CS 113 / INF 125 Computer game Development

History • Games – Gaming dates back almost 5,000 years

History • Games – Gaming dates back almost 5,000 years • Senet (5000 BC)

History

History • Games – Gaming dates back almost 5,000 years • Ur (3000 BC)

History • Games – Gaming dates back almost 5,000 years • Senet (5000 BC) • Ur (3000 BC) • Ludus duodecim scriptorum

History • Games – Gaming dates back almost 5,000 years • Senet (5000 BC) • Ur (3000 BC) • Ludus duodecim scriptorum • Wei-Qi (Go) (2000 BC)

History • Games – Gaming dates back almost 5,000 years • • • • •

Ur (3000 BC) Senet (5000 BC) Ludus duodecim scriptorum Wei-Qi (Go) (2000 BC) Tabula / Backgammon

History • Games – Gaming dates back almost 5,000 years • • • • • •

Ur (3000 BC) Senet (5000 BC) Ludus duodecim scriptorum Wei-Qi (Go) (2000 BC) Tabula / Backgammon Chess (500s)

History • Games – Gaming dates back almost 5,000 years • • • • • • • •

Ur (3000 BC) Senet (5000 BC) Wei-Qi (Go) (2000 BC) Tabula / Backgammon Dice (700 BC) Chess (500s) Tarot (1430s) Dungeons and Dragons (1977)

History • Pinball – Bagatelle – Montegue Redgrave (1871) – Where did the money come from? – Arthur Paulin / Whiffle Board (1930) – David Gottlieb / Baffle Ball (1931) – Ray Moloney / Ballyhoo (1931) – David Rockola – Harry Williams

History • Pinball – Legs (1932) – Tilt (1934) – Contact (1934) – Split between ‘novelty’ and ‘payout’ – Pop bumper (1936) – Pinball outlawed in NYC (1942) – Humpty Dumpty / Flippers (1947)

History • Pinball – Super Jumbo / Multiplayer (1954) – Balls-a-Poppin’ / multiball(1956) – First match option (1957) – Flipper / Award additional ball (1960) – Freedom / First solid state(1976) – Pinball ban overturned in NYC (1976) – Gorgar / Voice (1979) – Columbia Pictures closes Gottlieb (1984) – Checkpoint / Dot matrix display (1991)

Pinball • Culture and technology represented rebellion

Pinball • Culture and technology represented rebellion

Pinball • Culture and technology represented rebellion

History • 1889 – Marufuku Company, Fusajiro Yamauchi

• 1947 – Development of the transistor – Domestic licensing / Foreign availability

• 1952 – Dick Stewart / Ray Lemaire / Service Games

• 1956 – Formation of Shockley Semiconductor

• 1957 – Fairchild Camera and Instrument

History • 1958 – Brookhaven National Laboratory – William Higginbotham – Tennis for Two

Willie Higginbotham

Tennis for Two

Tennis for Two

History • 1958 – Brookhaven National Laboratory – William Higginbotham – Tennis

• 1949 – EDSAC

• 1952 – Crosses and Naughts (Xs and Os)

EDSAC

EDSAC (Crosses and Naughts)

EDSAC (Crosses and Naughts)

History • 1962 – Steve Russell – MIT / PDP-1 – Spacewar

• 1965 – Still Spacewar, Still PDP-1, University of Utah – Nolan Bushnell

History • 1966 – Ralph Baer / Brown Box

The Brown Box • 1966 – Ralph Baer / Brown Box – Sanders / RCA – Magnavox (1970)

The Brown Box

Ralph Baer

Office at the Smithsonian

History • 1966 – Ralph Baer – Sanders / RCA – Magnavox (1970)

• 1968 – Sumer, aka Hammurabi (PDP-8)

• 1969 – Lunar Lander (PDP-8)

History • HERE ARE THE RULES THAT GOVERN YOUR SPACE VEHICLE: (1) AFTER EACH SECOND, THE HEIGHT, VELOCITY, AND REMAINING FUEL WILL BE REPORTED. • (2) AFTER THE REPORT, A ‘?’ WILL BE TYPED. ENTER THE NUMBER OF UNITS OF FUEL YOU WISH TO BURN DURING THE NEXT SECOND. EACH UNIT OF FUEL WILL SLOW YOUR DESCENT BY 1 FT/SEC. • (3) THE MAXIMUM THRUST OF YOUR ENGINE IS 30 FT/SEC/SEC OR 30 UNITS OF FUEL PER SECOND. • (4) WHEN YOU CONTACT THE LUNAR SURFACE, YOUR DESCENT ENGINE WILL AUTOMATICALLY CUT OFF AND YOU WILL BE GIVEN A REPORT OF YOUR LANDING SPEED AND REMAINING FUEL. • (5) IF YOU RUN OUT OF FUEL, THE ‘?’ WILL NO LONGER APPEAR, BUT YOUR SECOND BY SECOND REPORT WILL CONTINUE UNTIL YOU CONTACT THE LUNAR SURFACE.

History • 1969 - 1971 – Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, Syzygy – Spacewar again, Ampex, and Nutting Associates – Computer space – Public reaction • Insert quarter and press start; your rocket ship will appear • There is no gravity in space; rocket speed can only be changed by engine thrust • Evade the saucers’ missiles and use yours to score hits • Outscore the saucers for extended play in hyperspace

History • 1972 – – – – –

Magnavox Odyssey Atari Al Alcorn Pong Colossal Cave Adventure

• 1973 – – – –

Good year for coin-ops Bad year for the home console Kee games Gotcha

History • 1974 – – – –

Tank Gran Trak 10 Gun Fight Bob brown / Tom Quinn / Pong

• 1975 – – – –

Sears New Magnavox Odyssey General Instruments Connecticut Leather Company

History • 1976 – – – – – –

Apple Death Race 2000 Breakout Coleco Telstar Fairchild VES (Channel F) Stella

• 1977 – – – – –

Atari sold to Warner Communications / Atari VCS RCA Studio II Odyssey 2 (Planned) Coleco Telstar Mattel Sports

History • Atari VCS – Capabilities – Chip structure – Cartridge limitations – Black & white / color – Color cycling – Controllers

History

History

History • 1977 – The first crash – Why? – Who were the casualties? – Apple II / Commodore PET / Tandy TRS-80

• 1978 – Warner / Atari vs. Bushnell / Keenan – Ray Kassar – The new Atari

History • 1978 – Midway / Taito – Space Invaders – Odyssey 2 rerelease – Atari Basketball – Cinematronics Spacewar – Bally Professional Arcade – Atari 400 / 800

History • 1978 – Midway / Taito – Space Invaders – Odyssey 2 rerelease – Atari Basketball – Cinematronics Spacewar – Bally Professional Arcade – Atari 400 / 800

History • 1979 – – – – – –

Akalabeth Last Atari pinball / First Atari computers Lunar Lander / Asteroids Galaxian Cinematronics On-line systems (Sierra on-line) / Infocom

• 1980 – Atari Space Invaders – Broderbund – Adventure

History • Adventure – First adventure / quest game – First multiple room game – First character inventory – First Easter egg – Evidence of divide between employees and company

Adventure

History • 1980 – Atari Space Invaders – Mattel Intellivision – Activision • Crane, Whitehead, Miller, Kaplan • Former Atari Designers • Organizational / Development approach • Cut significantly into Atari’s revenue and sales – Battlezone / Defender / Rally-X / – Impact of arcades (75000 man hours, 20 billion quarters) – Nintendo Game and Watch – Broderbund

David Crane

History • 1981 – Atari Missile Command / Asteroids – VIC 20 – Wizardry, Ultima, Castle Wolfenstein – Bill Grubb / Dennis Koble / Imagic – Pat Roper / Ed Salvo / Apollo Games – Tempest – Donkey Kong – Namco…

History • 1981 (Con’t) – Pac - Man

History • 1982 – Colecovision / Commodore 64 – Electronic Games Magazine – Handheld games (microvision, Coleco tabletops) – Vectrex – 5200 / Re-name of VCS to 2600 – Starpath – Rare – Lucasarts

History • 1982 (Con’t) – Odyssey 3 • Quest for the Rings • K.C. Munchkin

– Atari Pac - Man – Atari settles lawsuit with Activision – Initial Imagic Releases – CBS / Parker Brothers / Fox – Atari “Raiders of the Lost Ark” – Pitfall

History • 1982 (Con’t) – Electronic Arts – E.T. • • • • •

One man development team Six weeks to develop Movie Tie-in / Licensing costs One million sold / Five million delivered The New Mexico landfill

History • 1982 (Con’t) – Tron – Zaxxon – Mattel / M Network – Segmentation – Yar’s Revenge / Atari Force – Mystique – The end of 1982

History • 1983 – Dragon’s Lair – Mario Brothers – Star Wars

History • 1983 (Con’t) – Apple IIe, Origin Systems, Interplay – Things look bad – CES • • • •

Games by Apollo Astrocade Intellivision II / Aquarius Computing peripherals / Shift towards computing

– Peripherals / Controllers – The Crash

History • The Crash – The signs – The reasons – US Games, Data-Age, Telesys, Spectravision, 20th Century Fox, Avalon Hill, Xonox, Sega, Zimag, Starpath, Magnavox, Mattel, Coleco – Atari / Warner – By 1986, total sales drop from $3bn to $.1bn

History • 1984 – Atari sold to Jack Tramiel – Game sales / CES – ADAM / Colecovision – Milton Bradley / Vectrex – Amiga – Halcyon – King’s Quest, Elite – Tetris

History • 1985 – The NES at CES • Original announcement • Refined console • Limited release

– Atari doesn’t show, is under heavy financial burden – ADAM is dead, but lightly supported, thanks to… – Intellivision Inc. becomes INTV – Electronic Games becomes Computer Entertainment

History • 1985 – Where in the World is Carmen San Diego? – Super Mario Brothers (til 2008) – Gauntlet

History

• 1986 – The NES • • • • •

Super Mario Brothers Lockout Chip Quality “guarantee” Licensing Praise…for Nintendo?

History • 1986 (Con’t) – Atari 2600 and 7800 at CES • Limited titles • Vaporware • Failed alliance with INTV

– Intellivision III at CES – Sega Master System announced

History • 1987 – Resurgence in sales • Nintendo does absolutely nothing • Atari, Sega, and INTV experience strong sales

– Atari XE, 2600 jr, Dungeon Master – Tonka buys sales, marketing, and distribution rights to the Master System (3D glasses released!). – Christmas sales – Why Nintendo came out ahead

History • 1988 – Chip shortage hits – Nintendo’s continued reign, and questionable practices – Comparison of the NES and SMS – Tengen – Coleco files for bankruptcy – PC Engine is released in Japan • 8-bit processor • 16-bit graphics

– Sega announces true 16-bit machine

History • 1988 (Con’t) – Purchase of Bally/Midway by Williams – Debut of VG&CE magazine – Debut of Nintendo power magazine – NES power set – Tengen’s Tetris – John Madden Football released for the Apple II – Contra released for the NES

History • 1989 – Debut of the U-Force and Power-Glove – Super Mario Brothers Power Hour – NES Network – Two Tertrises – Questionable Nintendo quality – Lawsuits between Atari and Nintendo

History • 1989 (Con’t) – Major console releases • • • •

NEC TurboGrafx Sega Genesis Gameboy Atari Lynx sees limited release

– GamePro and Electronic Gaming Monthly

History • 1990 – Three new versions of the TurboGrafx in Japan – New Master System – Delay of the Super Famicom – SNK Neo-Geo – Game Rentals – Settlement between Tengen and Nintendo, and an unwitting Mirrorsoft – Laserscope – Piano teaching System

History • 1990 (Con’t) – Multiple-game cartridges – Nintendo releases cartridge manufacturing rights – Portables • • • •

Gameboy Lynx TurboExpress GameGear

– Overall sales for Nintendo in 1990: $3.4 billion – Nintendo controls 87% of market, in 30% of American homes

History • 1990 (Con’t) – Game releases • • • • •

Secret of Monkey Island Super Mario Brothers 3 Bonk’s Adventure Railroad Tycoon Wing Commander

History • 1991 – More software for NES than for 2600 – Nintendo loses top spot to Sega and Sonic the Hedgehog, but releases the Super Nintendo – Partnership forms between Nintendo and Sony to develop an add on CD accessory. – Sega announces CD add-on – Atari discontinues 2600 and 7800 – Many lawsuits

History • 1992 – 20th anniversary of the industry – Atari is only original survivor – Home version of Street Fighter II – Gallup poll, 500 children aged 7 – 12, what they wanted for Christmas • 63% said videogame system as first choice • 54% said portable system as second choice • 58% said game software as third choice

– Kids aren’t the only players

History • 1992 – Wolfenstein 3D – Ultima Underworld – Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis – Dune II – The 7th guest – Alone in the Dark – Super Mario Kart

History • 1993 – 3DO – Atari Jaguar – NES Model II – Mortal Kombat II / Congressional investigations – Game revenues at $11.5bn

History • 1994 – ESRB is formed – Nintendo releases Donkey Kong Country and Super-FX chip games – 32X – Super Game Boy – Sega Saturn and Sony Playstation released in Japan

History • 1995 – Saturn was to be released in September, actually released in May. – Virtual Boy – Playstation is released in America – Sega abandons support for 32X / Sega CD – N64 in Japan, sells well, but sales slow to a stop

History • 1996 – Sony drops price of Playstation, Sega forced to follow suit – Rumors about Sega getting out of hardware business – Virtual Boy is cancelled – Nintendo sells billionth cartridge – Videotopia opens – Atari merges with JTS, essentially ending the company

History • 1996 – Sony drops price of Playstation, Sega forced to follow suit – Rumors about Sega getting out of hardware business – Virtual Boy is cancelled – Nintendo sells billionth cartridge – Videotopia opens – Atari merges with JTS, essentially ending the company

History • 1997 – Sony and Nintendo do very well – Yaroze – Castlevania: SotN – 64DD announced, date repeatedly pushed back – Rumors about new Sega console start to swirl – Rumors of new Playstation console – All companies lower console prices – Saturn very popular in Japan, software to be sold through vending machines – Tamagotchi

History • 1998 – Dreamcast released in Japan – Is name important to consumers? – Distribution of Saturn in America discontinued – Legend of Zelda: The Ocarina of Time – GameBoy Light – Pokemon on its way to America – Game.com, WonderSwan, Neo-Geo Pocket

History • 1998 (con’t) – Senators praise game industry – Home videogame industry hammers arcades – Game industry does very, very well – Emulation surfaces as a serious problem – JTS files for bankruptcy – Classic Gaming Expo – Microsoft announces Xbox – Dreamcast light gun / Sales figures – Highest score possible achieved for PacMan

History • 1999 – Hopes of industry surpassing Hollywood revenues – Columbine – Unreal Tournament / Quake III Arena – Dance Dance Revolution in Arcades – Metal Gear Solid (PS) – Microsoft trademarks X-Box – Ford / Lincoln-Mercury offer in-car connections – Shenmue

History • 2000 – PS2 – Sims

• 2001 – Sega’s out – GBA – Xbox (Halo) / Gamecube – GTA III and all associated issues that brought

History • 2003 – Rise of the mobile market – Ngage

• 2004 – DS – World of Warcraft

• 2005 – 360 – PSP

History • 2006 – Wii revolutionizes gaming and what it means • Games as exercise • New audiences • New accessibility

– PS3 (Blu-Ray and format concerns)

• 2010 – PSMove / Kinect

• 2010+ – Eighth generation / Minecraft / VR/AR / Formats