International comparisons of criminal justice statistics 2001 by

Gordon Barclay & Cynthia Tavares with Sally Kenny, Arsalaan Siddique & Emma Wilby

Issue 12/03

24 October 2003

This bulletin brings together statistical information on criminal justice collected by the Home Office and the Council of Europe. The data covers all the European Union Member States, the EU accession countries and selected other countries. The data in this bulletin covers the period up to 2001 but more recent information for England & Wales covering the period up to 2002/2003 was published in July 2003. It shows that over the past year for crimes recorded by the police ●

total crime fell by 3%;

●

total violent crime rose by 2%;

●

robbery fell by 14%;

●

burglary fell by 1%; and

●

vehicle crime fell by 9%.

Introduction

Crime

1.

4.

This bulletin brings together statistical information on criminal justice collected by the Home Office and the Council of Europe. The data covers all the European Union Member States1, the EU accession countries2 and selected other countries. It reflects the co-operation that exists between countries both in the sharing of data but also in exploring the different definitions used within statistical collection systems. The majority of the data has been collected from official sources in other countries but we are not in a position to comment on either the accuracy or completeness of the figures provided.

2.

In making any comparisons it is necessary to be aware that such data will be the outcome of different legal and administrative systems and may also be derived from different statistical data collection processes. Such differences are described in this bulletin and in the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics3 and in an article discussing the usefulness of comparative data4. In view of the many differences, comparisons are usually given in this bulletin as a percentage change over time rather than as an absolute change on the assumption that other factors will have remained constant over this period.

3.

The most recent information on crime recorded by the police for England & Wales for 2002/2003 was published in a Home Office Bulletin5 in July 2003.

Although it is impossible to gauge the true extent of crime in any country, there are two main measures available. The first is that of offences recorded by the police. The second measures crime from the results of victimisation surveys carried out on a sample of the public. For international comparison purposes, results from the International Crime Victims Survey can be examined.

Recorded crime Total crimes recorded (Tables 1 & A) 5. Although most countries collect information on the number of crimes recorded or reported by the police, absolute comparisons of crime levels are often misleading. Recorded crime levels will be affected by many factors including: a) Different legal and criminal justice systems; b) Rates at which crimes are reported to the police and recorded by them; c) Differences in the point at which crime is measured. For some countries, this is the time at which the offence is reported to the police while for others recording does not take place until a suspect is identified and the papers are forwarded to the prosecutor; d) Differences in the rules by which multiple offences are counted; e) Differences in the list of offences that are included in the overall crime figures; f) Data quality.

1

European Union Member States: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden United Kingdom (England & Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland).

6.

Over the period 1997 - 2001, recorded crime rose on average by 4% in the EU with the largest rises in France, Greece and Portugal (all 16%), followed by the Netherlands and Spain (both 10%). There were falls in Denmark (11%), Italy (11%), Finland (3%), England & Wales (2%) and Sweden (1%). The largest falls in other countries were in Bulgaria (41%), Switzerland (28%), the Czech Republic (11%), New Zealand (10%) and the USA (10%). There were large rises in Slovenia (101%), Japan (44%), Estonia (43%) and Poland (40%).

7.

In 2000 - 2001, there was an average rise of 3% in recorded crime in the EU with the largest rises in Greece (19%), Northern Ireland (17%), Spain (10%) and France (8%).

2

European Union accession countries: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia.

3

European Sourcebook of Crime & Criminal Justice Statistics 2003 (forthcoming, Home Office UK, WODC The Netherlands & University of Lausanne, Switzerland) and Key Findings, June 2000 (Council of Europe) both available at www.europeansourcebook.org.

4

Comparing crime rates: The International Crime (Victim) Survey, the European Sourcebook of Crime & Criminal Justice Statistics and Interpol Statistics (de Sitter Publications, International Journal of Comparative Criminology 2/1 June 2002) by Marcelo Aebi, Martin Killias & Cynthia Tavares. Details available at www.ingenta.com.

5

Crime in England & Wales, 2002/2003 (Home Office Bulletin 07/03) edited by Jon Simmons & Tricia Dodd is available at www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds.

2

(1)

Table A

Crimes

recorded by the police (percentage changes) Average annual

Country

1991-2001

EU average

(16)

1997-2001

-1% (2)

England & Wales (3) Northern Ireland Scotland

-11% .. -27%

4% (17)

-2% .. 0%

(17)

2000-2001

1991-2001

3%

-0.1%

7% 17% 0%

.. .. -3.0%

Austria (4) Belgium Bulgaria

11% .. ..

9% 17% -41%

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

25% .. -9%

16% -11% -11%

4% -8% -6%

2.2% .. -0.9%

Estonia Finland France

84% -7% 8%

43% -3% 16%

1% -6% 8%

6.3% -0.7% 0.8%

.. 22% 6%

-3% 16% -9%

2% 19% 3%

.. 2.0% 0.6%

Ireland (Eire) Italy Latvia

.. -18% ..

.. -11% 39%

.. -2% 2%

.. -2.0% ..

Lithuania (8) Luxembourg Malta

76% .. ..

5% .. ..

-4% -1% 6%

5.8% .. ..

Netherlands Norway Poland

13% 28% 61%

10% 5% 40%

4% -2% 10%

1.2% 2.5% 4.8%

Portugal Romania Russia

.. .. 37%

16% -6% 24%

2% -4% 1%

.. .. 3.2%

Slovakia Slovenia Spain

6% 77% 3%

1% 101% 10%

5% 11% 10%

0.5% 5.9% 0.3%

-1% -28% ..

-1% -28% 36%

-2% 2% 6%

-0.1% -3.2% ..

Australia (13) Canada (14) Japan

.. -17% 60%

18% -5% 44%

3% 2% 12%

.. -1.8% 4.8%

New Zealand South Africa (15) U.S.A

-4% .. -20%

-10% .. -10%

0% .. 2%

-0.5% .. -2.0%

(5)

Germany (6) Greece Hungary

(7)

(9)

(10)

Sweden (11) Switzerland Turkey (12)

See Table 1 for footnotes (1) to (15). (16) In calculating the EU average, all countries have been given equal weight. (17) Comparisons between the earlier year and 2001/2002 are based on figures for the financial year 2001/2002

(18)

(18)

-7% 0% -3%

(19)

(19)

(19)

1.1% .. ..

which have been adjusted to take account of the effect of the new counting rules and also using financial year data for the earlier year. (18) 1996 - 2000. (19) 1999 - 2000.

Homicide (Tables 1.1, 1.2 & B) 8. Since the definition of homicide is similar in most countries, absolute comparisons of rates are possible. For the period 1999 to 2001, the average rate (the number of homicides per 100,000 population) was 1.6 in the EU with the highest rates in Finland (2.9), Northern Ireland (2.7) and Scotland (2.2). For the other countries, the highest rates were found in Russia (22.1), Estonia (10.6), Lithuania (10.6) and the USA (5.6).

9.

3

In the EU capital cities, the average number of homicides over the period 1999 to 2001 was 2.3 per 100,000 population with the highest rates in Belfast (5.6), Amsterdam (3.1), Vienna (2.8), Stockholm (2.8) and London (2.6) and Berlin (2.3). There were higher rates in some American cities: Washington DC (42.9), New York NY (8.7) and San Francisco CA (8.1).

Violent crime (Table 1.3) 10. For the period 1997 - 2001, the average rise was 22% in the EU for violent crime with the highest rises in France (50%), Spain (49%), the Netherlands (35%), Portugal (29%) and England & Wales (26%). Amongst the other countries, there were high rises in Japan (79%), Poland (27%) and Australia (22%). There were falls in Estonia (18%), Russia (18%), the U.S.A. (12%), the Czech Republic (7%) and Cyprus (4%).

Theft of a motor vehicle (Table 1.6) 16. Over the period 1997 - 2001, there was an average fall of 7% in the EU for theft of a motor vehicle with the highest falls in Germany (36%), Denmark (31%), England & Wales (30%), Scotland (19%), and Greece (17%). Amongst the other countries, there were sharp rises in Estonia (60%) and Lithuania (33%) but falls in Hungary (39%), New Zealand (37%) and the Czech Republic (25%).

11. In 2000 - 2001, the average rise was 5% in the EU with the highest rises in Northern Ireland (22%), France (15%) and England & Wales and the Netherlands (both 11%). There was a 1% rise in the USA.

17. In 2000 - 2001, there was an average fall of 7% in the EU with the largest falls in Austria (33%), Finland (14%), Denmark (13%) and Scotland (12%). There was a 6% rise in the USA.

Robbery (Table 1.4) 12. For the period 1997 - 2001, the average rise was 24% in the EU for robbery with the highest rises in England & Wales (92%), France (67%), the Netherlands (48%), Austria (42%), Portugal (34%), Sweden (29%) and Denmark (27%). Amongst the other countries, there were high rises in Japan (128%), Turkey (88%), Poland (72%), South Africa (71%), Cyprus (68%), Norway (39%), Slovenia (35%), Russia (32%), Estonia (29%) and Australia (25%). There were falls in Bulgaria (37%), Germany (18%), New Zealand (18%), USA (15%), Switzerland (10%), Czech Republic (8%), Canada (7%), Scotland (6%), Italy (5%) and Greece (1%).

Drug Trafficking (Table 1.7) 18. Over the period 1997 - 2001, there was a rise of 4% in the EU for drug trafficking with the highest rises in Finland (79%), Greece (62%) and Scotland (26%) but falls in France (51%), Sweden (32%) and the Netherlands (24%). Amongst the other countries, the highest rises were in Eastern Europe (nearly 2,000% in Estonia), Cyprus (62%), Canada (38%) and Norway (32%). 19. In 2000 - 2001, there was an average rise of 6% in the EU with largest rises in Austria (60%), the Netherlands (39%), Greece (25%) and Portugal (20%).

13. In 2000 - 2001, the average rise was 5% in the EU with the highest rises in England & Wales (28%), Northern Ireland (26%) and France (22%). There was a 4% rise in the USA.

Domestic burglary (Table 1.5) 14. Over the period 1997 - 2001, there was an average fall of 10% in the EU for domestic burglary. The highest falls were in Greece (28%), Germany (27%), England & Wales (26%), Finland (24%), Scotland (18%) and Sweden (17%). Amongst the other countries, there were high falls in Bulgaria (58%), Turkey (50%), Norway (39%), Switzerland (31%), Canada (28%) and New Zealand (27%). 15. In 2000 - 2001, there was no change in the EU but rises in France (13%), Spain (10%), Northern Ireland (8%) and England & Wales (7%).

4

rates in Northern Ireland (605), Italy (472), Greece (461), Portugal (461), Spain (457), France (381), Belgium (360), Austria (337) and Ireland (306).

Victimisation rates (Table 2) 20. An estimate of absolute levels of crime can be obtained from the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) relating to victims’ experience of crimes in 1999. The most recent report6 examined criminal victimisation in the 17 industrialised countries.

Sentencing (Tables 4.1, 4.2 & 4.3) 27. Neither the Home Office nor any international bodies regularly collect information to provide international comparisons of sentencing. Many countries do not collect sentencing data or are unable to provide it in a format that enables useful comparisons.

21. Generally speaking, the ICVS suggests that crime rose between 1988 and 1991, stabilised or fell in 1995, and then dropped more in 1999. Comparison with data on crimes recorded by the police suggests that, for 11 countries (Canada, England & Wales, Finland, France, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland and the USA), the trends from the victimisation survey data are similar to those from the police data.

28. However, a survey covering 36 Member States of the Council of Europe7 provides information for 1999 on both the types of sentences imposed by the public prosecutor or the courts and on the sentence lengths for specific offences. Some of its findings have been summarised in these tables for 3 offences (assault, robbery and theft). The use of custody and the lengths of sentences vary widely between countries for the three offences. This may be due to the age at which juveniles may be prosecuted and sent to prison. The use of custody in England & Wales was slightly above the average for assault and theft but substantially so for robbery. In addition, England & Wales had a much lower use of short custodial sentences but a higher use of indeterminate sentences (i.e. life).

22. Of the 17 countries examined in the report, England & Wales had well above average levels of both property and contact crime (i.e. robbery, assault and sexual assault).

Police officers (Table 3) 23. Police forces are organised in different ways in different countries. Some countries have more than one “police force”, for example state police, communal or municipal police, judicial police or gendarmerie, all of which perform some policing duties. These differences should be borne in mind when making comparisons between countries, as there is no information available on the percentage of policing duties carried out by these other bodies.

29. In comparing sentence lengths, it should be noted that this relates to the sentence length imposed by the court and not the time actually served in custody which may depend upon the remission policy in each country.

24. Over the period 1997 - 2001, there was an average rise of 3% in the number of police officers in the EU with the highest rises in Greece and the Netherlands (both 16%) but there was a large fall in Northern Ireland (20%). 25. In 2000 - 2001, there was no change in the EU average. The largest falls were in Northern Ireland (11%) and France (10%). 26. For the period 1999 to 2001, the average number of police officers was 337 per 100,000 population in the EU with the highest 6

Criminal Victimisation in 17 Industrialised Countries: Key findings from the 2000 International Crime Victims Survey, February 2001 (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoeken Documentatiecentrum, the Netherlands) by John van Kesteren, Pat Mayhew & Paul Nieuwbeerta.

7

European Sourcebook of Crime & Criminal Justice Statistics 2003 (forthcoming, Home Office UK, WODC The Netherlands & University of Lausanne Switzerland) available at www.europeansourcebook.org.

5

Prison population (Tables 5 & B) 30. The prison population in a country reflects: a) The crime rate; b) The extent to which crimes were cleared up; c) The extent to which the accused were remanded in custody; d) The length of pre-trial detention; e) The extent to which courts impose custodial sentences; f) The length of custodial sentences (more precisely, the length of time served); and g) The extent to which custodial sentences were suspended. 31. Each year the Council of Europe collects data from its Member States on the characteristics of their prison population on 1 September8 each year and the Home Office supplements this data with that collected from other countries. 32. In 2001, England & Wales (at 129 prisoners per 100,000 general population) had the highest per capita rate in the EU (average 87) followed by Portugal (128), Scotland (120) and Spain (116). The high rates in the United Kingdom and Portugal reflect, in part, the longer sentences imposed in these countries. There were higher rates in the USA (689), Russia (673) and some Eastern European countries (up to 370 in Latvia). 33. Over the period 1997 - 2001, there was an average increase of 3% in the EU with the highest rises in Greece (50%), Ireland (25%), Sweden (17%), Finland (10%), Italy (10%) and the Netherlands (10%). 34. In 2000 - 2001, there was a rise of 1% in the prison population in the EU with the highest rises in Finland (8%), the Netherlands (8%) and Sweden (7%). 35. The World Prison Population List9 gives details of the number of prisoners held in some 200 independent countries and dependent territories (more than 8.75 million people). It shows that prison population rates vary considerably between different regions of the world and between different parts of the same continent. 8

Annual penal statistics published in the Penological Information Bulletin (Council of Europe) available at www.coe.int.

9

th

World Prison Population List 4 edition (Home Office Research Findings No. 188) by Roy Walmsley available at www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds.

6

Table B

Prison population

(1)

(percentage changes and rates) (13)

% change 1991-2001

% change 1997-2001

% change 2000-2001

Rate per 100,000 population in 2001

26%

3%

1%

87

45% -56% 27%

8% -44% 1%

2% -14% 5%

129 52 120

Austria (3) Belgium Bulgaria

5% 38% ..

2% 4% -24%

3% 0% -5%

87 83 116

Cyprus (5) Czech Republic Denmark

65% 52% -9%

40% -10% -2%

28% -10% -4%

52 188 58

(6)

9% -9% -3%

4% 10% -14%

3% 8% -4%

351 60 77

Germany Greece (5) Hungary

33% 57% 17%

3% 50% 29%

0% 4% 11%

85 76 171

Ireland (Eire) (5) Italy Latvia

43% 70% ..

25% 10% ..

5% 2% ..

79 96 370

Lithuania Luxembourg Malta

7% -7% ..

-22% -23% 1%

-35% -15% 0%

273 77 65

Netherlands (3) Norway (2) Poland

105% 3% 40%

10% 4% 39%

8% 3% 22%

94 58 207

Portugal Romania (5) Russia

62% .. 36%

-7% 14% -3%

4% 1% 6%

128 225 673

Slovakia Slovenia Spain

.. 41% 28%

-4% 50% 7%

3% 2% 3%

137 60 116

Country EU average

(12)

England & Wales Northern Ireland (3) Scotland

(2)

(4)

Estonia (5) Finland (7) France

(5)

(6)

(8)

Sweden (9) Switzerland Turkey (10)

Australia (11) Canada (3) Japan

(4)

New Zealand (3) South Africa (10) U.S.A.

17% 13% ..

(14)

17% 5% ..

(15)

7% -2% 12%

(16)

69 71 84

50% 2% 39%

17% -6% 27%

3% 0% 8%

116 101 50

38% 72% 61%

14% 30% 13%

3% 5% 1%

150 411 689

See Table 5 for footnotes (1) to (11). (12) In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. (13) Based on estimates of national population.

(14) 1990 - 2000. (15) 1996 - 2000. (16) 1999 - 2000.

7

Table 1

Crimes

Country

(1)

recorded by the police 1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

5 276 173 63 492 572 921

5 591 717 67 532 564 890

5 526 255 66 228 517 247

5 146 383 67 886 500 110

5 139 307 68 808 475 697

4 930 678 68 549 451 956

4 545 337 59 922 420 642

5 109 089 109 053 431 551

5 301 187 119 111 435 703

5 170 843 119 912 423 172

5 525 316 139 786 421 093

Austria (4) Belgium Bulgaria

468 832 382 667 ..

502 440 386 474 ..

493 786 388 150 ..

504 568 577 902 ..

486 433 709 836 196 346

485 450 725 914 184 975

481 549 818 759 228 219

479 859 856 495 159 317

493 246 849 323 137 815

560 306 848 648 138 709

522 710 .. 135120

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

3 626 .. 519 775

3 811 345 205 536 821

4 302 398 505 546 894

4 330 372 427 546 926

4 029 375 630 538 963

4 528 394 267 528 488

3 909 403 654 531 102

4 318 425 930 499 167

4 212 426 626 494 191

4 358 391 469 504 231

4 517 358 577 473 290

31 748 389 180 3 744 112

41 254 389 536 3 830 996

37 163 383 268 3 881 894

35 739 383 351 3 919 008

39 570 381 652 3 665 320

35 411 376 788 3 559 617

40 972 373 846 3 493 442

45 721 383 479 3 565 525

51 539 372 207 3 567 864

57 799 385 797 3 771 849

58 497 361 105 4 061 792

5 302 796 358 998 440 370

6 291 519 379 652 447 215

6 750 613 358 503 400 935

6 537 748 303 311 389 451

6 668 717 329 110 502 036

6 647 598 349 476 466 050

6 586 165 377 871 514 403

6 456 996 385 681 600 621

6 302 316 373 680 505 716

6 264 723 369 137 450 673

6 363 865 439 630 465 694

94 406 2 647 735 ..

95 391 2 390 539 ..

98 979 2 259 903 ..

101 036 2 173 448 ..

102 484 2 267 488 39 141

100 785 2 422 991 38 205

90 875 2 440 754 36 865

85 627 2 425 748 36 374

81 274 2 373 966 43 969

73 276 2 205 782 50 199

86 621 2 163 830 ..

44 984 25 046 ..

56 615 26 746 ..

60 378 28 446 ..

58 364 29 160 ..

60 819 28 380 ..

68 053 27 566 ..

75 816 24 355 ..

78 149 27 155 14 793

77 108 26 957 16 031

82 370 22 816 17 016

79 265 22 646 ..

1 083 733 252 362 866 095

1 168 493 254 099 881 076

1 173 643 244 659 852 507

1 206 128 249 615 906 157

1 126 659 286 037 974 941

1 076 074 292 249 897 751

1 104 760 308 055 992 373

1 102 670 318 275 1 073 042

1 152 068 315 924 1 121 545

1 173 688 330 071 1 266 910

1 219 653 321 959 1 390 089

322 256 321 651 2 625 081

321 643 361 061 2 397 311

341 122 399 105 2 581 940

362 589 363 690 3 001 748

363 294 353 745 2 952 367

372 170 340 414 2 968 300

(2)

England & Wales (3) Northern Ireland Scotland

Estonia Finland France (5)

Germany (6) Greece Hungary

(7)

Ireland (Eire) Italy Latvia

Lithuania (8) Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland (9)

Portugal Romania Russia

..

..

307 328

330 010

2 173 074

2 760 652

2 799 614

2 632 708

326 572 297 046 2 755 669

Slovakia Slovenia Spain

88 157 42 250 990 306

105 060 54 085 934 070

146 125 44 278 938 612

137 713 43 635 901 696

114 579 37 288 908 264

99 402 36 838 930 780

92 395 37 173 924 393

93 895 55 259 917 314

94 016 61 693 961 787

88 817 67 617 923 269

93 053 74 795 1 015 640

1 199 101 382 661 ..

1 195 154 374 237 ..

1 191 251 371 740 ..

1 112 505 358 028 ..

1 145 945 346 634 293 252

1 175 339 356 018 344 130

1 196 065 382 769 389 219

1 181 056 378 045 359 980

1 194 171 355 212 441 445

1 214 968 270 733 467 220

1 189 393 275 591 ..

1 205 277 2 898 988 1 707 877

1 146 558 2 847 981 1 742 366

1 156 028 2 735 626 1 801 150

1 147 318 2 646 209 1 784 432

1 133 123 2 639 654 1 782 944

1 190 852 2 644 893 1 812 119

1 243 729 2 534 766 1 899 564

1 299 480 2 461 156 2 033 546

1 329 797 2 356 831 2 165 626

1 429 327 2 352 768 2 443 470

1 471 948 2 408 021 2 735 612

446 417 .. 14 872 883

464 596 .. 14 438 191

462 536 .. 14 144 794

447 525 2 014 589 13 989 543

465 052 2 056 569 13 862 727

477 596 2 049 100 13 493 863

473 547 2 073 049 13 194 571

461 677 2 192 080 12 485 714

438 074 2 345 011 11 634 378

427 230 .. 11 608 070

426 526 .. 11 849 006

(10)

Sweden (11) Switzerland Turkey (12)

Australia (13) Canada (14) Japan

New Zealand South Africa (15) U.S.A

8

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) (6)

More serious offences. In many countries defined as against the “penal code” or “criminal code” and excludes less serious crimes (misdemeanours). The range of offences covered differs between each country and comparisons based upon absolute figures are therefore misleading. By financial year from 1994 (e.g. 1994 = 1 April 1994 to 31 March 1995). Expanded offence coverage and revised counting rules from 1 April 1998. England & Wales By financial year from 1997 (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Figures from 1998/99 are recorded under revised counting rules. Northern Ireland New collection system introduced in 1994, however not all police forces submitted returns in 1994. Data may only be regarded as complete from 1995 onwards. Belgium From 1992, including former East Germany but only part of East Germany in 1991. Germany Includes misdemeanours and traffic offences. Greece

(7)

A new recording system is being implemented which has resulted in improvements in recording. Therefore recent figures may not be comparable with those of previous years. Ireland (8) Figures from 2000 onwards are not comparable with previous years as they no longer include offences dealt with by the Judicial Police. Luxembourg (9) New unified collection system introduced in 1993 covering the three police forces. From 1995, other police functions e.g. gambling, economic activities, customs and county public finance are included. Portugal (10) Includes attempts, preparation and conspiracy to commit an offence. Sweden (11) Figures include selected penal offences and all drugs offences. Penal code offences are estimated to be approximately two-thirds of all offences which also include less serious offences such as shoplifting, bicycle theft and use of cars for "joyriding". Switzerland (12) Data for selected violent and property crimes. By financial year until 1992 and by calendar year from

Source: Statistical contacts in each country.

9

1993 onwards. Figures before 1995 are not comparable with later years due to differences in the offences included. Australia (13) Includes Criminal Code incidents (violent, property and other crimes within the Criminal Code - e.g. prostitution, arson, mischief). Does not include drugs, traffic, provincial or municipal bylaw violations. Canada (14) Excludes traffic, professional negligence and offences against special penal codes such as drugs, firearms and sword control offences. Japan (15) FBI Uniform Crime Index covering murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, manslaughter by negligence, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, and theft of motor vehicles but excludes arson and drugs offences. Excludes the murder and non-negligent homicides that occurred as a result of the attacks on 11 September 2001. USA .. Data not available.

Table 1.1

Crimes

(1)

(2)

recorded by the police: Homicide

Number of homicides Country

1997

EU average

1998

(2)

1999

2000

2001

(14) (3)

% change 1997-2001

% change 2000-2001

Homicides per 100,000 population average per year 1999 to 2001

11%

33%

1.59

5% 8% 2%

1.61 2.65 2.16

(2)

England & Wales (3) Northern Ireland (4) Scotland

748 49 90

750 75 97

766 34 119

850 48 105

891 52 107

19% 6% 19%

Austria Belgium Bulgaria

66 145 369

77 218 370

60 172 305

82 158 318

158 .. 282

139% 34% -24%

Cyprus Czech Republic (5) Denmark

6 291 88

14 313 49

12 265 53

8 279 58

9 234 52

50% -20% -41%

13% -16% -10%

1.39 2.52 1.02

178 139 963

196 113 961

157 142 953

143 146 1 051

137 155 1 047

-23% 12% 9%

-4% 6% -0%

10.61 2.86 1.73

1 178 203 289

975 176 289

1 005 155 253

961 158 205

868 139 254

-26% -32% -12%

-10% -12% 24%

1.15 1.38 2.34

Ireland (Eire) (8) Italy Latvia

53 924 173

51 918 169

47 854 152

56 818 150

59 .. ..

11% -18% -15%

Lithuania (9) Luxembourg Malta

391 4 ..

356 4 5

343 3 10

398 1 4

378 6 ..

-3% .. ..

-5% 500% -60%

230 38 807

207 38 759

230 37 741

226 49 854

264 41 776

15% 8% -4%

17% -16% -9%

1.51 0.95 2.05

129 660 29 285

150 561 29 551

131 465 31 140

125 560 31 829

107 593 33 583

-17% -10% 15%

-14% 6% 6%

1.17 2.41 22.05

140 36 370

128 15 429

141 25 416

143 28 460

129 15 494

-8% -58% 34%

-10% -46% 7%

2.55 1.18 1.12

Sweden Switzerland (11) Turkey

94 87 1 691

98 76 1 693

108 89 1 541

90 69 2 175

.. 86 1 550

.. -1% -8%

-17% 25% -29%

Australia (8) Canada (11) Japan

360 586 1 282

332 558 1 388

386 538 1 265

346 546 1 391

340 554 1 340

-6% -5% 5%

-2% 1% -4%

151 24 588 18 208

99 24 875 16 974

99 23 823 15 522

99 21 683 15 586

93 .. 15 980

-38% -16% -12%

Estonia Finland France

(6)

(7)

Germany Greece Hungary

Netherlands Norway (6) Poland

(10)

Portugal (11) Romania (11) Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain (12)

New Zealand South Africa (13) U.S.A. (1)

(2)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

(8)

Definitions of offences vary between countries both due to legal differences and statistical recording methods; comparisons may be affected by these differences. Intentional killing of a person excluding attempts: murder, manslaughter (excluding death by dangerous driving), euthanasia and infanticide; excluding abortion and help with suicide. By financial year from 1997 (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Currently (as at 7.11. 02) recorded as homicide victims. Includes all deaths initially reported as homicide to the police. Excludes assault leading to death. Includes homicides recorded by the ZERV (Central Group for the investigation of crime associated with the government and reunification), which were committed in former East Germany or at the border before reunification of the country. Includes murder, manslaughter and infanticide.

(9)

(10) (11) (12) (13)

(14) (15) (16) (17) ..

(15)

(15) (15)

(15)

93% -8% -11%

5% -4% -1%

-6% -9% 3%

(16)

(16) (16)

(16)

(16)

1.42 1.50 6.47 10.62 .. 1.63

1.11 1.12 2.67

(17)

(17) (17)

(17)

(17)

1.87 1.77 1.05 (16)

2.50 55.86 5.56

(17)

Figures from 2000 onwards are not comparable with previous years, as they no longer include offences dealt with by the Judicial Police. Excludes euthanasia. Includes attempts. Includes all deaths initially reported as homicide to the police. Excludes the murder and non-negligent homicides that occurred as a result of the attacks on 11 September 2001. In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. 1996 - 2000. 1999 - 2000. 1998 to 2000. Data not available.

Source: Statistical contacts in each country.

10

1.23 1.79 3.87

Table 1.2

Crimes

(1)

(2)

recorded by the police: Homicide (1)

Number of homicides 1997 1998 1999 2000

City EU capital cities' average London, England (3) Belfast , N. Ireland (4) Edinburgh , Scotland

in selected capital and other cities (1)

Homicides per 100,000 population average per year from 1999 to 2001

2001

(14)

2.28

190 16 8

159 18 8

190 11 9

189 21 4

202 15 6

2.60 5.59 1.40

Vienna, Austria Brussels, Belgium Sofia, Bulgaria

25 20 ..

27 22 ..

26 33 ..

57 26 ..

53 .. ..

2.84 2.87 ..

Lefkosia, Cyprus Prague, Czech Republic (4) Copenhagen , Denmark

0 40 34

0 51 8

1 64 8

1 49 9

1 51 10

0.36 4.33 1.81

38 11 46

58 8 50

40 16 43

39 11 36

35 9 49

9.40 2.18 2.00

150 14 59

97 17 59

86 19 49

76 17 35

77 18 46

2.34 0.57 2.40

Dublin, Ireland (7) Rome , Italy Riga, Latvia

21 35 ..

31 33 ..

24 29 ..

16 36 ..

21 .. ..

1.88 1.24 ..

(8)

59 .. ..

56 .. ..

54 .. ..

59 .. ..

40 .. ..

8.90 .. ..

40

38

22

29

33

3.13

12 98

8 66

9 72

6 62

11 60

1.70 4.00

48 33 28 24 .. .. .. .. 1 477 1 180 1 206 1 129

33 .. ..

1.50 .. 18.38

(5)

Tallinn , Estonia Helsinki, Finland Paris, France (6)

Berlin , Germany Athens & Pireus, Greece Budapest, Hungary

Vilnius , Lithuania Luxembourg Ville, Lux. Valletta, Malta (9)

Amsterdam , Netherlands Oslo, Norway (5)(8) Warsaw , Poland Lisbon, Portugal Bucharest, Romania (8) Moscow , Russia Bratislava, Slovakia Ljubljana, Slovenia Madrid, Spain

27 4 40

14 4 41

18 6 47

15 5 48

17 1 66

3.72 1.38 1.84

Stockholm , Sweden Berne, Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Ankara, Turkey

11 3 8 98

19 4 3 111

29 4 13 86

15 0 5 110

18 0 3 111

2.77 1.04 1.72 2.55

Canberra, Australia Sydney, Australia (7)(10) Ottawa , Canada (8) Tokyo , Japan

4 74 9 131

1 58 4 132

2 67 12 157

2 55 8 151

1 77 3 133

0.53 1.63 0.94 1.21

20 527

9 ..

7 ..

7 ..

14 ..

2.13 ..

770 .. 301

633 58 260

671 64 241

673 69 232

660 62 231

8.65 8.10 42.87

(4)

(11)

Wellington , NZ (12) Pretoria , South Africa (13)

New York NY , U.S.A. San Francisco CA, U.S.A. (13) Washington DC , U.S.A. (1)

(2)

(3) (4) (5) (6)

Definitions of offences vary between countries both due to legal differences and statistical recording methods; comparisons may be affected by these differences. Intentional killing of a person excluding attempts: murder, manslaughter (excluding death by dangerous driving), euthanasia and infanticide; excluding abortion and help with suicide. By financial year (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Includes all deaths initially reported as homicide to the police. Excludes assault leading to death. Includes homicides recorded by the ZERV (Central Group for the investigation of crime associated with the government and reunification), which were committed in former East Germany or at the border before reunification of the country.

Source:

(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) ..

Statistical contacts in each country.

11

(15)

(15)

(15)

Includes murder, manslaughter and infanticide. Includes attempts. Excludes euthanasia. Ontario part of the Ottawa-Hull Census Metropolitan Area. Includes the police district of Wellington and the southern triangle of the North Island. Including rural areas. Excludes the murder and non-negligent homicides that occurred as a result of the attacks on 11 September 2001. In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. 1998 to 2000. Data not available.

Table 1.3

Crimes Country

EU average

(1)

(2)

recorded by the police: Violent crime 1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

(16)

% change 1997-2001 22%

(3)

England & Wales (4) Northern Ireland (5) Scotland

% change 2000-2001 5%

(17)

352 873 7 837 23 656

605 797 21 452 25 725

703 107 24 163 27 321

733 387 24 323 27 047

813 271 29 757 27 605

26% .. 17%

46 942 60 605 ..

48 200 61 882 ..

49 242 61 992 ..

.. 59 791 ..

.. .. ..

.. 11% ..

184 23 223 13 963

168 23 464 13 754

178 23 228 14 735

165 21 996 15 748

176 21 709 16 010

-4% -7% 15%

7% -1% 2%

Estonia Finland France

781 31 202 186 006

710 31 726 194 873

638 32 089 215 698

676 34 291 243 166

643 33 355 279 324

-18% 7% 50%

-5% -3% 15%

Germany Greece Hungary

186 447 8 766 26 987

186 306 9 312 28 414

186 655 9 097 28 277

187 103 9 105 29 144

188 413 9 501 30 819

1% 8% 14%

1% 4% 6%

5 488 64 945 ..

4 515 71 775 ..

.. 76 823 ..

3 312 74 136 ..

6 851 .. ..

.. 20% ..

6 667 4 471 ..

6 633 4 949 ..

6 411 4 376 ..

7 339 4 280 ..

6 861 3 881 ..

3% .. ..

-7% -9% ..

74 691 18 507 66 927

76 666 18 445 70 001

86 587 18 811 78 457

90 944 20 582 89 993

101 141 20 325 84 863

35% 10% 27%

11% -1% -6%

Portugal Romania (7) Russia

16 733 .. 119 041

15 463 .. 92 697

18 942 .. 97 153

19 730 20 818 93 290

21 554 25 787 97 954

29% .. -18%

9% 24% 5%

Slovakia Slovenia Spain

11 564 900 87 775

12 427 1 172 91 099

13 531 1 355 128 496

13 549 1 414 119 923

14 450 .. 130 545

.. 36% 49%

Sweden Switzerland Turkey

68 310 7 472 ..

70 488 8 015 ..

75 745 8 528 ..

74 646 8 152 ..

76 758 8 653 ..

12% 16% ..

3% 6% ..

(14)

162 063 296 890 40 570

171 012 296 166 41 751

172 972 291 327 43 822

179 773 302 098 64 418

197 219 309 101 72 801

22% 4% 79%

10% 2% 13%

43 442 645 737 1 636 096

43 734 661 779 1 533 887

42 712 768 932 1 426 044

44 887 .. 1 425 486

47 133 .. 1 436 611

8% .. -12%

5% .. 1%

Austria (6) Belgium Bulgaria (7)

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

(8)

Ireland (Eire) (9) Italy Latvia

Lithuania (10) Luxembourg Malta Netherlands (11) Norway (12) Poland

(13)

Australia (15) Canada Japan

New Zealand South Africa U.S.A. (1)

Definitions of offences vary between countries both due to legal differences and statistical recording methods; comparisons may be affected by these differences. (2) Violence against the person, robbery and sexual offences. (3) By financial year (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Revised counting rules from 1 April 1998. (4) By financial year (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Figures from 1998/99 are recorded under revised counting rules and are not comparable with previous years. (5) Includes homicide, other violence against the person, robbery, sexual offences (excluding indecent exposure, brothel keeping and offences related to prostitution). (6) Excludes robbery. (7) Violence against the person, aggravated assault and sexual offences only. (8) Includes homicide, other violence against the person, intimidation, abduction and false imprisonment, sexual offences, robbery and aggravated burglary. A new recording system is being implemented which has resulted in improvements in recording. Therefore recent figures may not be comparable with those of previous years. (9) Includes homicide, injuries, sexual assault, robbery, extortion and kidnapping. (10) Includes homicide, murder, rebellion, intimidation, other

(18)

(18)

(18)

11% 22% 2% .. -4% ..

.. -3% ..

.. 4% 9%

(19)

(19)

(19)

violence against the person and sexual offences. Figures from 2000 onwards are not comparable with previous years as they no longer include offences dealt with by the Judicial Police. (11) Includes homicide, sexual offences and robbery but excludes crimes against personal liberty (for example threats, duress and limitation of liberty). (12) Includes homicide, rape, fighting and battery, causing bodily injury and robbery. (13) Includes attempts, preparation and conspiracy to commit an offence. (14) Includes murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, driving causing death, sexual assault, kidnapping and abduction, robbery, blackmail and extortion, and assault. (15) Includes homicide, attempted murder, sexual and non-sexual assault, other sexual offences, abduction and robbery. (16) In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. (17) Comparisons between the earlier year and 2001/2002 are based on figures for the financial year 2001/2002 which have been adjusted to take account of the effect of the new counting rules. (18) 1996 - 2000. (19) 1999 – 2000. .. Data not available. Source: Statistical contacts in each country

12

Table 1.4

Crimes

Country EU average

(1)

(2)

recorded by the police: Robbery 1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

(9)

% change 1997-2001

% change 2000-2001

24% (3)

England & Wales (4) Northern Ireland Scotland

5% (10)

62 652 1 573 4 484

66 835 1 395 4 951

84 277 1 383 5 075

95 154 1 767 4 420

121 370 2 222 4 228

92% .. -6%

Austria Belgium Bulgaria

1 991 .. 6 481

2 234 .. 5 053

2 283 .. 4 171

2 763 .. 4 321

2 824 .. 4 069

42% .. -37%

2% .. -6%

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

25 4 751 2 523

27 4 306 2 606

32 4 817 2 781

43 4 644 3 152

42 4 372 3 192

68% -8% 27%

-2% -6% 1%

Estonia Finland France

3 478 2 016 80 498

3 978 2 092 84 291

4 918 2 277 94 947

4 754 2 600 109 836

4 475 2 157 134 281

29% 7% 67%

-6% -17% 22%

Germany (5) Greece Hungary

69 569 1 967 3 056

64 405 2 254 3 056

61 420 2 048 3 167

59 414 1 707 3 494

57 108 1 939 3 319

-18% -1% 9%

-4% 14% -5%

Ireland (Eire) Italy Latvia

.. 69 993 ..

.. 73 289 ..

.. 72 836 ..

1 397 67 424 ..

1 744 66 671 ..

.. -5% ..

.. -1% ..

Lithuania (7) Luxembourg Malta

3 971 288 ..

3 646 372 318

3 376 352 212

4 374 307 146

4 185 257 ..

5% .. ..

-4% -16% -31%

14 186 1 073 23 988

14 447 1 354 26 647

17 462 1 698 36 597

18 630 1 781 43 255

21 064 1 491 41 208

48% 39% 72%

13% -16% -5%

Portugal Romania Russia

13 901 4 010 146 369

12 442 3 548 160 879

16 065 3 336 180 111

17 156 3 280 171 830

18 585 .. 193 600

34% -15% 32%

Slovakia Slovenia Spain

1 199 430 104 008

1 231 453 104 475

1 437 558 100 716

1 264 581 93 504

1 366 579 104 735

14% 35% 1%

8% 0% 12%

(8)

6 641 2 498 1 319

6 713 2 572 1 477

8 628 2 642 1 385

8 999 2 178 1 632

8 538 2 256 2 480

29% -10% 88%

-5% 4% 52%

Australia (5) Canada Japan

21 305 29 587 2 809

23 801 28 963 3 426

22 606 28 740 4 237

23 314 27 037 5 173

26 565 27 414 6 393

25% -7% 128%

14% 1% 24%

2 032 122 369 498 534

2 004 150 430 447 186

1 585 178 080 409 371

1 779 197 837 408 016

1 658 208 932 422 921

-18% 71% -15%

7% 6% 4%

(6)

Netherlands Norway Poland

Sweden Switzerland Turkey

New Zealand South Africa U.S.A. (1)

(2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

Definitions of offences vary between countries both due to legal differences and statistical recording methods; comparisons may be affected by these differences. Stealing from a person with force or threat of force. Includes muggings (bag-snatching) and theft with violence; excludes pick-pocketing, extortion and blackmailing. By financial year (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Revised counting rules from 1 April 1998. By financial year (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Figures from 1998/99 are recorded under revised counting rules and are not comparable with previous years. Includes attempts. A new recording system is being implemented which has resulted in improvements in recording. Therefore recent figures may not be comparable with those of previous years.

(7)

(11)

28% 26% -4%

8% -2% 13%

(12)

(12)

Figures from 2000 onwards are not comparable with previous years as they no longer include offences dealt with by the Judicial Police. (8) Includes attempts, preparation and conspiracy to commit an offence. (9) In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. (10) Comparisons between the earlier year and 2001/2002 are based on figures for the financial year 2001/2002 which have been adjusted to take account of the effect of the new counting rules. (11) 1996 - 2000. (12) 1999 - 2000. .. Data not available.

Source: Statistical contacts in each country.

13

Table 1.5

Crimes

Country EU average

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

(8)

1998

1999

2000

2001

(14)

% change 1997-2001

% change 2000-2001

-10%

England & Wales (3) Northern Ireland (4) Scotland Austria (5) Belgium (6) Bulgaria (6) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany (6) Greece Hungary (7) Ireland (Eire) Italy Latvia Lithuania (8) Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway (8) Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia (6) Spain (10) Sweden (11) Switzerland (6) Turkey Australia (12) Canada (5) Japan New Zealand (13) South Africa (11) U.S.A.

(2)

(2)

recorded by the police: Domestic burglary 1997

(3)

(1)

(1)

501 593 7 155 36 792 12 826 143 769 85 356 1 079 13 068 34 648 6 610 10 436 213 561 182 009 44 286 31 269 16 970 237 445 .. 9 424 2 416 .. 97 690 16 923 70 187 24 202 31 311 268 355 3 854 558 229 790 18 359 82 559 96 775 284 974 233 724 221 678 49 376 249 375 2 460 526

473 349 7 725 38 033 11 811 63 022 47 770 1 358 12 752 31 463 7 026 10 291 207 274 166 742 43 228 30 515 15 840 246 804 .. 9 246 2 649 .. 90 357 15 106 74 137 21 515 29 404 292 501 3 639 518 226 207 17 536 83 416 113 421 295 699 221 366 237 703 49 481 266 817 2 332 735

442 602 7 665 36 265 10 111 61 916 34 579 1 019 12 445 34 311 7 588 9 763 191 102 149 044 36 947 29 902 14 286 234 252 .. 9 180 2 092 .. 91 996 12 636 74 326 22 224 21 287 374 764 3 601 988 239 896 16 834 76 322 104 282 273 867 197 022 260 981 47 621 285 515 2 100 739

Definitions of offences vary between countries both due to legal differences and statistical recording methods; comparisons may be affected by these differences. Gaining access to a dwelling by the use of force to steal goods. By financial year (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Includes domestic housebreaking in buildings other than dwellings. Until 1997, includes burglary in non-domestic premises (e.g. shop, garage, hotel). Includes burglary in non-domestic premises (e.g. shop, garage, hotel). A new recording system is being implemented which has resulted in improvements in recording. Therefore recent figures may not be comparable with those of previous years. Figures from 2000 onwards are not comparable with previous years as they no longer include offences dealt with by the Judicial Police.

402 984 8 375 32 684 13 262 75 846 37 375 1 018 11 294 32 846 7 285 9 264 186 492 140 015 31 840 26 866 13 376 207 317 .. 9 203 2 081 .. 91 146 11 066 77 427 21 153 19 024 348 097 3 248 .. 224 725 17 581 60 384 89 351 275 821 175 804 296 486 40 999 302 826 2 050 992 (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

(16) (17) ..

Source: Statistical contacts in each country.

14

430 372 9 064 30 181 13 008 .. 36 269 801 10 590 32 274 7 652 7 957 210 850 133 722 31 903 26 194 14 877 .. .. 8 647 1 947 .. 91 693 10 303 72 167 20 806 .. 350 259 3 144 .. 247 491 15 169 57 375 48 159 275 369 167 322 303 698 36 255 .. 2 109 767

-26% 27% -18% 1% .. -58% -26% -19% -7% 16% -24% -1% -27% -28% -16% .. -10% .. -8% .. .. -6% -39% 3% -14% -34% 31% -18% .. 8% -17% -31% -50% -3% -28% 37% -27% 23% -14%

0% (15)

(16)

(16)

(16)

7% 8% -8% -2% 22% -3% -21% -6% -2% 5% -14% 13% -4% 0% -3% .. -11% .. -6% -6% .. 1% -7% -7% -2% -11% 1% -3% .. 10% -14% -5% -46% 0% -5% 2% -12% 6% 3%

(17)

(17)

(17)

(17)

Includes burglary from garrets and basements in blocks of flats. Includes attempts, preparation and conspiracy to commit an offence. Includes attempts and burglary in non-domestic premises (e.g. shop, garage, hotel). Includes attempts. May or may not include the use of force. Includes attempts. In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. Comparisons between the earlier year and 2001/2002 are based on figures for the financial year 2001/2002 which have been adjusted to take account of the effect of the new counting rules. 1996 – 2000. 1999 – 2000. Data not available.

Table 1.6

Crimes

Country

(1)

(2)

recorded by the police: Theft of a motor vehicle 1997

EU average

1998

1999

2000

2001

(11)

% change 1997-2001

% change 2000-2001

-7% (3)

England & Wales (4) Northern Ireland (5) Scotland

-7% (12)

400 524 8 090 28 646

391 807 9 715 28 433

374 686 10 196 29 818

338 796 10 806 26 238

328 147 11 635 23 208

-30% 44% -19%

Austria Belgium Bulgaria

5 950 35 242 2 433

5 771 36 555 1 433

5 679 35 780 976

8 601 33 395 2 298

5 740 .. 2 076

-4% -1% -15%

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

1 609 31 331 42 701

1 252 29 779 38 871

959 28 946 35 195

1 237 25 539 33 730

1 441 23 539 29 464

-10% -25% -31%

16% -8% -13%

1 762 22 015 417 360

2 106 26 404 415 930

2 455 29 611 395 947

2 322 26 391 401 057

2 818 22 583 418 983

60% 3% 0%

21% -14% 4%

190 585 6 568 20 163

162 518 7 610 20 849

140 636 7 239 16 670

127 750 5 702 14 297

121 533 5 459 12 397

-36% -17% -39%

-5% -4% -13%

13 589 301 233 2 082

13 793 309 113 2 483

14 851 294 726 3 102

15 964 243 890 2 932

14 533 .. ..

.. -23% 32%

Lithuania (8) Luxembourg Malta

6 697 675 ..

6 946 655 1 166

6 671 626 1 076

9 006 542 1 051

8 924 496 ..

33% .. ..

-1% -8% -2%

(7)

37 309 20 019 56 871

37 408 21 672 65 399

37 831 20 863 74 514

38 320 23 339 68 062

35 037 20 598 59 458

-6% 3% 5%

-9% -12% -13%

Portugal Romania Russia

22 792 2 110 35 778

26 965 2 284 35 448

28 163 2 331 37 152

26 428 2 149 38 439

26 162 .. ..

15% 19% -8%

Slovakia Slovenia Spain

7 438 1 145 133 330

7 682 1 311 136 084

7 123 1 147 138 961

6 073 1 291 134 583

6 073 1 222 147 441

-18% 7% 11%

0% -5% 10%

78 826 .. 19 515

76 495 .. 19 109

78 216 .. 17 912

75 125 .. ..

73 309 .. ..

-7% .. ..

-2% .. ..

130 138 177 130 269 138

131 587 165 920 282 248

129 552 161 388 286 069

139 094 160 315 309 638

139 943 170 213 305 792

8% -4% 14%

1% 6% -1%

32 082 100 637 1 354 189

30 803 107 513 1 242 781

25 680 113 091 1 152 075

21 992 100 647 1 160 002

20 201 98 942 1 226 457

-37% -2% -9%

-8% -2% 6%

Estonia Finland France

(6)

Germany (7) Greece (7) Hungary (8)

Ireland (Eire) Italy Latvia

Netherlands Norway (7) Poland

(10)

Sweden Switzerland Turkey Australia (5) Canada Japan New Zealand South Africa U.S.A. (1)

(2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6) (7) (8)

Definitions of offences vary between countries both due to legal differences and statistical recording methods; comparisons may be affected by these differences. All land vehicles with an engine that run on the road which are used to carry people (including cars, motor cycles, buses, lorries, construction and agricultural vehicles, etc.). By financial year (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). By financial year (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). Figures from 1998/99 are recorded under revised counting rules and are not comparable with previous years. Includes attempts. Taking/conversion of motor vehicles. Cars only. A new recording system is being implemented which has resulted in improvements in recording. Therefore

(9)

(10) (11) (12)

(13) (14) ..

Source: Statistical contacts in each country.

15

(13)

(13) (13)

(13) (13)

-3% 8% -12% -33% -7% -10%

.. -17% -5%

-1% -8% 3%

(14)

(14) (14)

(14)

(14) (14)

recent figures may not be comparable with those of previous years. Figures from 2000 onwards are not comparable with previous years as they no longer include offences dealt with by the Judicial Police. Includes attempts, preparation and conspiracy to commit an offence. In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. Comparisons between the earlier year and 2001/2002 are based on figures for the financial year 2001/2002 which have been adjusted to take account of the effect of the new counting rules. 1996 – 2000. 1999 – 2000. Data not available.

Table 1.7

Crimes

Country

(1)

recorded by the police: Drug trafficking 1997

EU average

1998

1999

(2)

2000

2001

(12) (3)

% change 1997-2001

% change 2000-2001

4%

6% -1% -8% 17%

England & Wales (3) Northern Ireland Scotland

23 336 176 8 180

21 788 193 8 490

19 956 193 8 668

19 820 228 8 761

19 645 210 10 293

-16% 19% 26%

Austria Belgium Bulgaria

2 656 11 072 32

2 594 10 158 39

2 514 9 968 31

1 503 9 488 80

2 399 .. 60

-10% 13% 88%

Cyprus (5) Czech Republic Denmark

(4)

239 2 404 171

285 4 156 178

252 6 100 129

289 3 292 229

388 1 932 168

62% -20% -2%

34% -41% -27%

Estonia (4) Finland France

(6)

30 8 323 8 300

117 9 461 11 908

180 11 674 12 529

306 13 445 4 254

628 14 869 4 047

1993% 79% -51%

105% 11% -5%

Germany (4) Greece Hungary

69 093 5 970 51

68 994 6 574 122

73 271 6 692 390

76 594 7 785 578

79 787 9 693 857

15% 62% 1580%

4% 25% 48%

1 637 41 420 426

1 766 43 014 389

1 971 45 038 511

1 706 34 800 655

2 134 .. ..

.. -11% 81%

616 805 37

607 825 88

693 941 100

915 1 226 ..

954 1 077 ..

55% .. ..

4% -12% ..

Netherlands Norway Poland

13 675 16 169 1 006

7 690 17 276 2 297

7 613 17 820 2 181

7 474 19 302 1 866

10 380 21 411 2 219

-24% 32% 121%

39% 11% 19%

Portugal (4) Romania (4) Russia

3 390 803 175 868

3 538 620 181 481

4 091 653 206 874

3 214 561 233 490

3 853 .. ..

14% -6% 160%

967 620 14 274

520 659 13 263

362 740 12 389

604 964 11 032

652 1 140 11 574

-33% 84% -19%

8% 18% 5%

5 501 3 253 2 900

5 320 3 734 2 569

5 256 3 715 3 303

4 012 3 021 3 448

3 719 2 978 ..

-32% -8% 29%

-7% -1% 4%

24 313 66 593 2 359

23 348 70 922 2 712

17 702 80 142 2 299

14 601 88 091 2 307

12 697 91 920 2 381

-48% 38% 1%

-13% 4% 3%

14 532 42 805 33 628

15 158 39 830 37 762

25 103 41 461 39 500

24 419 45 572 38 957

23 839 49 839 33 539

.. 16% 0%

-2% 9% -14%

(7)

Ireland (Eire) Italy (4) Latvia (6)

Lithuania (4)(8) Luxembourg Malta

Slovakia Slovenia Spain (9)

Sweden Switzerland (4) Turkey Australia (4) Canada (10) Japan (4)

New Zealand (4) South Africa (11) U.S.A. (1)

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

(7)

Definitions of offences vary between countries both due to legal differences and statistical recording methods; comparisons may be affected by these differences. Illegal importing, exporting, supplying, transportation, etc. of narcotic drugs. By financial year from 1997 (e.g. 1997 = 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998). All drugs offences. Number of people prosecuted. Illegal manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation, delivery or trafficking of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances. A new recording system is being implemented which has resulted in improvements in recording. Therefore

(8)

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) ..

Source: Statistical contacts in each country.

16

(13)

(13) (13)

(13) (13)

(13)

60% -5% -25%

.. -23% 28%

20% -14% 13%

(14)

(14) (14)

(14) (14)

(14)

recent figures may not be comparable with those of previous years. Figures from 2000 onwards are not comparable with previous years as they no longer include offences dealt with by the Judicial Police. Includes attempts, preparation and conspiracy to commit an offence. Excluding amphetamines. Arrests by Drug Enforcement Agency. In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. 1996 – 2000. 1999 – 2000. Data not available.

Table 2 Country

Victimisation risk Percentage victim once or more in 1999 (1) Overall Contact crime Theft of a car

Burglary (inc. attempts)

England & Wales Northern Ireland Scotland

26 15 23

3.6 2.4 3.4

2.6 1.5 1.0

5.2 2.5 3.2

Belgium Denmark Finland

21 23 19

1.8 2.3 3.2

0.8 1.4 0.5

4.1 4.2 1.2

France Netherlands Poland

21 25 23

2.2 2 2.8

1.9 0.5 1.7

2.3 3.6 3.1

Portugal Spain Sweden

15 19 25

1.4 1.5 2.2

1.2 0.5 1.6

2.5 1.9 2.3

Switzerland

18

2.1

0.4

2.7

Australia Canada Japan U.S.A

30 24 15 21

4.1 3.4 0.4 1.9

2.1 1.6 0.1 0.5

6.6 4.4 1.8 3.8

(1)

Robbery, assaults with force and sexual assaults (against women only).

Source: Criminal Victimisation in 17 Industrialised Countries: Key findings from the 2000 International Crime Victims Survey (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum, The Netherlands).

17

(1)

Table 3

Number of police officers

Country

1997

EU average

1998

1999

2000

2001

(8)

England & Wales (2) Northern Ireland Scotland

Police (1) officers per 100,000 population average per year 1999 to 2001

% change 1997-2001

% change 2000-2001

3%

0%

337

127 158 11 480 15 050

126 814 11 358 14 854

126 096 11 081 14 684

124 170 10 306 14 948

125 682 9 161 15 093

-1% -20% 0%

1% -11% 1%

241 605 292

Austria Belgium Bulgaria

26 291 35 613 ..

26 817 36 419 ..

26 883 36 179 ..

26 815 36 933 ..

28 440 37 432 ..

8% 5% ..

6% 1% ..

337 360 ..

Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark

4 092 43 722 9 837

4 288 43 888 9 962

4 288 44 083 10 048

4 288 44 828 10 197

4 467 44 940 10 228

9% 3% 4%

4% 0% 0%

623 434 190

5 640 7 843 224 693

5 306 7 889 223 582

3 787 7 960 227 123

3 633 8 030 233 484

3 550 8 186 211 258

-37% 4% -6%

-2% 2% -10%

266 156 381

Germany (7) Greece Hungary

229 424 44 183 29 532

237 786 45 389 30 356

.. 48 981 29 872

237 198 51 081 28 873

.. 51 254 28 966

.. 16% -2%

.. 0% 0%

289 461 288

Ireland (Eire) (5) Italy Latvia

10 968 261 082 11 067

11 235 265 093 10 878

11 458 273 422 10 697

11 640 273 211 10 649

11 815 270 696 ..

8% 4% 15%

2% -1% 0%

306 472 443

Lithuania Luxembourg Malta

17 991 .. ..

18 229 .. 1 756

18 069 .. 1 734

17 562 1 196 1 718

16 663 1 205 ..

-7% .. ..

-5% 1% -1%

Netherlands Norway (6) Poland

39 917 7 404 101 027

40 340 7 384 99 285

41 370 7 725 99 955

42 930 8 031 100 754

46 341 8 121 101 246

16% 10% 0%

8% 1% 0%

Portugal Romania Russia

44 448 50 261 ..

45 484 48 803 ..

46 781 48 106 ..

48 047 45 830 ..

48 399 .. ..

9% -11% ..

Slovakia Slovenia Spain

19 577 6 815 188 143

13 988 6 821 187 620

13 957 6 465 187 152

14 373 6 882 185 012

14 585 7 359 184 604

-25% 8% -2%

1% 7% 0%

265 358 457

Sweden Switzerland Turkey

16 783 14 210 145 000

16 429 14 367 152 000

16 201 14 156 160 000

16 089 14 500 166 000

16 120 14 466 ..

-4% 2% 20%

0% 0% 4%

182 198 246

Australia (7) Canada Japan

40 270 54 719 226 401

40 776 54 763 226 401

40 570 55 321 226 401

40 573 55 974 226 351

40 779 57 076 228 843

1% 4% 1%

1% 2% 1%

212 182 179

New Zealand South Africa U.S.A.

.. .. 618 127

.. .. 641 208

.. .. 637 551

.. .. 654 601

.. .. 659 101

.. .. 7%

.. .. 1%

.. .. 230

Estonia Finland France (3)

(1) All ranks of police officers including criminal police, traffic police, border police, gendarmerie, uniformed police, city guard, municipal police. Excludes civilian staff, customs officers, tax police, military police, secret service police, part-time officers, special duty police reserves, cadets, court police. (2) Includes full-time reserves. (3) Up to 1997, all personnel counted; from 1998 only established (permanent) posts included. (4) Includes police officers, special guards and border guards. (5) Includes Polizia di Stato, Arma dei Carbinieri and Corpo della Guardia di Finanza.

(9)

(9)

(9)

1% -5% ..

(10)

(10)

496 273 447

(12)

(11)

(13) (11)

274 178 260 (10)

(10)

461 212 ..

(11)

(11)

(6) Includes criminal police, uniformed police and traffic police. (7) Excludes border police. Includes part-time officers which are converted to full-time equivalents. (8) In calculating the EU average, all EU countries have been given equal weight. (9) 1996 – 2000. (10) 1999 – 2000. (11) 1998 – 2000. (12) In 2000. (13) 2000 – 2001. .. Data not available.

Source: Statistical contacts in each country.

18

Table 4.1

(1)

Sentencing and sentence lengths: Assault , 1999 England & Wales

Northern Ireland

Scotland

Denmark

France

Germany

Portugal

65

35

229

79

88

71

2

13% 54% 1% 29% 3%

19% 28% 25% 24% 4%

51% 34% .. 15% ..

6% 11% 29% 51% 3%

26% 14% 40% 20% ..

44% 25% 23% 8% ..

2% 1% 15% 83% ..

26% 39% 10% 26% ..

9 985

137

1 814

2 156

10 555

4 043

134

1 898

Percentage of which were: under 6 months 6 and less than 12 months 12 and less than 24 months 24 and less than 60 months 60 months and over

39% 21% 21% 16% 3%

30% 33% 13% 18% 7%

57% 18% 12% 9% 4%

91% 6% 2% 1% 0%

61% 23% 13% 2% 1%

23% 34% 24% 18% 1%

11% 24% 33% 25% 7%

64% 17% 17% 2% 0%

Life (absolute number)

71

0

1

0

0

0

..

..

Sweden

SENTENCING Total number sentenced per 100,000 population Percentage of which were: Fined Non-custodial sentences Suspended sentences Unsuspended sentences Other measures

(2)

90

SENTENCE LENGTHS Number of unsuspended sentences

(1)

Inflicting bodily injury on another person with intent, excluding assault leading to death, threats, only causing pain, slapping or punching and sexual assault.

(2)

(3) (4)

Figures for Portugal appear low because the criminal procedure only commences if the alleged victim makes a complaint. The alleged victim may withdraw the complaint at any time and thereby stop the process.

Source: European Sourcebook of Crime & Criminal Justice Statistics 2003 (forthcoming, Home Office UK, WODC The Netherlands & University of Lausanne Switzerland) available at www.europeansourcebook.org.

19

(3) (4) ..

12 and less than 36 months. 36 and less than 60 months. Data not available.

Table 4.2

Sentencing and sentence lengths: Robbery(1), 1999 England & Wales

Northern Ireland

Scotland

Denmark

France

Germany

Portugal

11

8

13

13

9

13

1

0% 26% 1% 72% 1%

1% 32% 15% 53% 0%

5% 25% .. 70% 0%

0% 9% 12% 74% 6%

1% 11% 27% 60% ..

1% 26% 36% 38% ..

3% 3% 12% 82% 0%

1% 29% 6% 64% ..

4 085

68

463

507

3 149

3 394

50

344

Percentage of which were: under 6 months 6 and less than 12 months 12 and less than 24 months 24 and less than 60 months 60 months and ov er

5% 6% 21% 52% 16%

0% 9% 38% 40% 13%

19% 16% 22% 25% 17%

21% 31% 31% 16% 1%

37% 25% 23% 6% 10%

2% 11% 29% 47% 12%

1% 6% 22% 47% 25%

13% 7% 54% 26% ..

Lif e (absolute number)

37

0

0

1

1

2

..

..

Sweden

SENTENCING Total number sentenced per 100,000 population Percentage of which were: Fined Non-custodial sentences Suspended sentences Unsuspended sentences Other measures

(2)

7

SENTENCE LENGTHS Number of unsuspended sentences

(1) Stealing f rom a person with f orce or threat including muggings (bag-snatching) and thef t with v iolence; excluding pick-pocketing, extortion and blackmailing.

(3) (4)

(2) Figures f or Portugal appear low because the criminal procedure only commences if the alleged v ictim makes a complaint. The alleged v ictim may withdraw the complaint at any time and thereby stop the process.

Source: European Sourcebook of Crime & Criminal Justice Statistics 2003 (forthcoming, Home Office UK, WODC The Netherlands & University of Lausanne Switzerland) available at www.europeansourcebook.org

20

(3) 12 and less than 36 months. (4) 36 and less than 60 months. .. Data not av ailable.

Table 4.3

(1)

Sentencing and sentence lengths: Theft , 1999 England & Wales

Northern Ireland

Scotland

Denmark

France

Germany

Portugal

290

167

370

383

158

209

12

20% 53% 0% 24% 2%

18% 42% 12% 26% 2%

37% 32% .. 31% ..

70% 6% 11% 12% 1%

9% 21% 37% 33% ..

59% 18% 9% 14% ..

3% 8% 33% 56% 0%

48% 41% 0% 11% ..

37 164

697

6 011

2 320

31 533

20 293

661

2 843

Percentage of which were: under 6 months 6 and less than 12 months 12 and less than 24 months 24 and less than 60 months 60 months and over

61% 12% 16% 10% 1%

53% 37% 5% 4% 1%

76% 18% 4% 2% 0%

86% 11% 3% 0% 0%

66% 22% 10% 1% 1%

41% 28% 21% 10% 0%

7% 19% 20% 42% 12%

64% 26% 9% 1% ..

Life (absolute number)

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

..

Sweden

SENTENCING Total number sentenced per 100,000 population Percentage of which were: Fined Non-custodial sentences Suspended sentences Unsuspended sentences Other measures

(2)

292

SENTENCE LENGTHS Number of unsuspended sentences

(1) Depriving a person or organisation of property without force with the intent to keep it including burglary, theft of motor vehicles, of other items and of small value; excluding embezzlement, theft by employees and receiving and handling of stolen goods.

(3) (4)

(2) Figures for Portugal appear low because the criminal procedure only commences if the alleged victim makes a complaint. The alleged victim may withdraw the complaint at any time and thereby stop the process.

Source: European Sourcebook of Crime & Criminal Justice Statistics 2003 (forthcoming, Home Office UK, WODC The Netherlands & University of Lausanne Switzerland) available at www.europeansourcebook.org

21

(3) 12 and less than 36 months. (4) 36 and less than 60 months. .. Data not available.

Table 5

Prison population

Country

(1)

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

46 310 1 996 4 839

46 350 1 811 5 257

45 633 1 902 5 637

49 392 1 911 5 585

51 265 1 740 5 626

55 537 1 640 5 862

61 940 1 555 6 084

65 771 1 454 6 018

65 594 1 158 6 029

65 666 1 011 5 869

67 056 872 6 137

6 714 6 194 ..

6 913 6 869 8 022

7 099 7 489 ..

6 806 7 489 ..

6 180 7 564 9 045

6 778 8 039 10 900

6 946 8 174 11 847

6 891 8 130 11 773

6 877 8 143 10 787

6 861 8 524 9 424

7 059 8 536 8 971

Cyprus (5) Czech Republic Denmark

223 12 730 3 404

221 13 967 3 406

194 16 567 3 370

184 18 753 3 508

202 19 508 3 421

235 20 860 3 194

263 21 560 3 170

226 22 067 3 340

247 23 060 3 496

288 21 358 3 240

369 19 320 3 105

(6)

4 408 3 427 48 675

4 778 3 175 49 323

4 514 3 432 51 134

4 518 3 322 53 758

4 401 3 092 53 178

4 224 3 248 54 014

4 638 2 836 54 442

4 791 2 772 53 607

4 379 2 663 53 948

4 679 2 887 48 835

4 803 3 110 47 005

Germany Greece (5) Hungary

52 970 5 321 14 810

59 579 6 602 15 913

65 828 7 135 13 196

65 452 5 835 13 143

65 652 5 831 12 454

71 675 5 270 12 762

75 026 5 577 13 405

78 324 7 129 14 366

79 666 7 525 15 110

79 348 8 038 15 539

78 959 8 343 17 257

Ireland (Eire) (5) Italy Latvia

2 114 32 813 ..

2 155 46 152 8 340

2 801 51 231 ..

2 053 52 041 ..

2 032 49 102 9 457

2 139 48 747 ..

2 424 50 527 ..

2 620 49 173 10 070

2 741 53 296 ..

2 887 54 479 ..

3 019 55 743 8 831

Lithuania Luxembourg Malta

8 891 365 ..

9 175 408 169

9 900 418 ..

10 357 452 204

12 768 453 196

13 289 427 189

12 200 443 254

13 628 392 260

14 412 386 230

14 566 400 257

9 516 341 257

Netherlands (3) Norway (2) Poland

7 302 2 548 57 083

7 495 2 477 61 040

8 037 2 650 61 895

8 737 2 670 61 694

11 616 2 610 65 819

13 261 2 602 57 320

13 618 2 536 57 424

13 333 2 466 59 180

13 231 2 512 54 842

13 847 2 548 65 336

14 968 2 634 80 004

Portugal Romania (5) Russia

8 171 .. 722 636

9 183 39 609 750 280

11 079 .. 844 870

10 023 .. 920 685

11 829 46 454 1 017 372

13 743 43 609 1 051 515

14 167 44 227 1 009 863

14 330 51 310 996 913

13 086 51 396 106 085

12 728 49 682 923 600

13 210 50 307 979 285

Slovakia Slovenia Spain

.. 820 3 512

6 311 936 40 950

.. 960 45 341

.. 879 48 201

7 979 648 45 198

8 168 614 44 312

7 656 768 43 453

6 897 793 44 747

6 904 935 45 384

7 136 1 136 45 309

7 348 1 155 46 594

5 203 5 375 ..

5 249 5 441 31 582

5 697 5 627 ..

6 210 5 676 ..

6 285 5 655 49 895

5 768 5 479 ..

5 221 5 428 60 606

5 290 5 648 60 391

5 484 5 818 67 581

5 678 5 727 49 512

6 089 5 160 55 609

15 021 30 808 45 749

15 559 32 188 44 876

15 866 33 076 45 057

16 944 32 803 45 573

17 428 34 744 46 535

18 193 34 754 48 395

19 128 33 723 50 091

19 906 32 714 51 986

21 538 32 390 53 947

21 714 31 608 58 747

22 458 31 547 63 415

4 278 101 775 1 219 014

4 369 102 268 1 295 150

4 600 111 798 1 369 185

4 413 110 933 1 476 621

4 685 110 069 1 585 586

4 983 118 731 1 646 020

5 152 134 202 1 743 643

5 450 141 441 1 816 931

5 661 154 576 1 893 115

5 720 166 334 1 935 919

5 887 174 893 1 964 301

England & Wales Northern Ireland (3) Scotland

(2)

(4)

Austria (3) Belgium Bulgaria

Estonia (5) Finland (7) France

(5)

(6)

(8)

Sweden (9) Switzerland Turkey (10)

Australia (11) Canada (3) Japan

(4)

New Zealand (3) South Africa (10) U.S.A.

22

(1) (2) (3) (4)

At 1 September: number of prisoners including pretrial detainees. At 31 August. Average daily population. Annual averages.

(5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

At 31 December. At 1 January. Metropolitan and overseas departments. At 30 September. At 21 March. From 2001, at 4 September.

Source: Statistical contacts in each country; World Prison Population Brief (International Centre for Prison Studies, Kings College, London) at www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps.

23

(10) At 30 June. (11) Average daily counts by financial year (e.g. 1991 = 1 April 1991 - 31 March 1992). .. Data not available.

1. The Home Office has been collecting and publishing data from other countries on the number of crimes recorded by the police and the prison population since 1993. The number of countries covered and the comparability of the data received has improved since then due to closer liaison with foreign organisations. Although the information received is double-checked with the countries supplying the data, the Home Office cannot guarantee that the data presented is completely accurate or comparable.

2. The authors would like to thank the data suppliers in each country for their assistance in preparing this Bulletin.

3. The tables in this Bulletin are based on Excel spreadsheets which are available from the RDS Website at http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/publf.htm Other RDS publications are also available at the URL above or by contacting: RDS Communications & Development Unit Home Office 50 Queen Anne’s Gate Room 264 LONDON SW1H 9AT Tel: 020 7273 2084 FAX: 020 7222 0211 Email: [email protected]

4. If you have any enquiries about the figures in this bulletin please contact the authors: Gordon Barclay (Tel: 020 7273 3960) Cynthia Tavares (Tel/FAX: 020 7273 3154) Research, Development & Statistics Directorate 50 Queen Anne’s Gate LONDON SW1H 9AT Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

5. Press enquiries should be made to: Home Office Press Office 50 Queen Anne’s Gate LONDON SW1H 9AT Tel: 020 7273 4545

24

Research Development & Statistics Directorate Mission Statement RDS is part of the Home Office. The Home Office’s purpose is to build a safe, just and tolerant society in which the rights and responsibilities of individuals, families and communities are properly balanced and the protection and security of the public are maintained. RDS is also part of National Statistics (NS). One of the aims of NS is to inform Parliament and the citizen about the state of the nation and provide a window on the work and performance of the government, allowing the impact of government policies and actions to be assessed. Therefore: Research Development & Statistics Directorate exists to improve policy making, decision taking and practice in support of the Home Office’s purpose and aims, to provide the public and Parliament with the information necessary for informed debate and to publish the information for future use.

Notes