International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2012

INITIATION OF SELECTION IN SENTUL NATIVE CHICKEN: TEN WEEKS GROWTH RATE SOFJAN ISKANDAR, B. GUNAWAN and H. RESNAWATI Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production PO Box 221 Bogor 16002 Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT Sentul chicken is one of native chicken breeds in Indonesia, which is originally raised by villagers in Ciamis district, West Jawa Province. Sentul chicken has specific grey plumage and medium fighting cock posture. The initiation of study on improving productivity of indigenous chicken in Indonesia, especially for growth rate has been carried out using 54 roosters and 164 hens of Sentul chicken (P 0). First selection (G0) was conducted using selection criteria of the highest 10 weeks bodyweight of male chicken, so it resulted in 16 G0 roosters and 64 G0 hens were mated artificially. Ten roosters and 20 hens randomly selected to be used as control population (C0). The fertile eggs of G0 and C0 were incubated in IRIAP facilities. The offspring (SF1 and CF1) were raised in colony cages placed inside the brooder building provided with heating lamps. Feed and drinking water were provided ad libitum. Results showed that the 10 weeks old male and female SF1 reached 1154 ± 170 g/bird and 953 ± 175 g/bird, respectively. Whilst the male and female CF1 were 1054 ± 141 g/bird and 936 ± 150 g/bird respectively. Ten weeks food consumption of SF 1 was 2602 ± 383 g/bird with feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 2.565 ± 0.364. The 10 weeks food consumption of CF 1 was 2649 ± 434 g/bird with FCR of 2.767 ± 0.410. The results showed that there was an increase in bodyweight of the offspring both selected and control population. Carcass and carcass cuts are also discussed. Key words: Sentul Native Chicken, Selection for Bodyweight

INTRODUCTION Attention and efforts of local poultry farmers and the government in the increasing the use of animal genetic resources, particularly local chicken, have been lately becoming serious issue in Indonesia. In addition, the bird flu out broken had been driving the people to take more cares in introducing more chickens from abroad. Moreover, absolute dependence to chicken importation would be creating food trap for the nation in the future. Sentul chicken is one of the 30 native-chicken breeds (Sartika and Iskandar, 2007). Sentul chicken was recognized as dual purpose breed dominated with grey plumage and had important role in the home economics of villagers in Ciamis district of West Java Province for egg and meat (Candrawati, 2007; Nataamijaya, 2005; Sartika et al., 2004). Therefore improvement of the breed would be beneficial for the production of national local chicken eggs and meat. The aimed of the experiment was to observe performance response of Sentul native chicken to selection for bodyweight of 10 weeks of age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Management of parent population (G0) There were 164 females and 54 males of base population (P0). The P0 actually was obtained from original population which was selected for grey plumage. Using criteria of the highest 10 weeks body weight with 50% intensity, selection was subjected to male birds to collect 64 hens and 16 cockerels as parent population (G0). Unselected control population birds consisted of 10 males and 20 females were also used in this experiment. Reproduction process was carried out using artificially insemination with sex ratio of 1 male to 4 females, while control population was carried out with pooled semen. All birds were confined individually in a single wire cage, placed in a concrete building and provided with sufficient ventilation and light. Mash commercial layer type of ration (17% crude protein with 2850 kcal ME/kg) and drinking water were provided ad libitum. Fertile eggs were collected for 7 days and the outer surface of each marked egg was rubbed with soft clothes wetted with

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International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2012

disinfectant solution and dried under room temperature before setting in the incubator. Every group of eggs of each hen was transferred to partitioned tray to have the hatched chicks separated from one mother hen to another. Management of the offspring (F1) After removing from the hatchery trays, the chicks were immediately vaccinated against Marek’s, Newcastle and Gumboro diseases. Ten chicks were wing-banded, weighed individually and transferred to a colony wire cage of 45 cm length × 40 cm width × 35 cm height. The colony cages were placed in a concrete brooder building, provided with sufficient heating bulb and ventilation. The chicks were fed starter commercial ration (22% crude protein with 3000 kcal ME/kg) up to 4 weeks of age, then during 5 – 8 weeks of age they were fed finisher commercial ration (20% crude protein with 2900 kcal ME/kg). During 9 – 10 weeks of age they were on mixed ration, consisted of finisher commercial ration and rice brand with the ratio of 3 : 1, with additional vitamin and mineral mixture of 0.2%. Drinking water was provided ad libitum in plastic bottles from the first day to six weeks of age, then continued in a U shape like container attached behind and along the array of the cages. Weekly individual body weight and grouped feed consumption were subsequently recorded. Twenty males and 20 females of 10 weeks of age of SF1 or CF1 were randomly picked for further carcass and carcass cut analysis. Data were analyzed subsequently with appropriate tool of statistical analyses of Steel and Torrie (1981), and computing process was using SAS software (SAS, 1996).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Parent populations All selected birds used in this experiment had a grey plumage. The males were having cushion or strawberry type of comb and the females were cushion, pea or strawberry type of comb. Number of birds used in this experiment is presented in Table 1. Hens and cockerels selected for the based population were originally obtained from the flock available in the IRIAP and flock obtained from Ciamis district area (Susanti et al., 2009). Following phenotypic selection for grey feather, the average 10 weeks body weight of base population were 801 ± 117 g and 708 ± 122 g, respectively for male and female. It was slightly higher than the unselected original batch of 742 g (Susanti et al., 2009), consisting of four different colors (grey, white, brown and black). The slight increase of bodyweight did not seem to be due to the unintended selection, but it could be the distribution of the data, which was however, still in the area of normal population. Sartika et al. (2010) reported that the variation of ten weeks body weight of Sentul native chicken was influenced by the hatching time. Over consecutive five hatches the lowest 10 weeks bodyweight was 554 g/bird, whilst the highest was 836 g/bird (Iskandar et al., 2010). However parent population were slightly higher than the base population by 22 g/male bird and 67g/female bird and it were higher by 36 g/male bird and 67 g/female bird. Those differences were actually showing a variation of 10 body weight in one generation.

Table 1. Average body weight of base and parent population of Sentul native chicken Generation Base population (P0) Parent population (G0) Control population (C0)

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Sex

Number of birds (birds)

Body weight (g/bird)

Male

54

801 ± 117

Female

164

708 ± 122

Male

16

833 ± 74

Female

64

775 ± 101

Male

10

797 ± 127

Female

19

708 ± 108

International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2012

considered as initiation of developing the native chicken for commercial meat type that was expected to increase both in body weight and feed efficiency.

The first offspring Growth performance Growth performance of the first offspring of G0 of Sentul native chicken regardless color of feathers and type of comb is presented in Table 2. In comparison with the control population (CF1), selected birds (SF1) showed a greater 10 weeks bodyweight. However feed conversion ratio (FCR) of selected birds was lower than of control birds. This actual decrease in FCR of about 0.202 kg feed/ kg increase in bodyweight might have been an impact of selection for bodyweight, which was considerably high compared to its unselected based population FCR (4.18) as reported by Susanti et al. (2009). However, as reported by PYM (1985) upon broiler chicken after 12 generations selected for weight gain from 5 – 9 weeks of age, reduced male and female FCR by 0.28 and 0.37 on an age basis, and by 0.69 and 0.77 on a weight basis. For some reason, Schmidt et al. (2006) failed to show that selection for bodyweight in two Brazilian commercial chickens could increase feed efficiency. Eventually our experiment was just

Carcass performance Carcass and carcass cuts of the first offspring of G0 were presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Both female and male showed carcass and carcass cuts values were slightly lower or higher than their control population was. This was showing that selection for one generation did not so much influencing carcass trait. Especially for empty carcass, SF chicken was lower than those of South African native chicken (Marle-Köster and Webb, 2000) and Thailand indigenous chicken (Jaturasitha et al., 2006). Whole breast (with bone) of SF1 chicken was very much the same with lighter thighs and drumsticks as those reported in Thailand native chicken (Jaturasitha et al., 2006). In comparison of SF1 with other country native chicken would be influenced by the environment, however, it would fair instead of comparing with modern chicken.

Table 2. Average body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of SF1-Sentul native chicken regardless sex, feather color and comb type Number of birds (birds)

DOC body weight (g/bird)

SF11)

441

29 ± 2

CF1

140

29 ± 2

Generation

10 weeks body weight (g/bird) 1046 ± 80 961 ± 163

Feed consumption (g/bird/10 weeks)

Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

2602 ± 383

2.565 ± 0.364

2649 ± 66

2.767 ± 0.410

1)

SF1 = The first offspring of G0 Sentul native chicken; CF1 = The first offspring of control population (C0)

Table 3. Carcass and carcass cuts of the first offspring of G0 and of C0 Sentul native chicken selected for 10 weeks bodyweight Number of birds (birds)

Empty carcass (g/kgBW1))

Whole breast (g/kgBW)

Thighs (g/kgBW)

Drum sticks (g/kgBW)

SF12)

20

CF13)

20

614.61 ± 219.50

168.53 ± 1.40

128.65 ± 22.87

110.74 ± 9.20

623.73 ± 211.91

175.19 ± 24.37

129.13 ± 26.76

109.11 ± 7.56

SF1

20

706.96 ± 127.63

169.27 ± 12.74

125.86 ± 13.78

111.18 ± 7.89

CF1

20

714.21 ± 20.12

170.33 ± 12.20

119.92 ± 8.18

126.57 ± 49.56

Female

Male

1)

2)

3)

BW = Body weight; SF1 = The first offspring of G0 Sentul native chicken; CF1 = The first offspring of control population (C0)

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International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2012

Table 4. Fresh weight of wings, liver, gizzard, abdominal fat pad and shank with foot of 10 weeks old the first offspring of G0 Sentul native chicken Number of birds (birds)

Two wings (g/kg BW1))

Liver (g/kg BW)

Gizard (g/kg BW)

Abdominal fat pad (g/kg BW)

Shanks with foot (g/kg BW)

SF12)

20

96.82 ± 12.90

20.48 ± 5.79

22.35 ± 4.81

22.00 ± 10.82

48.56 ± 8.77

CF1

20

97.79 ± 7.88

18.62 ± 4.53

20.18 ± 3.81

20.53 ± 10.61

46.57 ± 7.85

SF1

20

96.72 ± 5.99

17.62 ± 3.49

18.50 ± 3.35

17.01 ± 9.29

49.67 ± 5.36

CF1

20

96.66 ± 4.61

20.15 ± 4.59

21.70 ± 4.56

16.52 ± 10.12

50.21 ± 4.26

Female

Male

1)

BW = Body weight;

2)

SF1 = The first offspring of G0 Sentul native chicken; CF1 = The first offspring of

control population (C0)

Distribution of plumage The female of adult Sentul native chicken has specific grey plumage with black stripe at the edge of the feather. The cockerel’s plumage varies with red, green and orange color on the neck, wings and tail. However, it was assumed that there was blood contamination by other breeds; since the keeping of the Sentul native chicken was scavenge around the backyard of the villager’s houses. Plumage was the first identity of the purity of Sentul native chicken. The offspring (SF1) plumage of Sentul native chicken is shown in Table 5. Observation was carried out to 441 chicks of 10 hatches. Distribution of the feather color would give the breeder to choose what color that the market would more prefer, whilst the temporarily not preferred colors would be collected as basic population for future genetic poultry resources. Other phenotype characters such as body structure, comb appearance height of leg, the length of neck and structure of the head would be further observed in order to have pure bred of Sentul native chicken.

Table 5. Variation in plumage of offspring (SF1) of Sentul native chicken Parameters Average (chicks) Broken White Grey

Stan. dev.

(%)

(chicks)

(%)

99

39.60

± 5.13

± 8.72

220

5.50

± 3.19

± 2.84

BrownRed

30

16.50

± 3.16

± 4.81

Black

92

22.38

± 4.34

± 5.13

Number of chicks

441

Hatches: 10 times REFERENCES

CONCLUSION

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Sentul native chicken had considerable potential to be selected as local chicken for meat type. Specific phenotype characteristics could be developed for selecting the chicken to be pure bred.

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International Conference on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology 2012

Jaturasitha, S., T. Srikanchai, M. Kreuzer and M. Wicke. 2008. Differences in carcass and meat characteristics between chicken indigenous to Northern Thailand (Black-Boned and Thai Native) and imported extensive breeds (Bresse and Rhode Island Red). Poult. Sci. 87(1): 160 – 169. Marle-Köster E.V. and E.C. Webb. 2000. Carcass characteristics of South African native chicken lines. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 30(1): 53 – 56. Nataamijaya, A.G. 2005. “The native chicken of Indonesia”. Bull. Plasma Nutfah 11(1): 1 – 5. Pym, R.A.E. 1985. Direct and correlated responses to selection for improved feed efficiency. Br. Poult. Sci. 1985: 97 – 112. Sartika, T., S. Iskandar, T. Susanti, S. Sopiyana, D. Zainuddin dan A. Udjianto. 2007. Karakterisasi dan Koleksi Ayam Lokal Spesifik (Characterisation and collection of local specific chicken). Laporan Akhir. Balai Penelitian Ternak. 47 p.

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