Intensive Seminar - Inverters Be a solar expert
1. Functions
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5. AR-N-4105
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6. Reactive Power
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7. Energy management
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8. Backup
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SMA Solar Technology AG
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
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Seminar contents 1
Functions of a PV inverter
2
Topology of PV inverter
3
Working areas PV generator/inverter
4
Basics Plant design
5
N Code New C d off PPractice AR-N-4105 AR N 4105
6
Reactive Power
7
Intelligent Energy Management
8
Backup-System
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7. Energy management
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8. Backup
Functions of a PV inverter Technical requirements:
> Good system efficiency
Finding and keeping the MPP (maximum power point) Low disturbances in supply systems
> Easy function control
Access to operating data
Economic requirements:
> Reasonably priced in the system
Simple, robust design
> High reliability Requirements to the installation
SMA Solar Technology AG
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
Simple and quick installation
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8. Backup
Characteristic curves PV generator The operating point determines the output power of the PV generator Current A
= solar cell temperature
MPP
20
= 0 °C
40 60 80 100
V
Power
MPP M
W
20
= 0 °C
40 60 80 100
V SMA Solar Technology AG
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Characteristic curves PV generator The operating point determines the output power of the PV generator Current A
E = Solar radiation
MPP
E=1000 W/m2 800 W/m2 600 W/m2 400 W/m2 200 W/ W/m2
V
Power
W
MPP
V SMA Solar Technology AG
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String inverter with transformer
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String inverter with transformer Sunny Boy 2000HF/ 2500HF/ 3000HF AC change-over contact Rectifier
Transformer
Bridge
Step-up converter
Bluetooth
SMA Solar Technology AG
comm. Interfaces
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
Graphic display
Ground fault monitoring
Multifunction relay
Country settings via rotary switch
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Sunny Mini Central without transformer
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Multistring inverter without transformer
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Three-phase inverter without transformer
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Adjustment of PV generator and inverter I
Ipv
Upv
PV generator (array)
SMA Solar Technology AG
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
U
Inverter
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Working areas PV generator/inverter I
Ipv
Upv
PV generator (array)
U
Inverter
Th working The ki areas off a PV generator t and d an iinverter t are nott congruent!t! A better solution is:
> Over-dimensioning
(every operating point is possible) or
> Under-dimensioningg SMA Solar Technology AG
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Lowest MPP Voltage Case 1:
The PV generator has its MPP at a voltage below the minimum input voltage of the inverter Ipv p
Upv
Reaction: SMA Solar Technology AG
The inverter remains in operation and feeds the power delivered by the h PV generator at the h minimum input voltage l into the h grid. d IntensiveInverter-EN120910
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Flexible MPP range in case of SB3800 The minimum input voltage depends on the current value of the grid voltage! Minimum MPP voltage of the Sunny Boy 3800
N1 : N2 = ü
L
Minimum VM M MPP of the P PV generator
260 V DC
N
240 V DC
220 V DC
219 V
200 V DC
Flexible operating range
200 V 180 V DC
Examples: SB 1200 SB 1700 SB 2500 SB 3000 SB 3800
160 V DC
140 V DC 180 V AC
200 V AC
220 V AC
240 V AC
139 V...151 V 139 V...151 V 224 V...246 V 268 V V...291 291 V 200 V...219 V
260 V AC
Grid voltage
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Largest open-circuit voltage Case 2:
The PV generator has an open-circuit voltage which is higher than the maximum input voltage l off the h inverter. Ipv
Upv
Reaction:
SMA Solar Technology AG
Critical - inverter in danger ! Depending on the intensity of the overvoltage and the module temperature, the device might be damaged. damaged IntensiveInverter-EN120910
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Current /output limitation Case 3:
The PV generator could deliver a higher power than the maximum input power of the inverter. Ipv
Upv
Reaction:
SMA Solar Technology AG
The inverter remains in operation and feeds its maximum power into the grid. IntensiveInverter-EN120910
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Under-dimensioned inverter Example for an under-dimensioning:
Sunny Boy 3800 at a 5 kWp generator
Power ratio : Vp =
SMA Solar Technology AG
Input power of inverter Nominal power of PV generator
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
=
4600 W 5000 Wp
= 92 %
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Energy utilization Effectiveness of a PV plant with inverters with a different maximum power 99.3
99.9
100.0
96.7
Standa ardized energ gy yield [%]
91.2 83.2
Energy utilization factor
PV annual yield in MPP
Power ratio Vp SMA Solar Technology AG
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The efficiency Operating conditions of the inverter
> The efficiency indicates how effectively the inverter works.
Output power
=
Input power
PAC
=
PDC
> The efficiency depends on power and voltage voltage. > The weighted European efficiency
euro
= +
0.03 x 5% Pn
+ 0.06 x 10% Pn
+
0.13 x 20% Pn
30% Pn
+ 0.48 x 50% Pn
+
0.2 x 100% Pn
0.1
x
> assesses the partial load behavior for PV plants in Central Europe. This value is used to compare similar devices.
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Efficiency in partial load Efficiency of a Sunny Boy 3000 100
maximum efficiency: approx. 95 % at a nominal power of 50% Sunny Boy 3000
max. efficiency m y [%]
95
90
weighted g European p efficiency: y 93.6 % 85
80 0
10 0
20 0
30
40 0
50
60
70 0
80
90
100 00
110 0
Output power / nominal power [%] SMA Solar Technology AG
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Power-dependent course of efficiency Eta () of SB inverters with Uac = 230 V (const (const.)) 97 96 95 94 93
eta / %
92 91 90 89
SB5000TL
SB3000
88 87
SB2100TL 86 85 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
% of P nom SMA Solar Technology AG
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Efficiency of the Multi-String - Sunny Boy 5000TL-21
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Plant design: general > +70 °C:
MPP voltage
> min. input voltage inverter
> -10 °C:
open-circuit voltage
< max. input voltage inverter
> Power ratio is in the range between 90%... 100 % (Power ratio: input power inverter/peak power PV)
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Plant design: Multi-String systems > High efficiency can only be achieved with a high MPP voltage.
> Maximize string length (limitation: observe open circuit voltage at -10°C)
> Switch identical strings in parallel and if possible use only one input
> Avoid MPP voltages below 200 V
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Summary: PV plant design > Keep the solar cells out of shaded areas.
> If partial shadowing cannot be avoided: Limit the shadow to one string.
> Optimize alignment, if possible.
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Summary: PV plant design
Specific annual yield
< 1200 kWh/kWp
Supplementary charge of Power ratio
-------
~ 1200 … 1600 kWh/kWp
+5 %
> 1600 kWh/kWp
+ 10 %
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Summary: PV plant design
Derating causes
Supplementary charge of Power ratio
Inverter with heat sink
Inverter with Opticool
Ambient temperature ~ 30 °C Insolation ((800 W/m²) / )
+5 %
------
Ambient temperature > 40 °C Insolation (800 W/m²) W/m )
+ 10 %
------
Ambient temperature > 50 °C Insolation (800 W/m²) W/m )
+ 15 %
+5%
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Summary: PV plant design
PV Tracker
none
Supplementary charge of Power ratio
-------
one-axis
+5 %
two-axis
+ 10 %
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VDEW NS directive
2011-12-31
New Code of Practice AR-N-4105
VDE 0126 0126-1-1 11
Transition period of both directives are valid
SMA Solar Technology AG
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
2011-12 2-31
2011-08 8-01
VDE-AR-N-4105
Validity is mandatory since January 1st, 2012
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Core Topics of the New Code of Practice for PV Plants 1. Feed-in management > Active power output > Feed-in during overfrequency
2 Gridd support 2. > Reactive power supply from 3.68 kVA
3 Grid connection 3. > Unbalanced load limit > Three-phase current connection
4. Grid and plant protection > Integrated interconnection circuit breaker > Central interconnection circuit breaker
5. Proofs
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How does reactive power develop? > Inductive phase shifting reduces the grid voltage > Capacitive phase shifting increases the grid voltage
„In phase“ Pure active power cos = 1 SMA Solar Technology AG
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
Inductive shift Pure reactive power cos ≠1 32
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How does reactive power develop?
> Phase shift can naturally occur in two directions > It occurs when coils and capacitors are in the AC circuit – which is usually the case: > All engines and transformers have coils (for inductive shifts) > Capacitors (for capacitive shifts) are also commonly found > High voltage overhead lines can be seen as extremly long coils > Multi-conductor cables also function like a capacitor
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Calculation formulas
Phythagorean theorem S: apparent power P: active power Q: reactive power cos : power factor SMA Solar Technology AG
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Relieving grids and regulating voltage
> Existing phase shifts can be compensated through inverters > This reduces conduction losses and leads to the grid only beeing loaded with active power > The freed capacities can be used for transferring more active power > A Another h effect: ff C Capacitive i i or iinductive d i phase h shifting hif i iincreases or reduces d the h grid id voltage > Stabilizing the voltage by feeding in reactive power might be the most economical option
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Impact on the performance of the inverter cos = 1
Q
> S: apparent power > P: active power > Q: reactive power > cos : power factor
S = 11 kVA P = 11 kW
P
S = 100% P = 100%
P=S SMA Solar Technology AG
Q = 0 kVar
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
Q = 0%
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Impact on the performance of the inverter cos = 0,95
Q
> S: apparent power > P: active power > Q: reactive power S = 11 kVA
> cos : power factor Q = 3,6 kVar
P = 10,4 , kW
P
S = 100% P = 90%
SMA Solar Technology AG
IntensiveInverter-EN120910
Q = 44%
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Conclusion
> Providing reactive power through solar inverters is an important step für integrating photovoltaics into the grid control > Due to their mode of operation inverters are excellent for this
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Intelligent Energy Management & Self consumption
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Backup Systems – Self consumption > Generation and consumption of electricity without the use of storage systems:
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Backup Systems – Self consumption > Generation and consumption of electricity while using storage systems:
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How is Self-consumption Measured? – Meter Configuration
Inverter
PV generation meter
|
8. Backup
*
Previous meter configuration: f
Loads
PV array
7. Energy management
Grid feed-in meter
Purchased electricity meter
> PV self self-consumption consumption
= PV power generation
– Grid feed feed-in in
> Total power consumption
= Purchased electricity
+ PV self-consumption
> Self-consumption rate
= PV self-consumption
/ PV power generation
*acc. to German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW) supplement to technical connection requirements 2007 - § 33, paragraph 2 Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) 2009 SMA Solar Technology AG
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Optimizing Self-consumption within the Home
> Adjusting usage patterns > House management
> Intelligent control of household appliances based on generation and consumption of power > SMA multi-function f relay > Sunny Home Manager
> Using local storage systems > Sunny Backup
> Combinations of local storage systems and intelligent control units > Sunny Backup and Sunny Home Manager SMA Solar Technology AG
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SMA Multi-function Relay Provided as standard in > Sunny Boy 3000/4000/5000TL-20 > Sunny Tripower 10000/12000/15000/17000TL-10 > Optionally available in Sunny Boy 2000/2500/3000HF-30 > Range of usage > Fault relay F l iindicator di l > Temperature-based connection of an external fan > Switch between communication devices > If a specific power is exceeded, switch as follows > to a universally used signal > with a minimum switch-on time to connect loads Simple solution for automatically increasing self-consumption SMA Solar Technology AG
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SMA Multi-function Relay
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SMA Multi-function Relay
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Sunny Home Manager – System configuration
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Sunny Home Manager > Intelligent energy management in the household > Increasing self-consumption
> Comprehensive load management > Weather forecast for predicting the amount of solar power generation > Consideration of variable electricity tariffs > Adjusting power consumption in the household and to the energy supply in the power distribution grid
> Plant monitoring via Sunny Portal S hi i d plant l monitoring i i with i h communication i i > Sophisticated monitoring and inverter comparison
> Direct communication with intelligent domestic appliances (Miele SG)
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Sunny Home Manager – Optimization of Self-consumption > Display of the current self-consumption status > Recommended action for 24 hours in advance taking g into consideration PV generation forecast and electricity tariffs > Straightforward overview for customers who h can adjust dj t th theiri b behavior h i accordingly di l > Recommended actions result in increased yield due to increased self-consumption Self-consumption rate can be increased by up to 15 percent by adjusting consumption
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Sunny Home Manager – Transparency of Your Own consumption Pattern > Straightforward overview on generation, share of self-consumption, total consumption in the household > Quick overview on the yyield usingg figures g > Quick interface (live mode) for direct feedback when switching loads on and off The transparency allows you to adapt the consumption profile and helps saving energy costs*
*Reduce energy costs by approximately 10 percent points by analyzing your own consumption behavior (according to various studies) SMA Solar Technology AG
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Sunny Home Manager – Load Status and Analysis > Rapid and simple commissioning of the radiocontrolled sockets via Bluetooth® > Straightforward configuration in Sunny Portal using g a few parameters p for supporting pp g various device types > Transparency of the consumption behavior up t th to the d device i llevell b by measuring i power consumption > Automated, intelligent load control taking into consideration the current consumption and generation situation, PV generation forecasts and electricity tariffs Increase in self-consumption through automatic l d managementt load SMA Solar Technology AG
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Sunny Home Manager – Plant Monitoring in the Sunny Portal > Sophisticated plant monitoring with communication monitoring and inverter comparison > Display of the self-consumption self consumption information and recommended actions > Configuration of the Home Manager and radio-controlled sockets > Access to current energy information, also while on the go g > Comfortable operation via PC and smartphone Easy to use plant monitoring ensures yields
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Sunny Home Manager – Technical Information > Inverter communication:
SMA Bluetooth® Wireless Technology
> Sunny Portal communication:
10/100 Mbit Ethernet
> Max. number of devices:
16 Bluetooth® participants of which there is a max. of 12 iinverters t
> Meter interfaces:
3 S0 inputs and 3 D0 inputs
> Load control:
Up p to 10 radio-controlled sockets vvia Bluetooth®
> Power supply:
External plug-in power supply (100 V – 240 V AC; 50/60 Hz)
> Ambient temperature:
-25°C …+60°C
> Configuration:
Using Sunny Portal
> Accessories:
SMA radio-controlled sockets with Bluetooth® Sunny Portal Sunny Backup
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Increase in Self-consumption
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Backup Systems for Increasing Self-consumption
PV array
Loads
Sunny Backup
Inverter
PV generation meter
Purchased electricity meter
Grid feed-in meter
Grid operator
Battery
> Increase in self-consumption by approximately 25 percent thanks to Sunny Backup > Grid-parallel operation operation, "emergency emergency power system" system function remains intact SMA Solar Technology AG
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Increased Self-consumption Thanks to Intermediate Storage
Battery charge with PV energy
Battery discharge
> By using energy storage batteries, the PV energy generated during the day can be used in the evening and at night > Additional increase in self-consumption self consumption irrespective of it being stored for subsequent use > Self-consumption is shown in green + yellow SMA Solar Technology AG
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Backup Systems as an emergency power supply system > We are becoming increasingly dependent on electric current: heating, communications, ventilation, control systems ... > Many households now already have their own PV plant. The PV plant deactivates in th eventt off a power outage! the t ! > The Sunny Backup System takes over automatically the grid-replacement supply with the integrated PV plant!
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Backup Systems as an emergency power supply system > Use of the PV plant in the event of a power outage > At night, the loads are fed from the battery > There is no reduction in efficienc the PV efficiency
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Principle of a PV Backup System
PV feed-in meter
Grid outage
AS-Box
Consumption meter
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Let‘s be realistic and try the impossible! SMA Solar Technology AG
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