State-of-the-Art and Trends in Renewable Energy Technologies: g AG Global Perspective p Tripoli, Libya
11--13 March 2008 11
International Conference on Renewable Energies And Water Desalination Technologies
Professor Saifur Rahman Director Advanced Research Institute Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State University, U.S.A. www.ari.vt.edu
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Outline
Global trends in renewable energy technologies • Wind • Solar • Hydro • Geothermal Market penetration Project specific examples Environmental concerns
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World Renewable Energy Highlights
In 2006, 18.4% of world electricity generation was from renewables (IEA, 2007). At present, about 20% of the world’s entire electrical energy demand is met through hydropower. In 2007, photovoltaic (PV) capacity reached 9,100 MW (EPIA, 2008). • Solar PV has ten-year average annual growth rate of 31%
In 2007, 2007 wind capacity reached 93 93,849 849 MW (WWEA, (WWEA 2008) 2008). • The average annual growth rate in the last 10 years was close to 30%
In 2006, geothermal capacity reached 9,600 MW (BP, 2008).
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World Electricity Generation by Fuel
18,235 TWh 18.2%
Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistic 2007
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* Excludes pumped storage ** Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables & waste
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World Electricity Generation by Fuel
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Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistic 2007 ** Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables & waste
Wind Energy
Off-shore Wind turbines, Blyth, U.K.
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Wind Power Highlights
Global wind capacity: 93,849 megawatts (end of 2007)
Some leading countries: • • • • •
Germany (27.8%) Spain (15.7%) USA (15.7%) India (8.5%) Denmark (4.2%)
Wind turbines generate more than 1% of the global electricity.
Source: BP, 2008 and WWEA, 2008
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World Wind Energy - Total Installed Capacity and Prediction (1997-2010) MW
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Source: BP.com, 2008
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Worldwide Wind Energy by Continents Total Installed Capacity 2007 (Total: 93.9 GW) Europe E 61% Australia Pacific 1.2%
Asia 17%
Africa 0 4% 0.4% Latin America 0.6%
North America 20%
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Source: WWEA, 2008
Share of Wind in Total Electricity Generation (2006)
US
India
Calif.
EU
Ger.
Spain
Den.
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Source: BP.com, 2007
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Wind Turbine Generators near Gibraltar
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Wind Turbine Generators on Spanish Coast
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Offshore wind turbines Horns Rev, Denmark 14-20 km off the coast of Jutland
80 x 2MW = 160 MW 13
Source: BWEA © Elsam A/S
Offshore wind turbines Uttgrunden, Sweden
7 x 1.5MW = 10.5 MW Source: BWEA © GE Wind Energy
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Offshore wind turbines North Sea, The Netherlands (3 MW each)
Source: Saifur Rahman ©
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Offshore wind turbine and Generator North Sea, The Netherlands
Source: Saifur Rahman ©
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Large Rotor Blades Shipped by Water – Offshore Wind Projects Minimize Transfers
GE 3.6 MW rotor (104 m diameter)
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Solar Electricity - Photovoltaics - Solar S l Thermal Th l
Rooftop PV Test Facility at Virginia Tech, USA 18
© Saifur Rahman
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Solar Power Highlights
Current solar PV capacity: 9,100 megawatts (end of 2007)
Some leading countries: • • • •
Germany (38.6%) Japan (38.4%) USA (12.9%) Spain (1.6%)
Above 40% growth rate continued in 2004 and 2005, more than doubling the solar PV capacity in two years.
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Source: EPIA, 2008 and BP, 2007
Global Installed Solar Photovoltaics Cumulative Capacity 1992-2005 9,100
6,851 5,253 3,847 2,795
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Source: EPIA, 2008
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Photovoltaics for Railway Signaling in Tibet
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© Saifur Rahman
PV panel supplying the lighting needs of a nomadic family in Tibet, China
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© Saifur Rahman
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Biodiversity Monitoring Project in Bangladesh
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© Saifur Rahman
Solar Photovoltaics, USA
4 Times Square, New York Building-integrated PV panels of up to 15 kW of power Thin-film PV panels are located on the top 19th floors of the building
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
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Solar Photovoltaics, Germany Lehrter train station, Berlin Number u b of o module: odu 1,440 , 0 Total area: 3,311 m2 PV output: 325 kW Electricity generation: 274,000 kWh/yr
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Source: http://www.cler.org/predac/article.php3?id_article=511
Solar Photovoltaics, Japan
B id Bridge Shiga, Japan 60 kW
Platform Gunma, Japan 200 kW 26
Source: Mitsubishi Electric
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Solar Roofing
Light-weigh solar roofing
Portable solar solutions
20-year guarantee 27
Source: www.solarintegrated.com
Concentrator PV Technology Concept:
Provides the highest energy output and lowest cost of any solar technology available 28
Source: SolFocus Inc.
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HIT Double Solar Panels SANYO HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer) bifacial solar cells are hybrids of single crystalline silicon surrounded by ultrathin amorphous p silicon layers. y Power from both sides More electricity production with the increase in temperature High g efficiencyy 20-year limited power output warranty
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Source: www.us.sanyo.com/solar
Nanotechnology for PV Arrays of nanoantennas could potentiallyy replace p p traditional solar panels. Absorbed energy in infrared part of the spectrum, thus energy can be drawn after the sun has set. Commercial solar panels: 20% eff. Nanoantennas: 80% absorbtion Cost: potentially pennies a yard
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Source: http://www.inl.gov/featurestories/2007-12-17.shtml
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Solar Thermal Project Mojave Desert, USA (World’s Largest) The Mojave Desert has nine solar power plants in operation with a capacity of 354 MW.
Project:
Mojave solar park (6000 acres)
Location:
California U.S.A. California, USA
Capacity:
553 MW (for 400,000 homes)
No of mirrors:1.2 million In service: 2011 (expected) Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20068703/
Source: Huntington Beach Water Desalination Facility
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Small Hydro
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Small-Hydro
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Small-Hydro Highlights
Small hydro power is a very mature technology and grew by 8% globally between 2004 and 2005. Small hydro power constituted a major portion of all renewable sources worldwide in terms of installed capacity. At end of 2005, the total installed capacity of small hydro power was 66,000 MW, • China had 38,500 38 500 MW. MW • followed by European countries 11,601 MW.
Sources: http://gsr.ren21.net/index.php?title=1._Global_Market_Overview
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http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/small_hydro_en.htm
Geothermal Power
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Geothermal Power Plants in California, USA One of the most famous examples of geothermal energy is the geyser Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park in the United States.
Source: http://www.geysers.com/. Lecture 7: DG-DER
Size: 750 MW of electricity Enough to power 750,000 homes or a city the size of San Francisco.
(c) 2007 Saifur Rahman and Manisa Pipattanasomporn
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Geothermal Highlights
One of its important characteristics is a high capacity factor of around 90%, compared to 20% for solar and wind energy generation. generation Share of geothermal energy is 0.3% of global electricity generation. Geothermal power generating capacity grew by 2.9% in 2006, with global capacity reaching 9.6 GW. The main driver behind the growth in 2006 was the 190 megawatts generating capacity expansion in Iceland, as well as capacity expansion in El Salvador, Italy and Turkey.
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World Cumulative Geothermal Capacity (1990-2006) Total Installed Capacity ~ 9.6 GW
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Source: BP, 2007
High Temperature Geothermal Sites Above 150°C (302°F)
Lecture 7: DG-DER
(c) 2007 Saifur Rahman and Manisa Pipattanasomporn
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Costs of Renewable Power Technologies & Environmental Concerns
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Cost-Competitiveness of Selected Renewable Power Technologies
Source: Renewable Energy: RD&D Priorities, OECD/IEA 2006.
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The concerns – Impacts of Renewables For example, off-shore wind raises the following concerns:
May impact fish and fishing industry
May impact i tourism i industry i d
May interfere navigation systems
May interfere vital sea lanes
May impact migratory bird paths
May impact environment
May have visual impacts
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Siting Far Offshore also Better Avoids Migratory Shorebird Flyways
Migratory shorebirds fly down the Chesapeake Bay and DelMarVa Peninsula, foraging in coastal marshes and lagoons behind barrier islands. Offshore wind project effects on pelagic birds and migratory shorebirds blown offshore by storms need to be researched.
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Effects of Offshore Wind Projects on Environment
Visual appearance Air space
Water column Benthic habitat
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Conclusions
Several barriers remain, despite high market penetration rates: • High investment costs • Land use concerns • Inadequate policy and economic incentives
The following could make renewable energy technologies become more competitive with fossil fuel resources: • • • •
National policy, i.e. tax incentives, subsidies Further price reduction Public education campaigns, user trainings Carbon credits
A higher penetration of renewable energy sources could play a major role in reducing fossil fuel use. 46
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Thank You!
Any questions? Saifur Rahman
Email:
[email protected] www.ceage.vt.edu 47
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