Internal Migration in India Initiative National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India 6–7 December 2011 Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi, India

Workshop Compendium VOL 1: WORKSHOP REPORT

In collaboration with

Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)  |  Sir Dorabji Tata Trust (SDTT)

Internal Migration in India Initiative

National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India 6–7 December 2011

Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi, India

Workshop Compendium Vol 1: Workshop Report

In collaboration with Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)  |  Sir Dorabji Tata Trust (SDTT)

National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India Workshop Compendium Vol. I: Workshop Report August 2012 Published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO House, B 5/29 Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110029, India and UNICEF India Country Office, 73 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003, India Publication editor: Annu Kurien Designed and printed by: Lopez Design Photography COVER ©UNICEF / INDIA / Amivitale INSIDE ©UNESCO / M. Hainry © UNESCO and UNICEF All rights reserved ISBN 978-81-89218-45-4 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO and UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and UNICEF and do not commit the Organizations. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of UNESCO and UNICEF. Any communication concerning this publication may be addressed to: Social and Human Sciences (SHS)

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Contents Acknowledgements

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Summary Report

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Recommendations from the Researchers

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Annexure

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Concept Note

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Agenda

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List of Participants

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Acknowledgements

This summary report contains the major findings and deliberations of the National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India, jointly organized by UNESCO and UNICEF on 6–7 December 2011 at New Delhi, with the support of Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and Sir Dorabji Tata Trust (SDTT).

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UNESCO and UNICEF are particularly grateful to the policymakers and government officials who participated in the workshop and resolved to increase visibility and recognition of internal migration in India: Dr Syeda Hameed, Member, Planning Commission, Government of India; Mr Harsh Mander, Member, National Advisory Council and Director, Centre for Equity Studies; Shri B.J. Panda, Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha and Member, Standing Committee on Urban Development and Consultative Committee on Human Resource Development, New Delhi; Mr Rakesh Ranjan, Director (Housing and Urban Affairs), Planning Commission, Government of India; Dr Ashok Sahu, Principal Advisor (Labour, Employment & Manpower), Planning Commission, Government of India; Dr Naresh C. Saxena, Member, National Advisory Council and Commissioner to the Supreme Court, Right To Food Campaign; Dr A.K. Shivakumar, Member, National Advisory Council and Prof. Shantha Sinha, Chairperson, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights. UNESCO and UNICEF are thankful to the advisory committee that was set up in April 2011, and under whose expert guidance the workshop benefited greatly, comprising the following members: Prof. Ram B. Bhagat, Professor and Head, Department of Migration and Urban Studies, International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai; Ms Anjali Borhade, Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Public Health - Delhi; Ms Brigitte Colin, UNESCO/UN-HABITAT Expert for Architecture and Cities; Ms Poornima Dore, Program Officer, Urban Poverty and Livelihoods, Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, Mumbai; Ms Marina Faetanini, Programme Specialist, Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi; Dr K. N. Jehangir, Ex-Director-Consultant, Indian Council of Social Science Research; Ms Ragini Saira Malhotra, Social Policy Consultant, UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi; Prof. Ravi Srivastava, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University; Ms Ramya Subrahmanian, Social Policy Specialist, UNICEF India and Ms Rukmini Tankha, Consultant, Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi.

The paper writers for the workshop deserve special mention, having contributed the substantive content through their research findings: Dr Indu Agnihotri, Deputy Director and Senior Fellow, Centre for Women’s Development Studies; Prof. Ram B. Bhagat, Professor and Head, Department of Migration and Urban Studies, International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai; Ms Anjali Borhade, Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Public Health - Delhi; Prof. Priya Deshingkar, Research Director, Migrating out of Poverty Research Programme Consortium, University of Sussex; Mr Rajiv Khandelwal, Director, Aajeevika Bureau; Dr Indrani Mazumdar, Senior Fellow, Centre for Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi; Dr Neetha N., Senior Fellow, Centre for Women’s Development Studies; Prof. Ravi S. Srivastava, Centre for Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University; Ms Amrita Sharma, Coordinator, Migration Resource Centre, Aajeevika Bureau and Prof. Ann Whitehead, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology, University of Sussex. UNESCO and UNICEF would like to thank all the participants, chairs, speakers, and panelists, who provided invaluable contributions: Mr Mashkoor Ahmad, PhD Student, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Mr Joaquin GonzalezAleman, Chief, Social Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi; Ms Hanna Baumann, Intern, UNESCO New Delhi; Ms Mridula Bajaj, Executive Director, Mobile Creches, New Delhi; Dr Umesh Chawla, Programme Analyst, HIV and Development Unit, United Nations Development Programme; Dr Shankar Chowdhury, National Professional Officer, HIV/AIDS Preventive Education, UNESCO New Delhi; Ms Priti Das, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Polio Unit, UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi; Mr Umi Daniel, Head, Migration Thematic Unit, Aide et Action, Orissa; Mr MarcAndré Gauthier, Intern, Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi; Mr Shantanu Gupta, Social Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi; Ms Karin Hulshof, Representative, UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi; Ms Garima Jain, Associate, Indian Institute for Human Settlements; Mr M.A. Jawaid, Deputy Director, Indian Council for Social Science Research; Ms Soumya Kapoor, Consultant, UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi; Mr Sanjay Kumar, National Programme Officer, Monitoring and Evaluation, UNFPA, New Delhi; Prof. Amitabh Kundu, Centre for Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University; Prof. Debolina Kundu, Associate Professor, National Institute of Urban Affairs; Dr Murali Krishna Madamanchi, Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF State Office for Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka, Hyderabad; Dr Kanchan Dyuti Maiti, Social Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, UNICEF, New Delhi; Ms Raphaële Ng Tock Mine, Research Associate, UNESCO New Delhi; Ms Ruth Mbithi, PhD Student, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Prof. Arup Mitra, Professor, Institute of Economic Growth; Ms Anuradha Nair, Social Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, UNICEF Office for Maharashtra, Mumbai; Ms Laxmi Narayan Nanda, Child Protection and HIV Specialist, UNICEF Odisha; Ms Sophie Nonnenmacher, Senior Regional Policy and Liaison Officer, International Organization for Migration (IOM), Bangkok; Mr Arvind Kumar Pandey, PhD Student, Jawaharlal Nehru University; Ms Iskra Panevska, Director and UNESCO Representative a.i. to Bhutan, India, Maldives and Sri Lanka; Mr Abani Mohan Panigrahi, Member Secretary,

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Lokadrusti; Mr Ranjit Prakash, Project Officer, Convergence Child Labour Project, ILO DWT for South Asia and Country Office for India; Prof. S. Irudaya Rajan, Professor, Research Unit on International Migration, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram; Ms Nidhi Ralhan, Programme Assistant, Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi; Mr Andrea Rossi, Regional Advisor Social Policy, UNICEF Regional Office South Asia, Nepal; Dr S. K. Sasikumar, Senior Fellow, V.V. Giri National Labour Institute; Dr Jessica Seddon, Head of Research, Indian Institute for Human Settlements; Mr Anis Rahman Siddique, Polio Coordinator, UNICEF Office for Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow; Mr Arbind Singh, Co-ordinator, National Association of Street Vendors of India; Prof. D. P. Singh, Professor, Centre for Research Methodology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai; Ms Kirti Mishra, Manager, CityMakers Programme, Indo-Global Social Service Society; Dr Kulwant Singh, Advisor, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT; Dr Nisha Singh, Deputy Director, Indira Gandhi National Open University; Dr Ranjit Sinha, Member-Secretary, Indian Council of Social Science Research; Dr P. Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development; Ms Smita, Director, Education Programme, American India Foundation; Dr P. K. Michael Tharakan, Vice-Chancellor, Kannur University, Kerala; Dr Gayathri Vasudevan, CEO, LabourNet Services India Private Limited, Bengaluru; Dr S.M. Verma, Assistant Director, Indian Council of Social Science Research and Dr Achyut Yagnik, Honourary Secretary, SETU, Centre for Social Knowledge and Action, Ahmedabad.

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Summary Report

Ram B. Bhagat Professor and Head Department of Migration and Urban Studies International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India

December 2011

Background The national workshop on ‘Migration and Human Development in India’ was jointly organized by UNESCO and UNICEF in collaboration with ICSSR and Sir Dorabji Tata Trust on 6–7 December 2011 in New Delhi. The issue of migration and human development is intimately related both within the national boundaries and across the national borders. However, studies on migration are increasingly undertaken on international migrants compared with internal migrants. It is now realized that the proportion of internal migrants – those who move within the national territory – is several times larger than those who move beyond national boundaries. According to the Human Development Report 2009, the number of those who moved across the major zonal demarcations within their countries was nearly four times larger (740 million) than those who moved internationally (214 million). Also, while the socio-economic factors associated with international

(cross-border) migration dynamics have been well documented, the processes of internal migration, within developing countries in particular, are not well understood. In India, internal migration has been accorded very low priority by the government, which is partly due to a serious knowledge gap on its extent, nature and magnitude. Migration patterns and dynamics intersect with two further developments in India’s current human development context: first ,with increasing urbanization, cities and towns face huge lack of basic amenities, lack of education and health facilities, high levels of poverty and socio-economic inequality, increasing environmental degradation and deepening social exclusion. Second, the expansion of rightsbased approaches (increasingly enshrined in law) to ensure that basic services are accessible to all citizens is a process in the making, transforming India’s social policy landscape from welfarism to rights-based development. These two emerging trends suggest the need to focus development of policy frameworks and practical strategies towards ensuring that all migrants have access to services and entitlements as enshrined in policies and law; and ensuring that urban settlements become inclusive spaces as they expand in size and diversity. But, a holistic approach is yet to be put in place that can address the challenges associated with internal migration in India and that can inform the design and implementation of sustainable policies and creative practices in order to protect the rights of migrants and engender positive human development outcomes.

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Local governments need to play a major role, not only in protecting and promoting migrants’ access to social services, but also in enabling migrants to become socially and politically active citizens. By developing inclusive urban policies and a rights-based approach that guarantee economic and social security and safeguard human rights, government authorities can work towards improving the inclusion of migrants in urban and other settings, while balancing economic development with a commitment to social inclusion and urban diversity and integration. Given the momentum that is gathering on the issue of internal migration in India, it is crucial that an evidence base informed by research and existing best practices for the improved inclusion of migrants in rural and urban settings is accorded due attention. The two-day UNESCO-UNICEF National Workshop, ‘Internal Migration and Human Development’, aimed to advance knowledge on internal migration in India. It addressed research gaps on the issue and uncovered areas for further research. The workshop highlighted existing creative practices and strategies, at the community level in particular, that are likely to inform policies designed to respond to the multiple challenges faced by internal migrants across the country. Emphasis was placed on examining the experiences and needs of the most vulnerable sections of the migrant population, with particular attention being given to the impacts of migration on the well-being of women and children. More specifically, the workshop aimed to increase visibility and recognition of internal migration in India, which has thus far remained a neglected government

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Summary Report

priority, in both policy and practice. It further aimed to develop a roadmap for the coordination of strategic interventions for a protective policy framework for internal migrants in India.

Introduction In the inaugural session, the Director and UNESCO Representative (India, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka), Ms Iskra Panevska, and UNICEF India Representative, Ms Karin Hulshof, emphasized the need to focus attention on the growing importance of internal migration within the national boundaries. They mentioned the Colombo Declaration on Social Protection Policies in South Asia, adopted during the UNESCO Forum of Ministers in Charge of Social Development from South Asia (20–22 February 2011, Colombo), and the commitment to provide social protection to the most neglected and vulnerable sections of society, including migrants. They pointed out that internal migrants are not homogeneous groups. Internal migrants belong to various social and economic strata and also have multiple and diverse identities that shape their conditions and experiences. However, a sizable group of migrants are vulnerable, face discrimination and exclusion and are in need of protection and safeguards. During the inaugural session, ‘Migrants: Voices of Delhi’s Silent Majority’, a UNESCO-UNICEF First City publication documenting profiles and interviews of migrants to Delhi over the last eight years from the archives of First City magazine, was released, which was appreciated by all participants. During the two-day workshop, 17 presentations by the experts covered issues relating to conceptual and empirical aspects and practices relating to internal migration in India. The important papers presented in the workshop related to the nature, magnitude and characteristics of migration; migration of women, children and other vulnerable groups; migration and health issues; migration in the context of urbanization; social protection of migrants; and creative practices for better inclusion of migrants. The two-day workshop was divided into six sessions. Two to three papers were presented in each session. After presentations, papers were thoroughly discussed and debated. Seventy-two national and international experts on internal migration, representing the government, civil society and UN organizations, attended the workshop. These papers examined the under-explored linkages between internal migration and human development; social protection; the rights and well-being of women and children; inclusive urbanization and migrants’ rights to the city; and urban policies and rights-based creative practices. The summary of the workshop is presented below in the following sections.

Nature, Types and Magnitude of Migration As per the 2001 Census, the total number of internal migrants was 309 million or nearly 30 per cent of the total population. Of these migrants, 70 per cent were

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women. Two thirds of the migrants (67.2 per cent) were rural migrants and 32.8 per cent were urban migrants. Male migrants were relatively more numerous in the urban stream. The NSS estimates 326 million migrants in 2007–2008 (28.5 per cent of the total population). Over time, the Census shows an increase in urban migration and in inter-state migration as well. Urban migration has become more male and employment oriented. On the other hand, there has been a growing trend in women’s migration that is largely ascribed to marriage-related or associational migration (migration due to movement of parents/earning members). Among women, about 90 per cent in rural areas and 60 per cent in urban areas reported marriage as the reason for migration in 2007–2008. There are conspicuous migration corridors within the country – Bihar to Delhi, Bihar to Haryana and Punjab, Uttar Pradesh to Maharashtra, Odisha to Gujarat, Odisha to Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan to Gujarat. In general, in-migration rates were higher in high-income states such as Haryana, Punjab, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and West Bengal, whereas low-income states such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Orissa and Chhattisgarh reported relatively higher rates of out-migration.

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In several papers, nature and types of migration were discussed. Also various doubts were raised, which were clarified during the discussion. All participants agreed that migration is a complex human process, which is multidimensional, and has varying interface with time and space. It is therefore extremely important to have clarity on the nature and types of migration. It is generally highlighted that migration is a form of spatial mobility that involves change of residence across defined administrative boundaries ranging from few months to several years. It can be permanent, semi-permanent or temporary for a variety of reasons, which may be involuntary or voluntary, or a mixture of both. Migration is distinguished from other forms of mobility such as travel and commuting which do not involve change of residence and therefore do not qualify to be called migration. Any change of residence across defined administrative boundaries within a national territory is called internal migration and across national borders is called international migration. It was emphasized that the nature of residential change, depending upon different time horizons defining migration, needs to be distinguished – i.e., in terms of permanent and semi-permanent change and temporary nature of change in residence. As such permanent and semi-permanent migration and temporary migrations are two different forms of migration which are measured based on two different definitions. Both the Census and NSS (National Sample Survey) employ place of last residence criteria to measure permanent and semi-permanent migration, whereas temporary migration is measured only by the NSS surveys. When temporary migration takes place during a specified season in a year, it is called seasonal migration (e.g., following agricultural cycles). It may be added here that all seasonal migrations qualify to be temporary migration but not all temporary migrations are seasonal in character. Temporary and seasonal migration is also called circular migration as it involves change in residence and travelling back and forth between place of origin and place of destination(s). However, practically all three terms – temporary, seasonal and circular migration – are used interchangeably and the same is found to be true in the different papers presented. The term ‘short

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Summary Report

duration’ is also used to denote temporary/seasonal and circular migration in some papers while ‘long duration’ is used to signify permanent/semi-permanent migration. Migration could be analysed in terms of both stock and flows. The papers presented by various authors also analysed the flow of migration between rural and urban areas. These flows, known as streams of migration, are categorized as rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban and urban to rural flows of migration. Flows could also be based on distance or proxy of distance such as intra-district, inter-district and inter-state migration. The rural to rural migration is the predominant form of migration on account of female migration due to marriages, but employment as a cause for migration has shown an increasing trend, particularly in rural to urban and urban to urban streams. Based on available data, papers presented in the workshop have shown that there has been an increase in migration in recent years. The increase in migration has primarily occurred because of increased mobility of women along with increased rural to urban migration, particularly in the inter-state category. On the other hand, the rural to rural migration has shown a definite decline. Various papers have emphasized the need to make comparative studies of long-term permanent/semipermanent migration with short-duration /temporary migration. There was considerable difference of opinion on the size of temporary and seasonal migration. Estimates based on official statistics from the NSS show a magnitude of 14 to 15 million seasonal and temporary migrants (Srivastava; Bhagat) whereas data on workforce composition and field studies indicate that the size of temporary and seasonal migration might be as high as 100 million (Deshingkar and Sandi). It is generally agreed that the NSS has done a good job by incorporating temporary migration in the 55th round (1999–2000) and 64th round (2007–2008) and even the definition of the measurement of temporary migration has been refined. In the 64th round, a seasonal or temporary migrant is defined as ’the household member who has stayed away from the village/town for a period of one month or more but less than six months during the last 365 days, for employment or in search of employment’. In the 55th round, the minimum period of staying away from the household was two months, which has been reduced to one month in the 64th round, but this remains inadequate to measure if the cycle of temporary and seasonal migration is more than six-months duration and also in case the entire household has migrated. On the other hand, the Census does not collect data on temporary and seasonal migration separately. Serious doubts have been raised regarding the definition and estimates of temporary, seasonal and circular migrations used in National Sample Surveys. Although there has been some improvement in the measurement of seasonal and temporary migration over the NSS rounds, it remains inadequate.

Migration and Livelihood Strategies People migrate for various reasons such as seeking employment, pursuing business or study, or because of marriages, etc. While some of the migration

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takes places for fulfilling aspirations of people with regard to rising education, increased skills and wage differentials between the place of origin and place of destination, some also takes place because of lack of employment, prevalence of poverty and increasing distress. On the other hand, migrants do take care of their families at the place of origin by sending remittances. Remittances are spent on mainly immediate consumption needs; however, evidence reveals that with rising incomes, remittances can encourage investment in human capital formation, particularly by enabling increased expenditure on health, but also to some extent for education (Srivastava). That migration takes place on account of both pull and push factors was a subject of repeated discussion. Migration arising out of push factors is matter of great concern, because it violates the economic and social rights enshrined in the Directive Principles and right to life as a fundamental right bestowed by the Indian Constitution.

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Several presentations showed that distress migration is primarily temporary and seasonal in character and dominated by the most poor and deprived sections of society, such as the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Castes (OBCs). Migrants are from among the poorest of the poor and landless households, and they predominantly migrate from rural to urban areas. Migration is mostly driven by distress circumstances and is a form of livelihood strategy for the rural poor. While the flow of seasonal migrants is predominantly directed towards urban areas (two thirds), the rural areas have the lower proportion of seasonal migrants (one third). Temporary and seasonal migrants mostly work in the construction sector, brick-kiln industry, salt pans industry and carpet-weaving and embroidery industry. They can also be employed in numerous activities in commercial and plantation agriculture, including sugar cane farming etc., and in a variety of informal sector jobs such as being vendors, hawkers, rickshaw pullers, daily wage workers and domestic servants in the urban areas. About one third of the out-migrants were employed in the construction industry, followed by agriculture (20.4 per cent) and manufacturing (15.9 per cent) (Srivastava). However, distress migration, which is predominantly temporary and seasonal in character, needs to be distinguished from permanent/long-duration migration by migrants generally employed in regular jobs. Natural calamities like floods and droughts, social conflict and riots are also other reasons of distress migration. There has been considerable overlap between distress and forced migration. While distress migration is a form of forced migration, not all forced migration takes place because of distress. The developmental projects like construction of roads, railways and dams etc., have displaced many people from their habitats. Though many of them received compensation, several of them lost their livelihoods and had no choice but to migrate. Thus, the nature of distress migration is complex. It is not only poverty induced but also driven by the forces of development and nature. However, it is obvious that these migrants need help, protection and safeguards at the place of destination as well as strategies to ameliorate the conditions of those left behind, the potential migrants, at the place of origin. The recent experiment

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Summary Report

of giving employment opportunities under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has had some impact on reducing the distress migration (remark by B.J. Panda, MP, Lok Sabha). The workshop noted that not everybody is able to migrate even under distress situations. Many persons were unable to migrate, because they were subject to starvation, disease and other poverty-induced conditions. Thus, it is through the route of migration that the poor find an opportunity for survival. As such, the agency of migration needs to be appreciated rather than condemned.

Rural to Urban Migration and Urban Development Strategies The development trajectory across countries shows that people are increasingly living in urban areas. More than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. In India, about one third (31 per cent) of the population lives in urban areas. The urban population was enumerated at 377 million in 2011, which is likely to increase to 600 million by 2030. India has about 8000 cities and towns, but 43 per cent of the urban population lives in only 53 cities that have a population of a million plus. These cities are centres of wealth and economic growth. It is found that not all million-plus cities are equally vibrant, but those with larger share of migrant population have been thriving compared with those with a low share of migrants. Although rural to urban migration has been an important component of urban growth, it is not the predominant factor contributing to urbanization. This has been a popular misunderstanding, which has created an apocalyptic view of rapid urbanization and a negative attitude towards migrants and migration. This unscientific view of urbanization and the contribution of migration to urban growth have influenced policymakers, government officials and urban inhabitants to view migration as needing to be restrained, discouraged and even controlled. However, contrary to popular view, it was demonstrated in this workshop that contribution of rural to urban migration towards urban growth was at the most found to be below one third of the total urban growth. The remaining factors, which are the major contributors towards urbanization, include natural increase, changes in the municipal boundaries and rural areas being converted into urban areas. Urban migrants are better represented among the better-off segments of the urban population (educationally and economically). But still about half the migrants are in the bottom six consumption deciles and work mainly as casual wage employed or as self-employed in the informal sector. The urban reality shows huge deprivations. This is nowhere better manifested than in the urban households. Twenty-five per cent of urban households have no access to drinking water within their premises, 22 per cent have no bathroom, 15 per cent have no access to a drainage facility and 11 per cent do not have any toilet facility (Bhagat). On the other hand, slums are an integral part of the cities. Owing to lack of housing, both migrants and non-migrants live in slums. It is also true that many rural migrants, being poor, live in slums. But,

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slums are not entirely the product of rural to urban migration, and urban poverty is not entirely the spillover of rural poverty (Mitra). Migrants’ contribution to the city has always been underestimated in spite of the fact that migrants provide cheap labour to the industrial sector and cheap services to the urban elites. On the other hand, migrants are blamed for all the woes of the city, and they are viewed with suspicion by the domiciled urban residents. However, this prejudice against migrants, particularly found in mega cities, is also the result of failure of urban and city planning and lack of involvement of people in planning and governance. Cities are bureaucratically planned and governed in spite of the 74th amendment to the Constitution, which makes provisions for the democratic and decentralized functioning and governance of the urban local bodies.

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Government policies and programmes are silent on the issues of migration and protection of the rights of migrants. This is evident in the Five Year Plan documents. Both the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012) and the Draft Approach Paper to the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017) recognize urban transition in a positive framework, yet no reference has been made to the issue of migration in these documents, let alone to the safeguarding of migrants’ rights in the city. It was pointed out in the workshop that urban development is a state subject in India, but the Centre formulates the various policies and programmes on urban development. Some of the recently formulated policies and programmes, such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), address the issues of the urban poor and slum dwellers, but they do not specifically consider the conditions of migrants in the cities, perhaps under the assumption that migrants and the poor are synonymous categories. While this may be partly true, this assumption has obstructed the mainstreaming of migration into the development strategies of the country. Issues such as denial of economic, political, social and cultural rights of migrants do not figure in our policy and programme documents. Further, there is no single ministry that deals with the issues of migration in India, though this is true for more advanced countries (Nonnenmacher). The workshop emphasized that migrants’ inclusion in the city assumes significance in order to build inclusive, livable and sustainable cities. From the human rights perspectives (Colin), the following specific international efforts have been highlighted for promoting migrants’ inclusion and their rights in the city: 1. 2. 3.

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UN World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 1995: ‘Build inclusive societies’. Habitat Agenda, 1996 – Declaration of Human Settlements, Istanbul: ‘Sustainable Urban Development’ (Environmental, Social, Economic & Cultural). UNESCO’s Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 2001; and Convention on the Protection and the Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, 2005; intercultural dialogue is the best tool to reach peace, and cultural diversity is our living heritage to humanize globalization. UN Agencies shift from Needs to Rights Based Approach to Development, New York – General Assembly, 2005.

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Summary Report

Some of the existing best practices with respect to inclusion of international migrants outside India were also mentioned. Very positive and encouraging results of cities networks such as OPENCities (British Council), Cities of Migration (Canada), Intercultural cities, F.E.M.P. (Federación Española de Municipios y Provincias), CLIP (Cities for Local Integration Policies), International Association of Educating Cities and UNESCO Coalition of Cities against Racism and Discrimination were stated as examples. It was also mentioned in the workshop that UNESCO in collaboration with Professors Marie Price and Elizabeth Chacko of George Washington University, USA, has developed a tool kit to facilitate migrants’ inclusion in cities. This should form the basis for elaborating methods to cope with the needs of migrants in the context of the realities of cities in India and elsewhere in Asia.

Migration of Children Migration of children has received little attention, although about 15 million children migrate either independently or with their parents/earning members of the households (Smita). There were two areas of discussion in the workshop with regard to child migration. One highlighted the agency of children who migrated independently. These migrant children do not perceive themselves as victims. Migration provides them an opportunity to exercise their own life choices and improve their prospects. Many of them are school dropouts, who were forced to seek work. The discussion pointed out that children’s agency in migration is a complex issue and from the point of view of policy interventions, it stands in contrast to the policy against child labour (Whitehead). However, in the Indian context, the trade-off between the limited agency that some child migrants have acquired and the state policy of viewing child labour as a bane is not yet understood clearly. Secondly, the seasonal, circular and temporary migrations affect children’s education hugely. Children are forced to discontinue school education and thus suffer from learning deficits. There are many children who migrate with their parents, but a majority of them are left behind (62 per cent). About one third of the children of migrant workers are unable to attend school (Agnihotri, Mazumdar and Neetha). Children work from the age of 6 to 7 years and become fully fledged labourers by the age of 12 years. There is no schooling facility at the work site, and because parents have no back up support to leave their children behind, the children are away for 7–8 months of the school year. Ironically, children are on the school rolls but effectively out of school. On their return, schools make re-entry difficult by demanding attendance, examination records, etc. As a result children slip into serious learning deficits and eventually drop out. The inter-state migration of children poses greater difficulty because of language barriers and different administrative set ups. Neither at the destination nor at the origin does the state provide support for the migrant children, in spite of the Right to Education Act passed by the parliament. Districts or states sending and receiving migrants need to work in collaboration and perhaps develop a joint planning and budget sharing between the migrant-sending and migrant-receiving areas. This requires tracking and mapping of migrants and

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their children and also active communication and cooperation between the states. However, where migrant parents are forced to take their children along with them, it would be better if children are retained in the source village in seasonal hostels/ residential camps (Smita). If not, they should be provided education at the place of destination. In this regard the experiments of Sakhar Shalas for sugarcane workers’ children run by Janarth, the Bhonga Shalas for brick-kiln workers’ children run by Vidhayak Sansad and Action et Aide Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan initiatives in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh are noteworthy. However, these are still small experiments, and to have any major impact, many more such initiatives are needed. Again there is a need to evaluate performance and explore ways of up-scaling (Deshingkar and Sandi).

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Migrant children also suffer from malnutrition and disease due to lack of immunization, since their parents are in perpetual, low-income, uncertain jobs that necessitate frequent shifts based on availability of work. Measles is found to be common among migrant children who have not been immunized. Children of migrant workers have a sixfold greater risk of mistreatment than children in the general population because of stress and tension in their families (Borhade). The existing central government guidelines allow all migrant children to avail of nutritional supplementation under the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) at destination cities irrespective of whether or not they are registered in the area. As a result, all migrant children can benefit from the childcare centre (anganwadi) services in or near where the migrants reside (nakas) (Borhade). Several presentations highlighted the serious data gap in respect to seasonal and temporary migration; this gap is even more with respect to migrant children. As a result, gaps in available data lead to corresponding gaps in policy and programmes.

Gender and Migration The nature and characteristics of female migration was a topic of intense debate in this workshop. Seventy per cent of the total migrants as shown by the Censuses and National Sample Surveys were women, whose migration was due to marriage and their subsequent moving from the place of their parental homes to the place of their husbands’ households in keeping with the long-established cultural practices of Indian society. A sizable proportion of women’s migration also takes place because they go as companions of male migrants, who primarily migrate for employment purposes. A very small proportion of women migrate primarily for economic reasons. However, there has been a significant increase in women’s migration, and this is not due just to marriage or associational migration. It appears that the statistical approaches do not adequately capture women’s agency in migrating for work and livelihood. Is this the reality or is it a statistical artefact? The answer lies in micro-level studies that show a contrary picture of huge temporary and circular migration among women employed in various sectors of the economy like construction, domestic work, brick-kiln industry, sugar cane farming, and in the various informal sectors. In fact, temporary and circular migration appears to have gained ground further, and this is more so in women’s migration as seen

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Summary Report

in the increasing share of females in unorganized/informal sector jobs involving intermittent employment in both rural and urban areas. Participants in the workshop took note that while temporary and circular labour migration is a major phenomenon for men, this is equally true for women and for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and the poor. Economic distress resulting from the recent agrarian crisis has been the cause for temporary and circular migration of both men and women on an increasing scale. However, this is not adequately captured by the macro data sets. There are several other questions which arise with regard to the macro data on women’s migration. More importantly, the mono-causal explanation that is sought and offered for definitions of migration does not allow for the capturing of a full picture of the increasing scale, level and reasons for women’s migration, which arises from a more complex socioeconomic reality (Agnihotri, Mazumdar and Neetha). Many women whose reasons for migration were reported as marriage or migrating with earning members of the households were part of the workforce. Given this complexity of the inter-linkages between family/marriage and work, marriage-related women’s migration needs deeper analysis and exploration. Further, changes that have come about over the last two decades, with shifts in development policy and paradigms, require more specific and sensitive questioning of emerging social processes than in the decades before the 1990s. These have significant, diverse and complex implications for social processes that determine women’s position by undermining their value and agency. Migration is one such area which hides more than it reveals.

Migration and Social Protection The Government of India is committed to the social protection of the poor and vulnerable, as has been enshrined in the Constitution. Social protection measures are viewed as a set of public measures evolved by the state to meet its national and international obligations to eliminate poverty, deprivation and extreme vulnerability. Social protection must be used in conjunction with the objective of progressive realization of basic socio-economic rights of citizens to protect themselves against exploitation, poverty and deprivation. However, the success of social protection depends upon achievement by some of the most vulnerable sections of society, which include the poorer strata of internal migrants (Srivastava). The workshop brought out that seasonal and circular migrants under distress circumstances need social protection because they belong mostly to the poor strata, have low skills, no assets and are engaged in mostly irregular jobs. On the other hand, migrants with assets and skills are usually employed in regular jobs of long duration, and their migration is of a permanent or semi-permanent nature. Such migrants can defend themselves against the uncertainties and various risks at the destination areas. Seasonal and circular temporary migrants are much more likely to enter the migrant labour market through contractors/middlemen from whom they have

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taken an advance and are therefore more likely to be involved in debt-interlocked migration cycles. These migrants participate in very diverse migration streams. Migration could take place for a few days or for a few months each time. They could participate in several short migration cycles or just one in a year. Migrants could migrate to diverse locations, relatively distant or close, rural or urban. The migration streams could consist of men only, women only, or men and women with children and even the elderly. The more vulnerable participants in migration (women, children, and the elderly) require special social protection measures, both when they migrate and when they are left behind (Srivastava). The government has recently expanded the scope of various entitlements to the poor and vulnerable groups under different development and social security programmes. Most of the expanded social security programmes relate to food, education, health and housing entitlements for beneficiaries to avail at the place of origin. This has created a situation of denial of rights to migrants at the place of destination. The problem is intense for the seasonal and temporary migrants who keep on moving back and forth between the place of origin and place of destination. They also lack identity and residential proof at the place of destination, and as a result they become socially invisible and non-citizens, and they lose their entitlements under social protection. Because of their highly mobile nature, seasonal and circular migrants get excluded from the scope of both urban and rural policy designs.

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Migrants cannot establish their local identity and a ration card is usually their first step towards acquiring any urban entitlement. However, a ration card requires proof of residence, which migrants are unable to provide for their temporary addresses. This is where intermediaries step in and may facilitate the acquisition of ration cards, but at a cost. Getting a Below Poverty Line (BPL) card is a much more difficult enterprise, since the number of such cards is limited and very few migrants eventually acquire one. Seasonal migrants have even less locus standi in the destination areas and hence enjoy even less possibility of acquiring a local ration card. One may ask why migrants need to acquire a local identity for a programme for which the major costs are borne by the national government. This is because government schemes operate through a system of local registration (at the Public Distribution System shop) on the basis of a more generalized list and on the basis of differentiated entitlements which vary from state to state (Srivastava). The participants of the workshop expressed repeated concerns about the portability of benefits of various government schemes for social protection of migrants. Migrants’ identity and residential proof was pointed out to be a serious issue for their exclusion. In this respect, the work of some civil society organizations such as Aajeevika Bureau in issuing photo identity cards to migrants was highlighted. This simple yet powerful innovation has resulted in securing the identity of a mobile and vulnerable population. The identity solution has gone beyond a mere proof of introduction. It has become a gateway to services such as financial inclusion, pension and communication. The card has also been used by workers left out of the voter list at the source. The most important contribution is the visibility that the

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Summary Report

card has been able to give to a vulnerable population who otherwise remain largely invisible in an urban scenario. In addition to issuing of identity cards, Aajeevika Bureau also supports migrants through Migrant Resource Centres and Labour Help‑Lines (Khandelwal, Sharma, Varma). The recent initiative of the central government of providing Unique Identity (UID) cards, known as Aadhaar,1 also came up for intense discussion during the workshop. It was pointed out that the National Coalition for the Security of Migrant Workers, a coalition of over 20 organizations working with migrant workers, has signed an MOU with the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to work on various issues for the inclusion of migrant workers in the Aadhaar scheme. The Coalition has accepted that the Aadhaar will be an important pillar for the inclusion of migrants and creation of entitlements for them. However, the progress of work has reportedly been very slow. Some of the participants also pointed out that that Aadhaar links each migrant to only one address, whereas many seasonal and temporary migrants are multi-locational. This problem needs to be sorted out to make Aadhaar more effective for the inclusion of seasonal and circular migrants to access the benefits of social security programmes. Further it was stressed that the issuance of identity cards alone will not ensure entitlements. Entitlements can accrue to migrants only if social security programmes are made portable.

Migration and Health There are multitude of factors that affect the health of migrants including inadequate nutrition, poor housing conditions, hazardous occupational conditions, lack of access to health care services and a low level of awareness. Exclusion of migrants from access to health services is a very serious issue. On the other hand, public health services are not available and private health services are too costly to be used. The living and working conditions of migrants are often dirty, dangerous and degrading. There is a non-availability of water and sanitation facilities at the work sites and because of poor nutritional intake and hard working conditions, migrants are exposed to risks of various diseases like malaria, diarrhoea, hepatitis, typhoid, tuberculosis, etc. Migrants are six times more likely to get tuberculosis as compared with the general population. Although many are treated under the Revised National Tuberculosis Programme (RNTCP), default cases are high because of migration. Duplicate card has been introduced under RNTCP to address the default cases due to migration, but much more effort is required to address tuberculosis among migrants, such as sensitization of health providers on migrants’ special health needs and motivating migrants to go for regular treatment (Borhade). Women migrant workers face the health risks of prolonged standing, bending, overexertion, poor nutrition, exposure to pesticide/chemicals and stringent work conditions, which

1. The mandate of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is to issue every resident a unique identification number linked to the resident’s demographic and biometric information, which they can use to identify themselves anywhere in India and to access a host of benefits and services. The number (referred to until now as the ‘UID’) has been named Aadhaar, which translates into ‘foundation’, or ‘support’.

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contribute to increased risk of spontaneous abortion or premature delivery, foetal malformation and growth retardation or even abnormal postnatal development. Lack of toilet facilities at work places also causes health problems such as chronic urinary infections. Migrants face greater risks of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDs (Bhagat). This is because of lack of awareness, particularly among those single migrants who engage in sexual behaviour without any protective measures. According to NFHS, the prevalence of HIV infections among migrant men was 0.55 per cent compared with 0.29 per cent among non-migrant men (Borhade). The registration for Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) is applied only to the BPL categories of households at the place of origin. Migrants at the place of destination in most cases are neither able to reap the benefits of health insurance schemes nor are they provided with health insurance by their employers. On the other hand, as many migrants are poor, they increasingly face greater risk of impoverishment because of out of pocket health care expenditure.

Legal Protection of Migrants

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Most migrants work in the informal sector, devoid of social security and legal protection. There are no specific laws except the Inter-state Migrant Workmen‘s Act (1979) for regulating the conditions of migrants. This law, however, is poorly implemented. The Building and Other Construction Workers Act2 (1996) is an umbrella legislation, which came about as a result of pressure by unions and civil society organizations. However, the notification of the Act by state governments has been a very slow process. The fund is financed through a cess on building and other construction work, and workers who are registered are entitled to receive a number of welfare benefits. However, registrations are tardy and benefits handed out are low, and the funds remain unused. A principal flaw in the Act is that it treats construction workers as immobile and does not provide for locational or even inter-sectoral mobility. One possible solution would be to simultaneously allow for expenditures on shelters, mobile health units, skill development and so on, which can collectively benefit the class of construction workers. A comprehensive legislation known as the Unorganised Workers Social Security Act, 2008, was also passed by the parliament but it incorporated a diluted and fragmented social security approach to unorganized workers (Srivastava). Labour laws in India, including those that apply to migrant workers, are complex and often, at cross-purposes. The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) has recommended a simplification of these laws. On the issue of implementation, the existing labour relations environment in the country and the weakening of the labour administration have resulted in even

2. The Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996, aims to provide for regulation of employment and conditions of service of the building and other construction workers as also their safety, health and welfare measures in every establishment which employs or employed during the preceding year ten or more workers.

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Summary Report

weaker proactive enforcement than in the past. Most of the labour laws are poorly implemented, and this problem exists for the entire spectrum of unorganized workers, where migrants are in preponderance. The huge deficit of officials in the Labour Ministry at the state level was also noted in the workshop, and this has hampered the inspection and implementation of labour laws in the country.

Political Inclusion, Citizenship and Migration Since citizenship rights are residence based requiring documentary proof of identity and local residence, migrants face barriers in accessing and availing of social protection schemes and public services, which thus hamper their ability to claim basic socio-economic and political rights. The ideology of regionalism, as seen in the ‘sons of the soil’ movement that favours employing local workers over migrant workers also increases the vulnerability of migrants. The workshop discussions brought out that not everybody is a distress migrant in urban areas, but the ‘sons of the soil’ tirade against migrants in some of the cities has intensified vulnerability of migrants, along with their economic vulnerability. This has led to political, economic, social and spatial exclusion of all categories of migrants within the cities (Bhagat). It was further pointed out that migrants are not a homogeneous group and are divided along ethnicity, religion, language, caste, and economic status. As a result, migrants manifest differentiated vulnerabilities within the cities, and any policy and programme should take note that mere protection against economic vulnerability will not be adequate. The denial of the rights of migrants within the city has been taking place in spite of the fact that the Constitution of India guarantees the right to move and settle in any part of India as a fundamental right under Article 19 of the Constitution. Several participants in the workshop pointed out that this is a mere de jure right because its realization as a de facto right is yet to be achieved in the true sense of the term. Many migrants are not able to vote as their names are not included in the voter list at the place of destination (Khandelwal, Sharma, Varma). Thus, many migrants are politically disenfranchised. This is a serious issue which violates the constitutional right of migrants to vote. India is federal country of centre, states and local bodies. Migrants face political exclusion both directly and indirectly when they move from one state to another. This is true not only for distress seasonal and circular migration of short duration, but also for the permanent and semi-permanent migration of longer duration as well.

National Database and Statistical Exclusion of Migrants By excluding migrants who work in the unorganized sector, employment-related migration data from the Census and National Sample Survey invisibilize these migrants, whereas micro-level studies show a preponderance of migrant workers in the unorganized sectors. The statistical exclusion of women in the migration database is even more serious. It is true that as many women as men migrate

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for livelihood and employment, particularly in the seasonal and circular migration stream. However, more importantly, the national databases of migration, like the Census and NSS do not provide recent data on migration. The Census 2011 results on migration are not yet available and the last data provided by the NSS pertain to the year 2007–2008. Some of the participants also questioned the definition of migration employed in this database. However, it was clarified that both the Census and NSS provide migration data on stock of migrants rather than their movement. A migrant may move to several places in his/her lifetime or in a specified duration. It was suggested and stressed in the workshop that an independent mapping and tracking of labour migration might provide an alternative to statistical exclusion of labour migration data. It was further stressed that statistical exclusion is one of the reasons why migrants do not constitute a central concern in our policy and programmes. Participants pleaded for more research in the areas of migration. There is inadequate research on the impact of migration on the place of destination of migrants. This is essential in view of the negative portrayal of the effect of migration on urbanization. There are several positive contributions of migrants which go unnoticed; research on this can help to improve the relationship between host and migrant society. Research also needs to focus on the impact of migration on the elderly population, in view of their being left behind when their children migrate. Finally, how climate change could induce or force migration is an emerging area of future research.

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Recommendations from the Researchers

Ram B. Bhagat Professor and Head Department of Migration and Urban Studies International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India

These Recommendations from the Researchers are based on the research papers presented and subsequent deliberations made at the UNESCO-UNICEF National Workshop on ‘Internal Migration and Human Development in India’ held on 6–7 December 2011.

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There is need for a coherent policy framework on migration which could facilitate migration by choice. While this policy should remove barriers to migration, at the same time, it should protect vulnerable migrants though legal, political and economic means.

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Perspectives on internal migration need to have a rights-based thrust for migrants, ensuring basic entitlements, citizenship rights, access to civic

amenities and residential security. An inclusive development focus that enables political, economic, social, cultural and spatial inclusion of migrants needs to be promoted.

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India being a federal country should take cognizance of the increasing interstate migration and the means to deal with it through additional budgetary allocation to the migration-receiving state and by taking steps to remove domicile-based discrimination to ensure equal opportunity to migrants.

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Policy documents, such as the Draft Approach Paper to the Twelfth Five Year Plan, the JNNURM and City Development Plans, need to address issues of internal migration in a comprehensive and focused manner.

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Migration is an issue that cuts across various ministries at both the central and state levels. Role of various ministries should be specified so that protecting the rights of migrants and ensuring them equal opportunities can be effectively implemented.

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Portability of benefits of all central government schemes needs to be developed. Current laws and laws that are on the anvil (such as the National Food Security Act) should make explicit provision for migrants and portability of benefits.

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Registration of migrant workers and issuance of photo identity and/or smart cards can be undertaken in collaboration with civil society organizations and labour departments to enable migrants to access and avail social protection schemes and public services. This would be the first step towards establishing identity and imparting dignity to mobile populations.

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Migrants should be made aware of their legal rights and entitlements, job opportunities, and nature of contracts, problems that may arise in the journey or at the destination, possibilities of protection at each stage of the migration process and of agencies that provide help or support at the destination.

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Customized social security products for migrants remain underdeveloped and benefits of social protection programmes remain under-realized. Though there are attempts at ensuring benefits through construction worker welfare boards and the Unorganised Workers Social Security Act 2008, in practice, these are far from being implemented.

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The Inter-state Migrant Workmen’s Act, 1979, legislation needs to be redrafted to respond to the rising incidence and complexity of inter-state migration. Labour laws covering migrants should be simplified and effectively implemented. Minimum conditions of work and minimum wages should be ensured for migrants and to this end a comprehensive legislation needs to be considered.

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Recommendations from the Researchers

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Migrant Resource/Assistance Centres in major source and destination areas may be set up, to provide information and counselling for migrants, including training and placement, to ensure better integration in urban labour markets.

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Night shelters and short-stay homes/ seasonal hostels, providing seasonal and temporary accommodation for migrant workers can be arranged.

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For migration-prone communities, to alleviate the negative impacts on education, the academic calendar can be made to correspond with migratory seasons, including realigning vacations and ensuring multilingual schools. Systems to transfer credits for children from schools at source to schools at destination can be devised, to prevent disruptions in academic continuity.

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Innovative measures to enable better health care utilization by migrants may be devised, so migrants, despite their temporary tenure of stay, do not feel alienated from government health systems at the destination.

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There is a need to ensure financial services to migrants, especially to enable promotion of savings and to facilitate secure transfer of remittances.

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Vulnerable migrant streams and civil society organizations working on their behalf can use their collective strength to mobilize and pressurize sending and receiving states into creating a Special Task Force for migrants to negotiate with employers, contractors and the government.

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Distress migration may be alleviated by ensuring sustainable livelihood opportunities, increased access to land, common property resources, social and physical infrastructure and governance institutions in source states, including strengthening programmes such as MGNREGA, the Food Security Act and creating opportunities for access to credit.

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Annexure

Concept Note Introduction UNESCO and UNICEF are partnering to organize a national workshop on ‘Internal Migration and Human Development in India’ in New Delhi to be held on 6 and 7 December, 2011.

UNESCO and Migration The aim of the Migration and Urbanization Programme is to promote urban policies and creative practices that respect human rights of migrants, contribute to peaceful integration of migrants in cities and improve the quality of their participation in the municipal management. UNESCO contributes with UN-HABITAT to the creation of more inclusive cities, as a follow-up to the Copenhagen World Summit for Social Development of 1995. Our strategy involves strengthening the link between research and policymaking, contributing to advocacy and policy dialogue and stimulating innovative thinking to contribute to social cohesion and cultural diversity in urban settings.

As part of its ongoing advocacy efforts about migration, from July to December 2011, UNESCO will be chairing the Global Migration Group (GMG)3, a United Nations inter-agency group which intends to adopt a coherent, comprehensive and coordinated approach to the issue of international migration.

UNICEF and Migration UNICEF’s mission is to advocate for the protection of children’s rights, to help meet their basic needs and expand their opportunities to reach their full potential. Guided by the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the belief that the survival, protection and development of children are universal development imperatives that are integral to human progress, UNICEF is committed to ensuring special protection for the most disadvantaged and vulnerable children, including migrant children and those affected indirectly by processes of migration. In this context, UNICEF advocates for the visibility of children in national (and international) migration policy agendas, situating this advocacy within a rights-based framework informed by the principles enshrined in the CRC, which obligate state parties to ‘recognise the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development’,4 and to‘…protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation including sexual abuse.’ 5

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Workshop Context The rights of international migrants are enshrined in legal instruments and conventions such as the UN Declaration on Human Rights, UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948), UNESCO’s Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001), and the UN International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (2003). In addition, governments have been informed by the work of UN-HABITAT Global Campaign for Good Urban Governance ‘The Inclusive City’ (1999). While the socio-economic factors associated with international (cross-border) migration dynamics have been well documented, processes of internal migration, within developing countries, in particular, are not as well understood. In India, internal migration has been accorded very low priority by the government, partly on account of a serious knowledge gap on its extent, nature and magnitude. As per the 2001 Census, the total number of internal migrants was 309 million or nearly

3. GMG is an inter-agency group bringing together heads of agencies to promote the wider application of all relevant international and regional instruments and norms relating to migration comprising 14 organizations that are actively involved in international migration and related issues – ILO, IOM, OHCHR, UNCTAD, UNDESA, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNITAR, UNODC, UN Regional Commissions and the World Bank. 4. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 27 5. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 19

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Annexure  |  Concept Note

30 per cent of the total population.6 However, due to empirical and conceptual difficulties in measurement, migration flows are often grossly underestimated.

Migration patterns and dynamics intersect with two further developments in India’s current human development context: first, rapid urbanization and the growth of second-tier cities and towns, wherein increased levels of migration cause cities to face many socio-economic and environmental challenges that exacerbate urban poverty and intensify inequalities in access to income and services, thereby deepening social exclusion. Second, the expansion of rights-based approaches (increasingly enshrined in law) to ensure that basic services are accessible to all citizens is a process in the making, transforming India’s social policy landscape from welfarism to rights-based development. These two emerging trends suggest the need to focus development of policy frameworks and practical strategies towards ensuring both that all migrants have access to services and entitlements as enshrined in policies and law; and ensuring that urban settlements become inclusive spaces as they expand in size and diversity.

Moving from Policy to Practice Ensuring that processes of urban development are socially equitable is the focus of a recently launched network of Indian NGOs, united under the umbrella of the National Coalition of Organizations for the Security of Migrant Workers.7 Their work complements a range of efforts made by civil society, government and other actors in specific contexts to mitigate the adverse effects and risks of migration and strengthen the identity and visibility of migrant workers and their families. However, a holistic approach is yet to be put in place that can address the challenges associated with internal migration in India and can inform the design and implementation of sustainable policies and creative practices in order to protect the rights of migrants and engender positive human development outcomes. Local governments need to play a major role, not only in protecting and promoting migrants’ access to social services, but also in enabling migrants to become socially and politically active citizens. By developing inclusive urban policies and rights-based service delivery institutions that guarantee economic and social security and safeguard human rights, government authorities can work towards improving the inclusion of migrants in urban and other settings by balancing economic development with a commitment to social inclusion and urban diversity and integration.

6. Figures on internal migration as per Census 2001, based on place of last residence and taking smaller units such as villages and towns as geographical demarcation, cited in R. Bhagat (2011) ‘Internal Migration in India: Are the Underclass More Mobile?’ in S. Irudaya Rajan (ed.) Migration, Identity and Conflict – India Migration Report 2011 (New Delhi: Routledge) 7. The mission of the Coalition, comprising close to 30 civil society organizations across the country, is to collaborate and lobby for better services, protection and security for the millions of underserved migrant workers in India. They are currently engaging in a number of initiatives such as drafting a national policy on migration, ensuring extension of social security for migrant workers and increasing state-level visibility and recognition of the migration issue and its impacts.

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Given the momentum that is gathering on the issue of internal migration in India, it is crucial that there should be an evidence base informed by research and existing best practices for the improved inclusion of migrants in rural and urban settings.

Workshop Objectives The two-day UNESCO-UNICEF National Workshop, ‘Internal Migration and Human Development’, will advance knowledge on internal migration in India, address research gaps on the issue, and uncover areas for further research. The workshop will highlight existing creative practices and strategies, at the community level in particular, that can inform policies designed to respond to the multiple challenges faced by internal migrants across the country. Emphasis will be placed on examining the experiences and needs of the most vulnerable sections of the migrant population, with particular attention being given to the impacts of migration on child well-being and women.

Specific objectives

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Increase visibility and recognition of internal migration in India, which has thus far remained a neglected government priority, in both policy and practice;

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Disseminate evidence-based research, experience and practices, as well as initiatives in law and urban planning that can strengthen migrants’ rights and responsibilities;

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Promote understanding of the vulnerabilities faced by children in the context of family migration and independent migration and identify policy gaps and strategies that can address these vulnerabilities;

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Draw the attention of policymakers towards the urgency to protect and promote migrants’ rights and ensure their social inclusion in the cities;

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Develop a roadmap for the coordination of strategic interventions for a protective policy framework for internal migrants in India.

Outcomes

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Advance knowledge on undocumented research areas on internal migration in India in order to support the design of better informed inclusive rural and urban policies;

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Promote existing policies and creative practices that increase inclusion of all sections of the migrant population, particularly children and women, in the life of the city;

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Raise awareness on the need to prioritize internal migration in policymaking;

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Annexure  |  Concept Note

•

Advocate for a better integration of the topic of internal migration in India in the international development agenda.

Presentations and Papers A number of research papers (about eight approximately) will be commissioned to serve as the basis for the discussion of the Workshop to facilitate strengthened dialogue and debate between social science researchers, development practitioners and representatives of rights-based and community-based organizations. These papers will examine the under-explored linkages between internal migration and human development; social protection; the rights and well-being of women and children; inclusive urbanization and migrants’ rights to the city; and urban policies and rights-based creative practices. Papers will include: - Overview Paper - Internal Migration in India: Trends, Challenges and Prospects - Migration and Social Protection: The Missing Link - Migrants and the Right to the City - Children’s Agency, Autonomy and Migration - Creative Practices and Policies for Better Inclusion of Migrants - Migration and Human Development in India: New Challenges and Opportunities - Gender and Migration - Migrants’ (Denied) Access to Health

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Agenda Tuesday 6 December 2011 09:30 – 10:00

Registration

10:00 – 10:45

Inaugural Session Chair: Dr Ranjit Sinha, Member-Secretary, Indian Council of Social Science Research Opening Remarks: Ms Iskra Panevska, Director and UNESCO Representative a.i. to India, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka; Ms Karin Hulshof, UNICEF India Representative

10:45 – 11:15

Key Note Address: Internal Migration in India: Features, Trends and Policy Challenges Chair: Dr Ramya Subrahmanian, Social Policy Specialist, UNICEF India Presentation: Prof. Ravi Srivastava, CSRD, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University

26 11:15 – 11:30

Tea/Coffee Break

11:30 – 13:00

Session 1: Internal Migration and Human Development Chair: Prof. S. Irudaya Rajan, Chair Professor, Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs Research Unit on International Migration, Centre for Development Studies, Kerala Presentations: Internal Migration and Human Development: New Challenges and Opportunities, Prof. Priya Deshingkar, Research Director, Migrating out of Poverty, Research Programme Consortium, University of Sussex; Migration, Livelihood, Wellbeing and Upward Mobility, Prof. Arup Mitra, Institute of Economic Growth Panelists: Dr S. K. Sasikumar, Senior Fellow, V.V. Giri National Labour Institute; Prof. D.P. Singh, Centre for Research Methodology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences

13:00 – 14:00

Lunch Break

14:00 – 15:30

Session 2: For a Better Inclusion of Migrants in theCity Chair: Mr Harsh Mander, Member, National Advisory Council, and Director, Centre for Equity Studies Presentations: Migrants’ (Denied) Right to the City, Prof. Ram B. Bhagat, International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai; Migrants Inclusion in the Cities: Innovative Urban Policies and Practices, Ms Brigitte Colin, UNESCO/UNHABITAT Expert for Architecture and Cities Panelists: Mr Rakesh Ranjan, Director (Housing and Urban Affairs), Planning Commission; Dr Kulwant Singh, Advisor, UN-HABITAT; Dr Jessica Seddon, Head of Research, Indian Institute for Human Settlements

15:30 – 16:00

Tea/Coffee Break

16:00 – 18:00

Session 3: Social Dimensions of Migration: Prospects and Challenges Chair: Dr A.K. Shivakumar, Member, National Advisory Council and Advisor UNICEF Presentations: Migration and its Impact on Children’s Education, Ms Smita, American India Foundation (AIF); Children’s Agency, Autonomy and Migration, Prof. Ann Whitehead, Emeritus Professor of Anthropology, University of Sussex; Gender and Migration, Dr Indu Agnihotri, Dr Indrani Mazumdar and Dr Neetha N. Pillai, Centre for Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi Panelists: Dr Achyut Yagnik, Honorary Secretary, SETU, Centre for Social Knowledge and Action, Ahmedabad; Mr Shankar Chowdhury, National Professional Officer, HIV/AIDS Preventive Education; Dr Gayathri Vasudevan, CEO, LabourNet Services, Bangalore

19:00 – 21:00

Dinner hosted by UNICEF (departure by bus at 18:15)

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Wednesday 7 December 2011 09:30 – 11:30

Session 4: Making Public Policy Work for Migrants Chair: Prof. Amitabh Kundu, Centre for Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University Presentations: Social Protection and Migration: The Missing Link, Prof. Ravi Srivastava, Jawaharlal Nehru University; Mainstreaming of Migrants into National Development Planning; Ms Sophie Nonnenmacher, Senior Regional Policy and Liaison Officer, IOM Bangkok; Migrants Rights, Citizenship and Entitlements, Dr Kamala Sankaran, Associate Professor, Delhi University Panelists: Mr Abani Mohan, Lokadrusti, Orissa; Mr Indu Prakash Singh, Technical Advisor, CityMakers Programme, Indo-Global Social Service Society (IGSSS)

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11:30 – 11:45

Tea/Coffee Break

11:45 –13:15

Session 5: Making Migrant Inclusion a Priority: Practical Examples Chair: Mr. Andrea Rossi, Regional Advisor Social Policy, UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia Presentations: Creative Policies and Practices for Better Inclusion of Migrants, Mr. Rajiv Khandelwal, Director, Aajeevika Bureau; The Case of Migrants’ (Denied) Access to Health, Ms Anjali Borhade, Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Public Health‑Delhi Panelists: Ms Mridula Bajaj, Executive Director, Mobile Crèches;

13:15 – 14:15

Lunch Break

14:15 –15:15

Session 6: Learning and Sharing: Findings from Recent Meetings on Migration Chair: Marina Faetanini, Programme Specialist, Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Annexure  |  Agenda

Panelists: Ms Amrita Sharma, Coordinator Migration Resource Centre, Aajeevika Bureau (Political Inclusion of Migrant Workers and their Access to Basic Services, 10 –11 March 2011, Lucknow); Ms Poornima Dore, Program Officer, Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts (National Consultation on Migration, 8 August 2011, Mumbai);Ms Garima Jain, Indian Institute for Human Settlements; Ms Anjali Borhade, Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi (India Urban Conference, 17–20 November 2011, Mysore); Mr Umi Daniel, Head, Migration Thematic Unit, Aide et Action, Orissa (National Workshop on Child Migration, Education and Protection, 29–30 November 2011, New Delhi) 15:15 – 15:30

Tea/Coffee Break

15:30 – 17:00

Closing Session: Policy Recommendations Towards a Better Inclusion of Migrants Chair: Dr Syeda Hameed, Member, Planning Commission, Government of India Presentation: For a Better Inclusion of Migrants: A Roadmap for India, Prof. Ravi Srivastava, JNU Panelists: Dr Ashok Sahu, Principal Advisor (Labour, Employment & Manpower), Planning Commission; Dr Naresh C. Saxena, Member, National Advisory Council and Commissioner to the Supreme Court, Right To Food Campaign; Shri B.K. Sinha, Secretary, Ministry of Rural Development; Shri B.J. Panda, Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha); Prof. Shantha Sinha, Chairperson, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)

17:00 – 17:15

Vote of Thanks

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List of participants 1.

Dr Indu Agnihotri

Deputy Director and Senior Fellow Centre for Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

2.

Mr Mashkoor Ahmad

PhD Student Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

3.

Ms Mridula Bajaj

Executive Director, Mobile Creches, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

4.

Prof. Ram B. Bhagat

Professor and Head Department of Migration and Urban Studies International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai E-mail: [email protected]

5.

Ms Anjali Borhade

Convenor, National Coalition of Organisations for Security of Migrant Workers and Assistant, and Professor, Indian Institute of Public Health - Delhi Email: [email protected]

6.

Dr Umesh Chawla

Programme Analyst HIV and Development Unit United Nations Development Programme Email: [email protected]

7.

Ms Brigitte Colin

UNESCO/UN-HABITAT Expert for Architecture and Cities, Paris, France Email: [email protected]

8.

Mr Umi Daniel

Head, Migration Thematic Unit Aide et Action, Jagamara, Bhubaneswar-Orissa Email: [email protected]

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9.

Ms Priti Das

Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Polio Unit, UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

10. Prof. Priya Deshingkar

Research Director Migrating out of Poverty Research Programme Consortium School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom Email: [email protected]

11. Ms Poornima Dore

Program Officer Urban Poverty and Livelihoods, Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts, Mumbai Email: [email protected]

12. Mr Shantanu Gupta

Social Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

13. Dr Syeda Hameed

Member Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

14. Ms Garima Jain

Associate Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS), New Delhi Email: [email protected]

15. Ms Soumya Kapoor

Consultant UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

16. Mr Rajiv Khandelwal

Director Aajeevika Bureau, Udaipur Email: [email protected]

17. Mr Sanjay Kumar

National Programme Officer Monitoring and Evaluation UNFPA, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

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18. Dr A. K. Shiva Kumar

Member National Advisory Council, and Advisor, UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

19. Prof. Amitabh Kundu

Professor, Centre for Study of Regional Development Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

20. Prof. Debolina Kundu

Associate Professor National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), India Habitat Centre, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

21. Dr Murali Krishna Madamanchi

Child Protection Specialist UNICEF State Office for Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka, Hyderabad E-mail: [email protected]

22. Dr Kanchan Dyuti Maiti

Social Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist UNICEF, New Delhi E-mail: [email protected]

23. Mr Harsh Mander

Member National Advisory Council, and Director, Centre for Equity Studies, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

24. Dr Indrani Mazumdar

Senior Fellow Centre for Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

25. Ms Ruth Mbithi

PhD Student Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

26. Prof. Arup Mitra

Professor Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi E-mail: [email protected]

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UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Annexure  |  List of Participants

27. Ms Anuradha Nair

Social Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, UNICEF Office for Maharashtra, Mumbai Email: [email protected]

28. Ms Laxmi Narayan Nanda

Child Protection and HIV Specialist UNICEF Odisha, Bhubaneswar Email: [email protected]

29. Ms Sophie Nonnenmacher

Senior Regional Policy and Liason Officer International Organization for Migration (IOM), Bangkok Email: [email protected]

30. Shri B.J. Panda

Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha and Member, Standing Committee on Urban Development and Consultative Committee on Human Resource Development New Delhi Email: [email protected]

31. Mr Arvind Kumar Pandey

PhD Student Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

32. Mr Abani Mohan Panigrahi

Member Secretary Lokadrusti Via-Khariar, District Nuapada, Orissa Email: [email protected]

33. Dr Neetha N. Pillai

Senior Fellow Centre for Women’s Development Studies New Delhi Email: [email protected]

34. Mr Ranjit Prakash

Project Officer, Convergence Child Labour Project, ILO DWT for South Asia and Country Office for India Email: [email protected]

35. Prof. S. Irudaya Rajan

Professor Research Unit on International Migration Centre for Development Studies Thiruvananthapuram Email: [email protected]

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36. Mr Rakesh Ranjan

Director (Housing and Urban Affairs) Planning Commission, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

37. Mr Andrea Rossi

Regional Advisor Social Policy, UNICEF Regional Office South Asia Kathmandu, Nepal Email: [email protected]

38. Dr Ashok Sahu

Principal Advisor (Labour, Employment & Manpower), Planning Commission, Government of India New Delhi Email: [email protected]

39. Dr S. K. Sasikumar

Senior Fellow V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida Email: [email protected]

40. Dr N.C. Saxena

Member, National Advisory Council and Commissioner to the Supreme Court, Right To Food Campaign, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

41. Dr Jessica Seddon

Head of Research Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS), New Delhi E-mail: [email protected]

42. Ms Amrita Sharma

Coordinator Migration Resource Centre Aajeevika Bureau, Udaipur Email: [email protected]

43. Mr Anis Rahman Siddique

Polio Coordinator UNICEF Office for Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Email: [email protected]

44. Mr Arbind Singh

Co-ordinator National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI), Delhi Email: [email protected]

45. Prof. D. P. Singh

Professor Centre for Research Methodology Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai Email: [email protected]

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UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Annexure  |  List of Participants

46. Ms Kirti Mishra

Manager CityMakers Programme,Indo-Global Social Service Society (IGSSS), New Delhi Email: [email protected]

47. Dr Kulwant Singh

Advisor United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT, Gurgaon Email: [email protected]

48. Dr Nisha Singh

Deputy Director, IUC, IGNOU Email: [email protected]

49. Prof. Shantha Sinha

Chairperson National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR), New Delhi Email: [email protected]

50. Dr P. Sivakumar

Assistant Professor Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development (RGNIYD) Email: [email protected]

51. Ms Smita

Director Education Programme, American India Foundation (AIF), New Delhi Email: [email protected]

52. Prof. Ravi S. Srivastava

Professor of Economics Centre for Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

53. Dr P. K. Michael Tharakan

Vice-Chancellor, Kannur University, Kerala Email: [email protected]

54. Dr Gayathri Vasudevan

CEO LabourNet Services India Private Limited, Bengaluru Email: [email protected]

55. Prof. Ann Whitehead

Emeritus Professor of Anthropology, School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom Email: [email protected]

35

56. Dr Achyut Yagnik

Honourary Secretary, SETU, Centre for Social Knowledge and Action, Ahmedabad Email: [email protected]

Organisers

36

57. Dr Ranjit Sinha

Member-Secretary Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi Email: [email protected]

58. Dr K. N. Jehangir

Ex-Director/ Consultant Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi Email: [email protected]

59. Dr S.M. Verma

Assistant Director Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi

60. Mr M.A. Jawaid

Deputy Director Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi Email: [email protected]

61. Ms Karin Hulshof

Representative UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

62. Mr Joaquin Gonzalez-Aleman

Chief, Social Policy, Planning, M&E UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

63. Dr Ramya Subrahmanian

Social Policy Specialist UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi E-mail: [email protected]

64. Ms Ragini Saira Malhotra

Social Policy Consultant UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

65. Ms Iskra Panevska

Director and UNESCO Representative a.i. to India, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka, New Delhi Email: [email protected]

UNESCO - UNICEF National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development in India  |  Annexure  |  List of Participants

66. Ms Marina Faetanini

Programme Specialist Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi Email: [email protected]

67. Dr Shankar Chowdhury

National Professional Officer, HIV/AIDS Preventive Education, UNESCO New Delhi Email: [email protected]

68. Ms Raphaële Ng Tock Mine

Research Associate UNESCO New Delhi Email: [email protected]

69. Ms Rukmini Tankha

Consultant Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi Email: [email protected]

70. Ms Nidhi Ralhan

Programme Assistant Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi Email: [email protected]

71. Mr Marc-André Gauthier

Intern Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO New Delhi Email: [email protected]

72. Ms Hanna Baumann

Intern UNESCO New Delhi Email: [email protected]

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NOTES:

Marina Faetanini Programme Specialist Social and Human Sciences (SHS) UNESCO New Delhi B 5/29 Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110 029, INDIA Phone: + (91) 11 26713000 Fax: + (91) 11 26713001/ 26713002 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unesco.org/newdelhi Ramya Subrahmanian Social Policy Specialist Social Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation UNICEF India 73 Lodi Estate New Delhi 110 003, INDIA Phone: + (91) 11 24690401 Fax: + (91) 11 24627521 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.unicef.in