

Abstract

Organic Farming; Sustaibability; Rural Development

Rice domestic demand is steadily increase due to population’s growth, to increase rice production by increasing dosage of inorganic fertilizer and pesticide could not increase rice yield due to bad soil condition. These condition need improvement because soil is the source of life for soil micro-organism and biological activities. To overcome the problem, the farmers are supposed to be educated and trained to be able to analyze and study and practice plant cultivation emphasizing on local potential management. Rice Organic Farming (ROF) is intensive and efficient paddy cultivation with the management process of root system based on soil, plant and water management. The method of ROF was Rapid Rural Appraisal with Partisipatory Rural Appaisal, continue with Farmers group Development Plant and farmers learning by doing the programme in their own land. The result after three planting season indicate that farmers confident with ROF, used 10 tons/ ha organic fertilizer and natural enemies for plant protection, increased rice production from 5.440 ton/ ha to 9.733 ton/ ha and natural enemies is the best solution to manage pest and diseases. © 2012 Insan Akademika All Rights Reserved

1

Introduction

Rice domestic demand is steadily growth due to population’s growth and better income. To meet the demand, there is strong desire of the society that domestic production should be a primary source and import should be minimized. Transforming paddy farming and better meetting human needs from avaliable resources will require mobilization of social energy from rural communities. Dedicated and motivated agents of change, both govermental and farmer, acting as catalyst for local initiative and responsibility are central success of the programmes involving social energy (Sudaryanto, 2003). The attempt to increase income from rice has long time been done, but in fact, the rice yield tends to decrease. The followings are the causes of the problem: 1. The decrease of the healthy and the fertility of soil. These conditions need improvement because soil is the source of life. The quality and the balance of soil content: organic substance, micro-organism, biological activity, the existence of elements and nutritions are important for sustainability. 2. The trend of paddy potential to yield higher is in fact stagnant. Due to experien-ces, this results from point one mentioned above, and from paddy cultivation that has not developed according to its potential.

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International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 1-6

3. 4.

Santosa

The use of inorganic chemical element, both fertilizers and pesticides is higher and higher. This results in that the makrob in the soil doesn’t function well anymore. Farmers’ behavior at the moment is far from wisdom in taking advantage of local potential, for example, rice stalks as food for micro-organism in the soil is now only burned or left just like that.

The problem is whether or not the farmers are aware of those problems mentioned above. Something has to be done. To overcome the complex problem of rice farming at the moment as mentioned above, the farmers are supposed to be educated and trained so that they are able to analyze and make decision on their land and are able to study and practice plant cultivation emphasizing on local potential management.

1.1

Objective

The objective of this program is to educate farmers using indegenous micro organisme and local potential resources in paddy cultivation to increase paddy productivity with friendly environmentaly

1.2

Methodology

Methodology of this programme was Rapid Rural Appraisal with Partisipatory Rural Appraisal, continue with Focus Group Development and implemented by Demonstration plot (Kusnaka, 2000)

2

Rice Organic Farming

Rice Organic Farming (ROF) is intensive and efficient paddy cultivation with the management process of root system based on soil, plant and water management. For the first time this cultivation implemented wit Farmer Partisipatory Appraisal method was studied together with farmers in their own land incooperation with Farmers Organization (FO) and Agricultre Extention Service at Tirtabumi Cikoneng, Ciamis District, West Java, started from February 2000, integrated with Soil Ecology Study. At the moment, ROF has developed well enough, being studied and socialized by Farmer’s Study Group of Tirtabumi, Cinta Alam, Turangga, Bunirasa, Alam Sejati, Tirtamukti, Bumisejati. Support from Ciamis regional government was started in 2001 in the form of financial support for studies done by Tirtabumi Farmer’s Study Group for Organic Fertilizer Study and ROF. Soil Ecology Study was done by other FO. In 2003, regional govern-ment of Ciamis supported the development of ROF in 3 subdistricts, each of which get 2 hectares of land, for training and implementation. The regional government also supported FO Tirtamukti, Sub-district Banjarsari by giving 60 goats to provide organic fertilizer. The government of West Java supported ROF study at FO Tirtamukti, Banjarsari, by providing 10 ha of land including agriculture field school taking care of environment, farmer’s laboratory for developing Indigenous Micro Organism (IMO), for decomposer and liquid organic fertilizer, and conducting Farmers Field Days at the end of planting season. Soil organic matter is the main source of C, N, P, and S elements. Healthy soil is generally defined as the ability of soil that is continuously in function as important life system in ecosystem and takes advantage of soil to produce biologically and catches much oxygen and water from the environment to keep the healthy of plant, animal and human being. Principally, the healthy soil produces also the healthy plant.

3

The Implementation of ROF

Experiences show that the farmers who follow Soil Ecology Study understand more about the concept of healthy soil. When they adopted ROF, and found out that the leaves of their paddy plant were yellow, they were not panic, because they understand that organic fertilizer has slow effect. They know exactly that the colour of the leaves will gradually turn green until harvest time. On the contrary, the farmers who do not

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International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 1-6

follow Soil Ecology Study will be panic when they found out that the leaves of their plants were yellow. They tend to give fertilizer to the plant as soon as possible.

3.1

Soil tillage and fertilization

To get a good growing media, land is tilled as usual (plowing, harrowing and leveling), but at the second tillage (harrowing) there is organic fertilization. The dosage of organic fertilizer ranges from 7 to 10 tons per hectare. At the time of organic fertilizing and land leveling, effort should be done to avoid water’s carrying away the nutrition. Ditches should be made at the edge and center of rice field’s parcels to get easy water management.

3.2

Preparing seeds and seedbed

Only seeds underwater are taken and washed to raise seedling. The chosen seeds are germinated for one night. For each hectare of land, only 5-7 kg of seeds are needed. To make seedbed for ROF, 420-490 pipitis per hectare (pipiti = square basket of plaited bamboo of 20 X 20 cm) are needed. Pipiti is used to get easy observation and selection of seed. Soil as growing media is mixed with organic fertilizer in proportion of 1: 1. The followings are stages to make seed bed: 1. Mixing soil with organic fertilizer (Henceforth, this mixture will be called fertilized soil). 2. After being covered with banana leave, fill three fourth of the pipiti with fertilized soil, pour water on it, so that the fertilized soil is damp. 3. Sow 300-350 seeds per pipiti, cover them with thin layer of fertilized soil, pour water on it again. Put the seedbeds in a safe and shaded place in the backyard of the house. Keep the seedbeds damp by pouring them daily with water.

3.2

Planting

At the age of 7-10 days, the seeds are planted, one seed per one hole at the depth of 1-1.5 cm, at the condition of muddy soil. Per hectare will need 4.9-7 kgs of seeds. When the seeds are planted at the same time, there will be competition among each other to get nutrition, oxygen and sun shine. The seeds are planted shallowly and and with horizontal root (L shaped). If it’s not so treated, the seed would need big energy to start regrowing. Based on the experience of Farmer’s Group Study, good distance among plants at ROF are, among others, 25 X 25 cm, 27 X 27 cm or 30 X 30 cm. The wider the distance, the more the number of productive young plants, because the less the competition to get nutrition, oxygen and sun energy. The need for organic fertilizer is 7-10 tons per hectare plus paddy stalks already available in the rice field.

3.3

Water management and weeding

Paddy plant cultivated based on ROF is apparently not water plant but it needs water in its growth. ROF is cultivated in the uninundated soil condition, so that there is more oxygen available in the soil, that is taken advantaged by root. In the condition of uninundated, root will grow rapidly, so that the plant can take nutrition as much as possible. At the age of 1-8 days of paddy, the soil condition is muddy (0 cm water level). At the age of 9-10 days, the water level is 2-3 cm, so that it will be easier to do weeding. Until the age of 18 days, the water is drained, at the age of 19-20 days the plant is inundated to make the second weeding easier. Henceforth, the drain, inundation, and weeding are done with the same interval, until the plant is in bloom. When the plant is in bloom, the plant is watered, and when the plant starts ripening, then the water is again drained until harvest time.

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3.4

Santosa

Pest Management

In sustainable agriculture integrate biocontrol agent such as parasitoid, predator and bio-insecticide should be used if insect pest population more than economic threshold level, there were managing agro-ecosystem (Santosa, 2004)

3.5

Production

Based on the Farmer’s Group Study analysis, the yield of paddy cultivation using ROF reaches 7.36-12.6 tons per hectare. This data is supported by the number of productive tillers e.g., 33, medium number of: 45, and the higher number of 72, even of 92. This is not a miracle. This resulted from the process of soil, plant, and water management that meet the need of paddy plant. The combination of Soil Ecology Study and ROF has established the basic concept of right organic agriculture. The following is data on field experience of paddy cultivation using ROF: Table 1.

Data on Rice Organic Farming from Farmer Organization at Ciherang, Ratawangi and Kawasen village, planting season 2002/2003

No

Name of Farmers

Village

Variety

Age

Number of Tiller

1

H. Suharjadinata

Ciherang

Towuti

95

29-50

2

D. Supriatna

Ciherang

Ciherang

95

25-53

3

Sutar

Ratawangi

Towuti

95

22-59

4

Endin

Kawasen

Ciherang

98

28-59

5

Dadan

Kawasen

Ciherang

99

22-53

6

Omed

Kawasen

Ciherang

98

25-49

7

Masturmudi

Kawasen

IR 64

98

24-55

8

Kanang

Kawasen

Ciherang

99

26-65

9

Usin

Kawasen

Ciherang

98

23-47

10

Iro

Kawasen

Ciherang

95

26-37

11

Totong S

Kawasen

Sintanur

94

29-59

12

Hadman

Kawasen

Ciherang

94

28-47

13

Parta

Kawasen

Ciherang

95

27-74

14

Darto

Kawasen

Ciherang

83

26-56

15

Suherman

Kawasen

Ciherang

95

22-49

16

Didin

Kawasen

Ciherang

95

25-32

17

Endang

Kawasen

Ciherang

94

28-48

18

Danu

Kawasen

IR 64

95

28-49

19

Sahro

Kawasen

Ciherang

95

24-46

20

H. Karsa

Kawasen

IR 64

83

26-49

21

Komarudin

Kawasen

IR 64

85

25-48

3.6

Farm Analysis

From data above it’s shown that the average yield of Ciherang variety at Kawasen is 9.733 ton/ha GKP (dry harvested unhusked paddy), the yield of the same variety using traditional system was 5.440 ton/ha GKP. At 4

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International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 1-6

Ciherang village average yield were 9.885 and Ratawangi was 9.92 ton/ha GKP.It’s apparent from those data that ROF still has better benefit compared to traditional system. Further analysis can be seen from the following table:

Table 2. Comparison of Rice Farm Analysis (ROF and Traditional System) at Kawasen Village No. A

Description

ROF (Rp.)

The Component of Input/Ha -

Seed (Rp 3.400/kg)

-

Fertilizer 1.

Organic

2.

Inorganic

-

Soil Tillage

-

Cultivation 1.

Seedbed

2.

Seedbed Media

3.

Transplanting

4.

Weeding

5.

Pest Control

166,600.-

1,050,000.-

-

-

873,250.-

500,000.-

500,000.-

30,000.-

105,000.-

112,000.-

-

75,000-

75,000.-

735,000,-

735,000,-

-

100,000,-

Cost of Harvest

1,358,000.-

705,600.-

-

Labour for daily maintenance 90 MD x Rp 15.000

1,350,000.-

1,350,000.-

4,682,190.-

4,610,450.-

(9,733 kg) 11,971,590.-

(5,440 kg) 6,691,200.-

7,289,400,-

2,080,750.-

The Component of Output ( price of paddy Rp 1.230.-/kg ) Profit

C

16,660.-

-

Total Input/ha B

Traditional (Rp.)

Difference between ROF - Traditional

9,733 kg-5,440 kg = 4,293 kg Rp. 11,971,590.- - Rp. 6,691,200.- = Rp 5,210,237.-

The table above shows that ROF is more profitable compared to traditional system, however, it doesn’t mean that ROF will also be successful in other locations, because those locations have their own difference characteristics of soil conditions and farmers’ behavior. Therefore, it’s suggested that the farmers make trial of ROF first in a small scale at their own locations.

Table 3. The behavioral changes of farmers from traditional system of paddy cultivation to ROF No.

Activities

Before ROF

After ROF

1.

Soil Tillage

-

Using tractor: Plowing, Harrowing, leveling

-

Using tractor: Plowing, Harrowing, organic fertilizing, leveling

2.

Seed Treatment

-

No special seed treatment

-

There is seed treatment to get qualified seed. Seeds are submerged in salty water. Only seeds underwater are used for seedbed

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No.

Activities

Santosa

Before ROF Make special seedbed at rice field

After ROF

3

Land for seedbed

-

-

4

The need for seed

35 \-49 kg of seeds are needed per hectare

5-7 kg of seeds are needed per hectare

5

Seed treatment before being planted

Seeds are pulled out. Part of their leaves are cut. Left one hour or one day before being planted

Seeds are directly planted From pipiti

6

Planting

The age of seed is 18-25 days. 5-8 seeds are planted at the depth of 4-6 cm

-

7

Water manageMent

The height of water is 5-7 cm

No need much water. Wet condition is needed, except at time of soil tillage, water is managed based on weeding frequencies with interval of 10 days.

8

Fertilizing

Use 200 kg Urea, 100 kg TSP, and 100 kg KCl per hectare.

-

4

Using pipiti of 20x20 cm. 400-500 pipitis are needed per hectare.

The age of seed is 6-7 days. One seed is planted per one hole at the depth of 1-2 cm.

Use organic fertilizer in the amount of 10 ton per hectare. Additional fertilizer: fermented kitche waste and MOL (Micro-Organism Local)

9

Weeding

Objective: only to get rid of weeds

Objective: to get rid of weeds to improve soil structure, so that there is supply of oxygen in the soil.

10

Pest Control

-

-

Using pesticide

Using botanical insecticide, raise parasitoid and predators.

Conclusion

After three planting seasons, farmers confidence that ROF environmentally friendly and using organic fertilizer and natural enemies increase rice production from 5.440 ton/ha to 9.733 ton/ha.

Refferences Adimihardja, K. and Harry (2000), Partisipatory Rural Appraisal, LPM Unpad. Pusat Pengembangan Ketersediaan Pangan. 2002. Analisis permintaan dan produksi beras Indonesia 20012004. Available at http://www.deptan.go.id., on August 22th, 2011. Santosa, E. (2004) Pemanfaatan Parasitoid dan Predator dalam Pengendalian Hama Utama Padi Secara Berkelanjutan. Unpad Bandung Sudaryanto, T. (2003). Sustainable Food Crops Production Programm to Strengthen Food Security, Directorate Geneneral of Food Crops Production Development, Ministry of Agriculture. Jakarta.

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