Indoor Air Quality y and Student Performance

IAQ for North Carolina K12 Schools American Lung Association in North Carolina Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools Prepared by: Brian K. Kasher, CET Manager, Environmental Health and Safety Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools [email protected]

Industrial Hygiene yg “Industrial hygienists” are committed to protecting the health and safety of people in the workplace and the community Industrial hygiene is community. considered a "science," but it is also an “art” art that involves judgment, judgment creativity and human interaction American Industrial Hygiene Association

Historyy of EHS Concern In Leviticus Chapter 14:33-57, God is quoted giving the first known mold clean-up clean up procedure to Aaron and Moses. Ci Circa 1446 B B.C. C

History of EHS Concern Hippocrates • Greatest Known Physician in Antiquity • Noted lead toxicity in the mining industry • Hippocratic oath (Ethics) • Circa 400 BC

History of EHS Concern • Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus, (23–79) • Roman Historian -160 160 Volume “Naturalis Historia” • Noted Asbestos Asbestos, Zinc Zinc, Sulfer and Lead Related Illness • Recorded the Animal Bladder as First Known Respirator • Lost Studying Eruption of Mt Mt. Vesuvius at Pompeii

History of EHS Concern • Dr. Dr Alice Hamilton –

Founder of Occupational Medicine – 1st Occupational Disease Commission

• Florence o e ce Kelly e y –

Child Labor and Working Conditions

• Francis Perkins –

1st Women to Hold Presidential Cabinet Position as Secretary of Labor for FDR

Florence Kelly

• Jane Adams Hull House –

Settlement Houses

• Two Branches Social Work – –

Community C it B Based d (I (Individual/Societal) di id l/S i t l) Industrial Based (Owners/Workers)

• Rachel Carson –

Sil t S Silent Spring i

Rachel R h l Carson

Francis F i Perkins

The Business Plan Case for Sustainability National Trends in K-12 Facilities Benchmarks • M&O Spending as a percent of budget is much less now than 15 years ago – an unsustainable trend • Deferred Maintenance Far Too High • Regulations & Risk Management Costs Increasing • Community, Regulatory, & Customer Expectations Escalating • Energy Costs increasing as a percent of Budget

World Class Models for Performance Excellence •

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ISO & Baldrige standards Drive World Class Management Standards Integration : • ISO 9001 9001:2000 2000 provides id foundation • ISO 14001 adds the EMS • OSHAS 18001 adds safety system Baldrige adds high level components and results

World Class System

Baldrige ISO 14001 OSHAS 18001

ISO 9001

ISO standards compliance audited internally and by a third party externally; audits scheduled at three tiered levels for NCAfE NCAfE.

Environmental Health Aspects L d Lead • Drinking Water (community or well) • Plumbing • Painted Windows and other components • Learning L i Aid Aids/Toys /T • Lighting Systems • Bodyy Powders • Folk Medicines • Reduces mental abilites in y youth • Impacts sexual and other physical traits in adults Water iss issues es go be beyond ond lead and incl include de b butt are not limited to: nitrates, chlorine, suspended solids, droughts….

Environmental Health Aspects General Chemical Exposure • Over 500,000 Compounds in use Child Exposure vs. Adult Exposure – Children breath more air by weight – Children's bodies, organs, and minds still under development – Adult exposure limits determined for healthy adult labor force exposure – Adult workers in workplace voluntarily; Children compelled to attend school • HAZCOM Inventories w/MSDS Library • VOC, VOC mVOC mVOC, Formaldehydes • Amines, isocyanates......... OSHA Exposure E pos re Limits not Intended for Children

Environmental Health Aspects R d Radon • The Surgeon General has determined Radon to be the number two (2) cause of Lung Cancer in the US second only to cigarettes. • Schools may be a significant source of radon exposure for children and staff according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (USEPA) • Carcinogen Radon Mapping Available through USEPA Radon Program

Environmental Health Aspects CCA Treated Woods • • • • • • •

CCA 22% Arsenic by Weight Used through 2003 Pl areas, walk Play lk ways, d decking ki Bleachers, dug outs R Remove or seall every 2 years Cover or remove soils Carcinogen Copper Chromium Arsenate

Environmental Health Aspects p

Environmental Health Aspects Communicable Disease • • • • • •

MRSA VRSA Avian/Pandemic / Flu Hepatitis Whooping Cough Others

Florence Nightingale Coined Ventilation The First Cannon of Nursing

Asbestos Program Framework Government Relations

Management Planning

Lawyer

Inspection

Consultants

j Design g Project

Designated g Person (1)

Record Keeping

Training EHS Administrator

Planning/Design

CPS

ACM Contractor (2)

Project Monitor (3)

Maintenance/ Engineering

Custodial Services

Property Mgt

•Training

•Training

•Certification

•Certification

•Training

•Training

•Training

•Awareness

•Awareness

•Licensure

•Licensure

•Awareness

•Awareness

•Awareness

•Trigger

• Project Design • Project MGT Compliance p •Scheduling •NESHAP Notifications •Finance

• Project Design Enforcement

•Cleaning Procedures

•Cleaning Procedures

•Surveillance

•Scope of Work •Design Coordination

•Coordinate

•Permits •Work Performance

•Air Monitoring Plan (SAM) •Air Monitoring •Clearance

•Work Practices •O&M •Finance

•School Liaisons

CMBOE Asbestos Program R e g u l a t o r y

Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools (Local Education Agency/LEA)

LEA Designated Person O&M Program Inspection Reports

Inspector

Work Permits

O p e r a t i o n s

Management Planner E n v i r o n m e n t

Training/Medical

Project Designer Project Monitor/SAM Contractor ASBESTOS HAZARD EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACT OF 1986 (AHERA) Legal Mandate All K-12 NFP Schools

Supervisor Workers

E n v Notification i r Surveillance o n Cleaning Procedures m e FRE Reports n t

Labels

Record Keeping Respirator Program

Pathway

Poll tant Pollutant

People THREE P’s P’ FOR IAQ

“Why y Should Schools Take IAQ Seriously? y “The quality of the indoor air can either impede or assist a school in meeting its core mission – educating students... poor IAQ may directly reduce a person’s person s ability to perform specific mental tasks requiring concentration, calculation, or memory.” - USEPA

Why are IAQ and Asthma Issues Increasing? • Buildings used to be made of brick, stone, mortar, metal and wood • Today thousands of compounds are used in our b ildi buildings th thatt did nott exist i t iin th the pastt • Buildings are much tighter and offer less natural b breathing hi ability bili and d lless ffresh h air i • People p are spending p g more time indoors • Outdoor air has many and much more contaminants today than historically

TYPICAL HVAC SYSTEM

INADEQUATE VENTILATION

TYPICAL HVAC SYSTEM

Ventilation • Brick and Mortar Shut Air Supply pp y • Sheet Metal Shut Air Supply • Closed Mechanical System Dampers Preventing Outside Air From Getting In • Clogged Systems

Ventilation is Key to Achieving Student Performance Potentials

Classroom Air Delivery Systems

Squirrel Cage Fan

Coil System

Cleaning HVAC systems increases efficiency, reduces energy consumption and improves air quality

IAQ Problem Sources 1 Building Systems – – – – – – – –

HVAC Plumbing Roofing Landscaping Electrical Interior Design Windows Building Seal

Fresh Air Intake Loaded with Vegetation

Supply Air Register with Mold

HVAC Pipe Insulation With Mold Growth

Filtration

IAQ Problem Sources 2 Wall Molded after Flood

Building Materials – – – – – – – –

Carpets Sheet Rock Flooring g Paneling Surface coating Adh i Adhesives Fire Proofing Insulation su at o

Floor destroyed by Mold & Moisture Bookshelf Underside Molded

Lab L b Si Sink k D Deteriorated t i t d and Mold Bookshelf Wicking Moisture

Wall Molded

IAQ Problem Sources 3 Building Operations – Custodial/Maintenance Tasks and Products – Exhausts (cafe, shops, bathrooms) – Occupant O t Supplies S li (Art, (A t Lab, Chemicals) – Animals/Insects – Product Incompatibility – Lawn Mowing, Watering – Aquariums/Fountains A i /F t i – Change in purpose of space

IAQ Problem Sources 4 • Human Factors – – – – – – – –

Open Windows/Doors Body Odors Viruses Perfumes Individual Susceptibility Psychosomatic response Group Hysteria Carbon Dioxide Dio ide

IAQ PROBLEM TRENDS

Portable Classroom Health Portable classroom environments may affect the education process • • • • • • • • • •

Inadequate ventilation Wide heating/cooling temps Inadequate lighting Excessive moisture/humidity Noise above background g Formaldehydes VOC’s in adhesives & materials Adverse air from outside Asbestos in older stock Molds

? Anti-Idling Campaign

EHS BUILDING SURVEYS

Unstable environment

Stabile environment

Carbon Dioxide Testing

ASHRAE has established standards for thermal and humidity comfort ranges as well as ventilation rates for acceptable IAQ

Routine Facility Audits Regional Property Managers (RPM) monthly inspections of all facilities

• O Occupantt concerns • Fresh air source location and condition • Water marks on ceiling tiles • Mustyy odors • Damp carpets • HVAC discharge • Condensate line issues • Water accumulations

Preventive/Predictive Maintenance CMS maintenance maintenance, custodial services and engineering participate in O&M program including: paint, grounds, carpentry, roofing, sheet metal, plumbing, electrical and HVAC • Thermal Graphic Imaging • Ventilation & HVAC Cleaning • Exhaust Fan Updates w/DDC • Quarterly HVAC Filter Change • Building Envelope Updates • Roofing Maintenance • Electrical System Updates •Inspections/Surveys Grease Trap Clean-out Clean out •Grease

O&M Training Program CMS Building Services provides Mold, IAQ, asbestos, HAZCOM and related training programs for custodial, maintenance and RPM staff creating a large district-wide inspection team IAQ conferences, workshops, staff meetings add nurses, teachers, admin staff and outside g groups p e.g. g health dept and peer districts Mentoring g through g educational forums allows CMS to share and learn new approaches for creating healthy school environments

CMS High Performance Design Guidelines EIGHT SECTIONS 1. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Quality Management Site Water Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality 7. Safety and Security 8. Innovations

Integrated Pest Management • Alternate to Pesticides as Primary • Reduces Chemical Load on Schools

North Carolina ESI Partners

CMS

Secretary Ross Recognizing CMS

Asthma Education Program GOAL: To provide a safe, healthy environment in which students can learn, especially those with asthma. • 11,000 (6%) Students with asthma • 110 Nurses: 1/1200 • Staff Training • Programs for Students with asthma:

> Nurse Case Management > In-school respiratory care > Open Airways > Asthma On Wheels

Case Study •Five Year Old Middle School •History of Mold Urban Legends on Campus •No Previous Mold Issue Verified or Documented •HVAC Responds to Classroom “Odor” Work Order • 3 Site Visits With No Finding of Moisture Moisture, Mold Mold, or Elevated Humidity, Though Odor Noted

IAQ Survey EHS Survey Conducted 1 Initial Walk Through & Interviews 1. Conducted 2. Item by Item Evaluation (Process of Elimination) 3. Check Behind Wall Hangings for Visual Growth – –

Very Strong Odor Behind Albert Einstein Poster Pink Discoloration Noted

4. “Rossettes” observed on wall covering

vinyl

Francis P ki Perkins

Investigation Expanded •

1 Inch incision made in wall cover to visual wall surface.

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Wall should be white, though has significant black growth.

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Teacher and students relocated to alternate classroom location

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Three wings of school surveyed with 16 interior walls identified having moisture impacts.

Moisture Impacts

Extensive Multi-Species Colonization

Plume Indicates Moisture Path

Wall and Cover Should Be White as Shown Here

Loss of Academic Materials Also

Hidden Mold Resulted in Occupant Complaints, Destruction of School Property, Property and Distraction From the Education Process

Two Layers of Sheetrock Containment and Negative Pressure

Mold Inside and Out

"Mold Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings“ Buildings USEPA http://www.epa.gov/mold/mold_remediation.html

Root Causation Analysis

Control Joint Sealed Where Visible

Control Joint Left Open Behind Stud

Control Joint Open Behind Downspout, Moisture Enters Here

NOTE: Clearance air samples collected both Inside work areas and outside building. Outside air samples collected as baseline near outside air intakes. Always collect outside samples as baseline!

“Spores”

“Hyphae”

Sample M1 400X

Sample M3 100X

Sample p M2 400X

Sample p M4 100X

Results 1)

2)

3)

4)

Study Of Campuses With Vinyl Wall cover Resulted In ID Of Additional Schools With Moisture Impacts (Healthier Condition at ~60 60 Classrooms To Date) Second Source of Moisture Discovered in Walls: Electrical Conduit Penetrations Often Not Sealed When Concealed Within Interior Walls. Changes in Design Specification Added Increased Vapor Barriers Including Penetrations Seals. Vinyl Removed From 2 Schools; Partially Removed From 1. If Moisture Enters Wall Cavityy And Can Not Permeate, It May Condense and Foster Mold Colonization.

IAQ Tools For Schools •National Program to Provide Schools with Tools to Identify and Resolve Existing IAQ Problems •IAQ Teams for Each School Made Up of Teachers, Administrators, Custodians,, Students and Parents •Action Checklists Used to Identify Problems that may lead to or already lead to Poor IAQ •Auxiliary Services Support to P Promptly tl R Remedy d C Currentt IIssues In December 2007CMS was awarded with the USEPA National Model of Sustained Excellence Award for IAQ programming & National Mentor of the Year in 2008

Videos Informative Guides

Problem Solving Wheel

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/

USEPA NATIONAL MODEL OF SUSTAINED EXCELLENCE & NATIONAL MENTOR OF THE YEAR