INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE NOMENCLATURE GUIDELINES A method based on differences in electronegativities is used to name compounds. 1. Elements are named according to the name given to the corresponding atom on the Periodic Table. Example: Fe = iron; S = sulfur. 2. Mono-atomic cations obtain the same name as that given to the metal from which it was formed. Ca2+ = Calcium ion. Transition metal cations may be found in different oxidation states. The Stock notation is used to discriminate between different oxidation states. Hence, the oxidation state of the atom, given in Roman numerals in brackets, is included after the element name. Example iron: iron(II) and iron(III), or Fe(II) and Fe(III). 3. Mono-atomic anions will display the stem part of the element name + an affix -ide , example: C4− = carbide, Cℓ− = chloride and N3− = nitride. Poly-atomic anions are named according to a different system of rules (see 6 below). 4. Compounds which consist of only two different types of atoms are written in such a manner that the least electronegative (more electropositive) element is given first in the name or formula followed by the more electronegative element. The rules for ions will apply with the “cation” the least electronegative and the “anion” the more electronegative element. The “cation” will be given the name of the element on the Periodic Table and the “anion” the stem + ending ide as in points 2 and 3 above. Examples: Li3N = lithiumnitride, Al2O3 = aluminiumoxide, NaBr = sodiumbromide, KH = potassiumhydride, etc.). The corresponding acids are named accordingly, but with the exit -ic instead of ide and for hydrogen we use the abbreviation hydro; the word acid will be added to emphasize the acid property. Examples: HBr = hydrobromic acid , H2S = hydrosulfuric acid, etc. Trade names are often used for acids and may be confusing. 5. For covalent compounds the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nonaand deca- are used to designate the number of atoms of a certain kind in the compound. Examples: N2O5 = dinitrogenpenta-oxide, S2F10 = disulfurdecafluoride, etc,. 6. Oxo-anions (as such or in compounds) are named according to a different procedure. If the element is in its highest oxidation state for the group (groups 14, 15 and 16), the name is formed by combining a stem part of the element name + the affix -ate . This is seen as the parent name and other oxo-anions are deducted in a systematic manner by introducing different pre and affixes to the stem to indicate a central atom in a lower oxidation state (see the scheme below the table). Because of more possibilities for group 17 elements, the parent is taken as being in oxidation state +5 and for lower oxidation states the same rules apply as before, but for higher oxidation states a prefix per is added. Example: parent = stem + -ate (CℓO3¯ = chlorate) Cℓ(VII) in CℓO4¯ per + stem + ate = perchlorate) . Acids deducted from the oxo-anions are also named accordingly (table and scheme). The element name is sometimes rather used than the stem, -ic replaces -ate and -ous replaces -ite (compare 4 and below the table) and hydrogens are excluded, but acid is
added afterwards. Examples: sulfuric acid, chloric acid, chlorous acid, phosphoric acid etc,. 7. If hydrogen atoms as electropositive elements are included with oxo-anions in the same formula, the combined anion is named according to rules 2, 5 and 6. Examples: H2PO4− = dihydrogenphosphate; HSO3− = hydrogensulfite. Summary of system used in naming anions, oxo-anions and oxo-acids: Group 14 (4) C: carbC4−: carbide CO32−:carb(on)ate H2CO3: carbonic acid
Group 15 (5)
Group 16 (6)
Group 17 (7)
N: nitrN3−: nitride NO3− : nitrate HNO3: nitric acid
O: oxO2− : oxide
F: fluorF-: fluoride
P: phosphP3−: phosphide PO43− : phosphate H3PO4: phosphoric acid
S: sulfS2− : sulfide SO42− : sulfate H2SO4: sulfuric acid
Cℓ: chlorCℓ−: chloride CℓO3− : chlorate HCℓO3: chloric acid
As: arsenAs3− : arsenide AsO43− : arsenate H3AsO4: arsenic acid
Se: selenSe2− : selenide SeO42− : selenate H2SeO4: selenic acid
Br: bromBr− : bromide BrO3−: bromate HBrO3: bromic acid
Te: tellurTe2− : telluride TeO42− : tellurate H2TeO4: telluric acid
I: iodI−: iodide IO3− : iodate HIO3: iodic acid
Anions and oxy-acids (Group 7, n = 5; Group 6, n = 6; Group 5, n = 5) ON of X:
n+2
Oxo-anions:
per-stem-ate
Oxo-acids:
per-stem-ic-acid
n stem-ate stem-ic-acid
n-2 stem-ite stem-ous-acid
n-4 hypo-stem-ite hypo-stem-ous-acid
NAMES OF THE ELEMENTS Z
Symbol
English
Afrikaans
Z
Symbol
English
Afrikaans
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cℓ Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce
hydrogen helium lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon caesium barium lanthanum cerium
waterstof helium litium berillium boor koolstof stikstof suurstof fluoor neon natrium magnesium aluminium silikon fosfor swael chloor argon kalium kalsium skandium titaan vanadium chroom mangaan yster kobalt nikkel koper sink gallium germanium arseen seleen broom kripton rubidium stronsium yttrium sirkonium niobium molibdeen tegnesium rutenium rodium palladium silwer kadmium indium tin antimoon telluur jodium xenon sesium barium lantaan serium
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon francium radium actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium
praseodimium neodimium prometium samarium europium gadolinium terbium disprosium holmium erbium tulium ytterbium lutesium hafnium tantaal wolfram renium osmium iridium platinum goud kwik tallium lood bismut polonium astaat radon frankium radium aktinium torium protaktinium uraan neptunium plutonium amerisium curium berkelium kalifornium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrensium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium
NAMES OF IONS (alphabetical English names) Name (English)
Naam (Afrikaans) asetaat
acetate
amied
amide
ammonium
ammonium
arsenied
arsenide
arsenaat
arsenate
arseniet
arsenite
asied
azide
boraat
borate
boried
boride
bromaat
bromate
bromiet
bromite
karbied
carbide
karbonaat
carbonate
chloraat
chlorate
chloriet
chlorite
chromaat
chromate
sianaat
cyanate
sianied
cyanide
dichromaat
dichromate
diwaterstoffosfaat
dihydrogen phosphate
disulfied
disulfide
fluoried
fluoride
hidrasied
hydrazide
hidrasonium
hydrazonium
hidried waterstofkarbonaat (bikarbonaat) waterstofsulfaat
hydride hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) hydrogen sulfate
waterstoffosfiet
hydrogen phosphite
waterstoffosfaat
hydrogen phosphate
waterstofsulfied
hydrogen sulfide
waterstofsulfiet
hydrogen sulfite
Formule Formula CH3COO− NH2¯ NH4+ As3− AsO43− AsO33− N3− BO33− B3− BrO3¯ BrO2¯ C4− CO32− CℓO3¯ CℓO2¯ CrO42− NCO¯ CN¯ Cr2O72− H2PO4− S22− F− N2H3− N2H5+ H− HCO3− HSO4− HPO32− HPO42− HS− HSO3−
Name (English)
Naam (Afrikaans)
Formule Formula
hidronium (oksonium) hidroksied
hydronium (oxonium)
H3O+
hydroxide
hiperoksied
hyperoxide
hipobromied
hypobromite
hipochloriet
hypochlorite
hipojodiet
hypoiodite
jodaat
iodate
jodied
iodide
jodiet
iodite
nitraat
nitrate
nitried
nitride
nitriel
nitrile
nitriet
nitrite
nitrosiel
nitrosyl
OH− O2− OBr− OCℓ− OI¯ IO3− I− IO2− NO3− N3− NO2+ NO2− NO+ C2O42− O2− O3− BrO4¯ CℓO4¯ IO4− MnO4− O22− PO43− P3− SO42− S2− SO32− NCS¯ S2O32− I3−
oksalaat
oxalate
oksied
oxide
osonied
ozonide
perbromaat
perbromate
perchloraat
perchlorate
perjodaat
periodate
permanganaat
permanganaat
peroksied
peroxide
fosfaat
phosphate
fosfied
phosphide
sulfaat
sulfate
sulfied
sulfide
sulfiet
sulfite
tiosianaat
thiocyanate
tiosulfaat
thiosulfate
trijodied
triiodide
NAMES OF SOME COMMON COMPOUNDS Formula
Name (English) Naam (Afrikaans) Acids / Sure HCℓ (aq) hydrochloric acid soutsuur HF (aq) hydrofluoric acid hidrofluoorsuur HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid hidrobroomsuur HI (aq) hydroiodic acid hidrojoodsuur H2SO4 sulfuric acid swaelsuur H2SO3 sulfurous acid swaeligsuur HNO3 nitric acid salpetersuur HNO2 nitrous acid salpetrigsuur HCℓO4 perchloric acid perchloorsuur HCℓO3 chloric acid chloorsuur HCℓO2 chlorous acid chlorigsuur HCℓO hypochlorous acid hipochlorigsuur HBrO4 perbromic acid perbroomsuur HBrO3 bromic acid broomsuur HBrO2 bromous acid bromigsuur HBrO hypobromous acid hipobromigsuur H3PO4 phosphoric acid fosforsuur CH3COOH acetic acid asynsuur H2CO3 carbonic acid koolsuur Binary compounds / Binêre verbindings HBr hydrogen bromide waterstofbromied HCℓ hydrogen chloride waterstofchloried HF hydrogen fluoride waterstoffluoried H2S hydrogen sulfide waterstofsulfied Na2S sodium sulfide natriumsulfied NH3 ammonia ammoniak CaBr2 calcium bromide kalsiumbromied Ionic compounds with oxyanions and/or ammonia Ioniese verbindings met oksi-anione en/of ammoniak NaOH sodium hydroxide natriumhidroksied KMnO4 potassium kaliumpermanganaat permanganate Na2CrO4 sodium chromate natriumchromaat Na2S2O3 sodium thiosulfate natriumtiosulfaat FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate yster(II)sulfaat Fe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfate yster(III)sulfaat
Formula NH4Cℓ Na2SO4 Na2SO3 KNO3 KNO2 LiCℓO4 LiCℓO3 LiCℓO2 LiCℓO (NH4)2SO4 NaC2H3O2 Na2CO3 NaHCO3 KBrO4 KBrO3 Ca(BrO2)2 Ca(BrO)2 Na2Cr2O7 NO N2O NO2 N2O5 CO CO2 Na2O KO2 Na2O2 H2O2
Name (English) Naam (Afrikaans) ammonium chloride ammoniumchloried sodium sulfate natriumsulfaat sodium sulfite natriumsulfiet potassium nitrate kaliumnitraat potassium nitrite kaliumnitriet lithium perchlorate litiumperchloraat lithium chlorate litiumchloraat lithium chlorite litiumchloriet lithium hypochlorite litiumhipochloriet ammonium sulfate ammoniumsulfaat sodium acetate natriumasetaat sodium carbonate natriumkarbonaat sodium bicarbonate natriumbikarbonaat sodium hydrogen natriumwatersofkarbonaat carbonate potassium kaliumperbromaat perbromate potassium bromate kaliumbromaat calcium bromite kalsiumbromiet calcium hypobromite kalsiumhipobromiet sodium dichromate natriumdichromaat Oxides / Oksiedes nitrogen(II) oxide stikstof(II)oksied nitrogen monoxide stikstofmonoksied nitrogen(I) oxide stikstof(I)oksied dinitrogenoxide distikstofoksied nitrogen(IV) oxide stikstof(IV)oksied nitrogen dioxide stikstofdioksied nitrogen(V) oxide stikstof(V)oksied dinitrogen pentoxide distikstofpentoksied carbon monoxide koolstofmonoksied carbon dioxide koolstofdioksied sodium oxide natriumoksied potassiumhyperoxide kaliumhiperoksied sodium peroxide natriumperoksied hydrogen peroxide waterstofperoksied