INTELLIGENCE. Origins of Intelligence Test What Is Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Genetic Influences
INTELLIGENCE Origins of Intelligence Test What Is Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Genetic Influences http://dove.ccs....
INTELLIGENCE Origins of Intelligence Test What Is Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Genetic Influences http://dove.ccs.fau.edu/~dawei/PSY
Origins of Intelligence Test zIntelligence Test ya method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Origins of Intelligence Test zMental Age ya measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet ychronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance ychild who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Origins of Intelligence Test zStanford-Binet ythe widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test xrevised by Terman at Stanford University
Origins of Intelligence Test zIntelligence Quotient (IQ) ydefined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 xIQ = ma/ca x 100)
yon contemporary tests it is the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
INTELLIGENCE Origins of Intelligence Test What Is Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Genetic Influences http://dove.ccs.fau.edu/~dawei/PSY
What is Intelligence? zIntelligence ycapacity for goal-directed and adaptive behavior yinvolves certain abilities xprofit from experience xsolve problems xreason effectively
What is Intelligence? zIQ is a score on a test yit is not something you have
zIs intelligence singular or multiple abilities? zDoes it relate to speed of brain processing?
Are There Multiple Intelligences? zFactor Analysis ystatistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test yused to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
zGeneral Intelligence (g) yfactor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities ymeasured by every task on an intelligence test
Are There Multiple Intelligences? zSavant Syndrome ycondition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill xcomputation xdrawing
Are There Multiple Intelligences? zSocial Intelligence ythe know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
zEmotional Intelligence zability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions zcritical part of social intelligence
Brain Function and Intelligence zPeople who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests Stimulus
Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
INTELLIGENCE Origins of Intelligence Test What Is Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Genetic Influences http://dove.ccs.fau.edu/~dawei/PSY
Assessing Intelligence zAptitude Test ya test designed to predict a person’s future performance yaptitude is the capacity to learn
zAchievement Test ya test designed to assess what a person has learned
Assessing Intelligence zWechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) ymost widely used intelligence test ysubtests xverbal xperformance (nonverbal)
Assessing IntelligenceSample Items from the WAIS VERBAL
PERFORMANCE
General Information Similarities Arithmetic Reasoning Vocabulary Comprehension Digit Span
Assessing Intelligence zStandardization ydefining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
zNormal Curve ythe symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes ymost scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve Number of scores
Sixty-eight percent of people score within 15 points above or below 100
Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points of 100
55
70
85
100
115
130
Wechsler intelligence score
145
Getting Smarter? IQ105 scores 100
zIntelligence test performance has been rising
95 90 85 80 75 70 1910
1930
1950
Year
1970
1990
Assessing Intelligence zReliability ythe extent to which a test yields consistent results yassessed by consistency of scores on: xtwo halves of the test xalternate forms of the test xretesting the same individual
zValidity ythe extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to
Assessing Intelligence zContent Validity ythe extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest xdriving test that samples driving tasks
zCriterion ybehavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict ythe measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence zPredictive Validity ysuccess with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict yassessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior yalso called criterion-related validity
Assessing Intelligence Football 10 linemen’s 9 success
Greater correlation over broad range of body weights
8 7 6 5
Little correlation within restricted range
4 3 2 1 0
180
250
Body weight in pounds
290
z As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes. z Therefore, the predictive power of aptitude tests scores diminish as students move up the educational ladder.
INTELLIGENCE Origins of Intelligence Test What Is Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Genetic Influences http://dove.ccs.fau.edu/~dawei/PSY
The Dynamics of Intelligence zMental Retardation ya condition of limited mental ability yindicated by intelligence scores below 70 yproduces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life yvaries from mild to profound
zDown Syndrome yretardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up
The Dynamics of Intelligence Degrees of Mental Retardation Level
Typical Intelligence Scores
Percentage of the Retarded
Mild
50-70
85%
May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
Moderate
35-49
10
May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops.
Severe
20-34
3-4
May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.
Below 20
1-2
Require constant aid and supervision.
Profound
Adaptation to Demands of Life
The Dynamics of Intelligence zCreativity ythe ability to produce novel and valuable ideas ycomponents of creativity xexpertise ximaginative thinking skills xventuresome personality xintrinsic motivation xcreative environment
INTELLIGENCE Origins of Intelligence Test What Is Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Genetic Influences http://dove.ccs.fau.edu/~dawei/PSY
Fraternal Siblings Unrelated reared individuals twins reared togetherreared together together
zThe most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
Genetic Influences zHeritability ythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes yvariability depends on range of populations and environments studied
Genetic Influences 0.35 Child-parent correlation in verbal ability scores
0.30 0.25 Children and their birth parents
0.20 0.15
Adopted children and their birth parents
0.10
Adopted children and their adoptive parents
0.05 0.00 3 years
16 years
Genetic Influences zThe Schooling Effect 118
IQ gains relative 115 to grade 4 baseline 112
Grade 6
109 Grade 5
106 103 100 97 110
Grade 4
115
120
125
130
135
Age in months
140
145
150
Genetic Influences zGroup differences and environmental impact Variation within group Variation within group
Seeds
Poor soil
Fertile soil Difference within group
Genetic Influences zThe Mental Rotation Test of Spatial Abilities Which two circles contains configuration of blocks identical to the one in the circle at left?
Standard
Responses
INTELLIGENCE Origins of Intelligence Test What Is Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Genetic Influences http://dove.ccs.fau.edu/~dawei/PSY
