INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT ON LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY INITIATIVES

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT ON LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY INITIATIVES Pr...
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MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

INDONESIA COUNTRY REPORT ON LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY INITIATIVES Presented by: Moedjiono Senior Advisor to the Minister for International Relations and Digital Divide In: The Regional Consultation on Local Language Computing Policy in Developing Asia 22nd-24th January, 2007 Thimphu, Bhutan

20 mother-languages in the world with more than 50 million speakers [Comrie 2003]

Ranked 13th

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100 mother-languages in the world with > 50 million speakers, 1-20 ranked (in million speakers) [Grimes 1996]: Chinese Mandarin (885) English (322) Spanish (266) Bengali (189) Hindi (182) Portuguese (170) Russian (170) Japanese (125) German (98) Chinese Wu (77.175) Javanese (75.500.800) Æ Ranked 11th Korean (75) French (72) Vietnamese (66.897) Telugu (66.350) Chinese Yue (66) Marathi (64.783) Tamil (63.075) Turkish (59) Urdu (56.584)

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Javanese is ranked 13th in the world, or if we uses the newest data, it is ranked 11th in the world.

Indonesia’s Unique Characteristics „

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Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world’s largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The population of the country projected at 230 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution, unbalanced regional development. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 local languages, of which 737 are indigenous languages [IDC 2006]. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 43.022 villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones.

LANGUAGES IN INDONESIA „

There are 6000 languages in the world [Crystal 1987] and are grouped into 17 language-family [Comrie 2003]: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Caucasian, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, Koisan, Eskimo-Aleut, Na-dene, Amerind, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetian, Austric, Papuan, Australian Aboriginal.

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Around 50% of the languages is in Asia-Oceania region, and 12% of the world-languages is in Indonesia.

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Indonesia has 726 local languages [SIL 2001], 2nd ranked as language diversity laboratory in the world after Papua Niugini which has 867 languages.

The local languages are not distributed evenly in Indonesia. The total languages are increasing from west to east, but the total inhabitants are increasing from east to west.

In Indonesia, there are at least 13 biggest local languages with at least one million speakers [Crystal 1987] Javanese (75,200,000) Madurese (13,694,000) Buginese (4,000,000) Sasak (2,100,000) Rejang (1,000,000)

Sundanese (27,000,000) Minangkabau (6,500,000) Balinese (3,800,000) Makassarese (1,600,000)

Malay (20,000,000) Batak (5,150,000) Acehnese (3,000,000) Lampung (1,500,000)

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The 13 biggest local languages are still debatable, because Malay language has not been comprehensively handled, as there are many language variations hidden in several names, e.g. [Summer Institute of Linguistics - SIL 2001]: Ancalong Kutai, Bacan, Bayat, Banjar, Basemah, Batin, Bengkulu, Benkulan, Betawi, Bintuhan, Bukit, Dawas, Jambi, Kaur, Kayu Agung, Kelingi, Kerinci, Kincai, Kubu, Kupang, Lako, Lalang, Lematang, Lemantang, Lembak, Linggau, Lintang, Loncong, Lubu, Melayu Ambon, Melayu Bali Loloan, Banjar, Berau, Bukit, Melayu Deli, Melayu Jakarta, Melayu Jambi, Melayu Kupang, Melayu Kutai, Melayu Maluku, Melayu Manado, Merau, Minang, Minahasa, Palembang, Tenggarong, Ternate, Meratus, Minangkabau, Mokomoko, Mukomuko, Musi, Ogan, Orang Laut, Padang, Palembang, Pasemah, Penasak, Penesak, Ranau, Rawas, Ridan, Semendo, Serawai, Serawi, Sindang Kelingi, Suku Batin, Supat, Tenggarong, Tenggarong Kutai, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu, and Ulu Lako.

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The Malay language variations also appears in several countries. If all Malay language variations are combined, it may be the biggest mother-language in the world.

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There are hundreds of local languages with less than one million speakers, which can become potentially endangered languages, endangered languages, seriously endangered languages, moribound languages, or even extinct languages. The local language will be sustainable, if they have at least 1000 speakers. The local language that have 500 or less speakers are seriously endangered language. There are 169 local languages as seriously endangered language in Indonesia. The policy for language revitalization as well as its culture is needed to sustained the local languages, because the languages will extinct if we damage the habitat of the speakers culture as well.

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85% Indonesian still using Local languages as daily languages in the community Æ mother languages [Lauder 2006] National/Indonesian Language is used in: administrative officials, schools, sciences, & mass media. 84,87% can speak Indonesian [Alwi 2000] 10 local languages have their own local script: Balinese, Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese/Makassarese, Karo, Mandailing, Lampung, Rejang, Toba, and Kerinci [Sugono 2001] 8 National & Local languages used in the Internet: Indonesian, Acehnese, Balinese, Buginese, Javanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, & Sundanese [Hammam 2006]

INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES „ „

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English, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, French, Japanese, etc. English is one of a number of foreign languages which have been in use for sometime or which are coming to be taught. Widely used in range of fields such as politics, diplomacy, international trade and industry, commerce, science and technology, education, media, information technology, and popular culture. Arabic has long been learned in connection with the Islamic faith, for religious purposes, especially for Qur’anic recitation and prayers. Chinese has been used widely in Chinese town - business center. An educated people (multilingual people) - at least have to master 3 languages, i.e., local language as individual development, Indonesian as media to get along in national activities, & English as media for adopting the sciences, positive culture for national interest and to get along in International activities.

Multilingualism Issue in the Internet „

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Since its early days, the Internet has been a predominantly English-speaking medium – approximately 80% of web content. This situation has prompted many countries to take concerted action in promoting multilingualism and in protecting cultural - language diversity. The promotion of multilingualism is not only a cultural issue, but it is directly related to the need for further development of the Internet, to be used by wider parts of society, content must be accessible in more languages Æ “Localization” - “Internet multilingualism” – “Internationalised Domain Names - IDN”.

LOCAL & CROSS-BORDER LANGUAGES IN INTERNET 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% bn id kh Note: Cross-Boarder Languages in Indonesia: English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Dutch, Japanese, etc. % Local Languages

la

my mm ph

sg

th

tp

vn

South East Asia

% English

% Other Cross Boader Languages

ICT INFRASTRUCTURES Telephone lines : 9.4 million - fixed & 27.9 million - mobile. Public phones : 382,000 units. Internet penetration : 1,2 million subscribers & 12 million users. Internet Kiosks : 261,000. Internet Exchanges (IX) : 3. Internet users per 100 population : 3.76. Computers penetration : 2,519,000. Computers per 100 population : 1.19. Internet host computers : 62,036. Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03. Total International bandwith (Mbps) : 573 Mbps. Bits per inhabitant : 2.7. Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26 ISP : 140 licenses, 35 operational. Radio Broadcasting : 1,400 stations (nation-wide & local). TV Broadcasting : 10 nation-wide networks. Pay TV : 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.

- The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team [Postel 2006], are as follows: 2006 2015 = Bandwith Consumption 7,000,000 Kbps 78,067,335 Kbps = Internet Users (Fair) 8,252,437 16,518,890 Internet Users (Optimist) 17,247,683 34,524,659 = PC Population (Fair) 2,541,027 5,086,370 PC Population (Optimist) 8,304,327 16,622,758 - ICT PC Hardware market: 2006=1,106,940; 2007=1,257,531 - ICT Software Developers Population: 2006=621,000; 2007=682,000 - Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from 2002 to 2007 (source: IDC). - The Indonesian ICT vision is “To establish a global competitive Indonesian Knowledge-Based Society based on national values and cultures”.

Growth Projection of the Indonesian Infocom Services

Fixed Phone

Mobile Phone Source: Business Monitor International and Internal

Internet User

Broadband User

EXISTING FIBER OPTIC NETWORK Jaringan TELKOM Jaringan EXCELCOMINDO Jaringan COMNET PLUS Jaringan SMW-2/3

to Asia Pacific to India

Kalimantan

to Thailand

Sabang Banda Aceh о Meulaboh Tapaktuanо

Tarakan

Medan

о

о

Sibolga

о

Padang

Batam

Pontianak

о

Bengkulu

Samarinda

о

Balikpapan

Palembang

о о Belitung

о

о o Sampit Banjarmasin Jakarta

о Kalianda

о

Sumatera

о

о

Paluо Palopo

o

о Cirebon Ujungpandang Semarang о Surabaya о о Gilimanuk о

о o Luwuk Kendari о

o

Manokwari Biak

Salaw o ati

o Ambon

o

o o Nabire

o

Tual

o o Dobo Reo Maumere Larantuka o o o оо о о о о о Saumlaki о о Kalabahi Ketapang Merauke Karangasem o Atambua о Mataram Kupang Sumbawa Waingapu

Jawa to Perth, Australia

Manado о о о Gorontalo

о

о

о

Natal

Tobelo Sulawesi Toli-toli

о

Singkawang

Maluku - Irian

Nusa Tenggara

Backbone Domestic - Trans Microwave (operated by Telkom) LEGEND : GMD TSM-2 SUMATRA

SKSO NR & SR JAWA - BALI

GMD XSUM SUMATRA

SKKL

GMD TSM-1 SUMATRA

GMD JAWA-BALI, CROSS KALIMANTAN, NUSA TENGGARA & TRANS SULAWESI GMD PARMO SULAWESI

SKSO HPBB SUMATRA GMD RA-IV SUMATRA

SKKL TIS

SKSO RA-IV SUMATRA

BATAS NEGARA

BNA

LSM TAR

MDN

SULAWESI MO

PBR

SUMATERA

PTK

KALIMANTAN

BPD

SMR

PD

PLK

TJN

BTA

BDL

MW SON

LWK

BPP

PSO

GKRS ON

MET GBL JKT

JAP

KDI AB

NAB

IRIAN JAYA

UP

JAWA CBN PKL SM

BOO BD

SMI

FF PRE

BIA

SNN

BJM

PG

LT

GTO PAL

JB

BN

MALUKU

TT

SKN

PWT YK

SLO

SB

BMA

M N

GB ML

JR

BWI

MTR DPR

PGL RTG

NUSA TENGGARA

LRT

KAI

BJW END

MME

KP

ATB KEF SOE

MRK

Backbone Domestic – Satellite (operated by Telkom) Telkom-1

Palapa C2

Palapa B4

TELKOM-2/24Xpdr TELKOM-3/48Xpdr Year 2008

BNA

LSM TAR

MDN

SULAWESI MO

PBR

SUMATERA

PTK

KALIMANTAN

BPD

SMR

PD

PLK

TJN

BTA

BDL

BPP

GKRS ON

MET GBL

PSO

JKT

AB

PWT SLO

SB

BMA

M N

GB ML

JR

BWI

MTR DPR

PGL RTG

LRT

KAI

BJW END

MME

LEGEND : GMD TSM-2 SUMATRA

SKSO NR & SR JAWA - BALI

GMD XSUM SUMATRA

SKKL

GMD TSM-1 SUMATRA SKSO HPBB SUMATRA

GMD JAWA-BALI, CROSS KALIMANTAN, NUSA TENGGARA & TRANS SULAWESI

GMD RA-IV SUMATRA

GMD PARMO SULAWESI SKKL TIS

IRIAN JAYA

CBN

YK

BATAS NEGARA

NAB

UP

PKL SM BD

SMI JAP

KDI

PRE

BIA

SNN FF

JAWA

BOO

SKSO RA-IV SUMATRA

MW SON

LWK

BJM

PG

LT

GTO PAL

JB

BN

MALUKU

TT

SKN

NUSA TENGGARA

KP

ATB KEF SOE

MRK

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LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY 1945 Constitution (UUD) - Chapter XV – Paragraph 36: “The national Language of Indonesia is Indonesian”. UU/Law No.2/1989 – National Education. UU/Law No.22/1999 – Local Autonomy. UU/Law No.25/1999 – Financial Balance between Center and Local Government. Government Regulation No.25/2000 – Share Authority between Center and Local Government. Draft Law of Language: the uses/management/development/foster/ maintenance of National/Local and Foreign Languages. Draft Law of Information and Electronic Transaction. Draft Law of Freedom of Information Flow and Access. 2008: Language Center of Ministry of National Education will publish Local Language Mapping & Inter-relationship Diagram. Blue-Print/Researh management plan for safety effort of the endangered languages by Language Center of Ministry of National Education.

RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES „ „ „

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Ministry of National Education – National Language Center Ministry of Communication and Information Technology Ministry of Research and Technology – Technology Development and Implementation Agency Ministry of Culture and Tourism Universities - Department of Language/Literary House of Representative National Center for Statistics Ministry of Social Affairs - Directorate of Isolated Tribes The Summer Institute of Linguistics The National Language Organization Other Private Organizations/Foundations – Culture/Language/ Literary/ICT (Software, Hardware, & Services)

POLICY/PROJECT INITIATIVES „

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The National Language mapping Project by National Language Center: “Research on Cognates and Mapping of Regional Languages in Indonesia”, started in 1992 for 15 years. Thesaurus/Spelling Checker Project of National/Indonesian Language by University of Indonesia and the team. Javanese Script Project by University of Indonesia and the team. Ford Foundation: Initiative in Local Language Inventory of Local Languages Education and Research in Universities. Universities Video Conferencing Network Project (INHERENT 2006) - connecting 32 Universities/Cities in Indonesia. Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) - connecting 4 Universities in Indonesia (UI-Jakarta, UNRI-Pekanbaru, UDAYANA( Denpasar, UNHAS-Makassar) with 60 countries. Presidential Decree on Underdeveloped Villages.

Initiative in Local Language Inventory of Local Languages Education and Research in Universities

40 Universities all over Indonesia Thousands of languages research projects > 556 Courses taught

ACEH

EAST JAVA

PAPUA

COURSES TAUGHT IN UNIVERSITIES

Papers

Universities Video Conference Network in Indonesia (Connecting 32 Cities) Inherent

Banda Aceh

2006

Pontianak

Manado

Medan

Jambi

Padang

Samarinda Pekanbaru

Gorontalo

Palu Ambon

Palangkaraya Banjarmasin Bengkulu

Palembang

Bandar Lampung

Manukwari Makasar

Kendari Ternate

Jkt-DIKTI Semarang Serang

Jkt-UI

Bandwith: 1 Mbps(Redundant Link ) 2 Mbps 155Mbps(STM-1) 8 Mbps

Surabaya Malang

Bandung

Jayapura

Mataram Denpasar

Kupang

Jogja

Note: Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) Connecting 60 countries; Indonesia (UI-Jakarta, UNRIPekanbaru, UDAYANA-Denpasar, UNHAS-Makassar)

REFERENCES [Alwi 2000] Alwi, Hasan and Dendy Sugono. 2000. Politik Bahasa: Risalah Seminar Politik Bahasa. Pusat Bahasa, Jakarta. [Comrie 2003] Comrie, Bernard et.al. 2003. The Atlas of Languages: The Origin and Development of Languages Throughout the World. Singapore: Star Standard. [Crystal 2000] Crystal, David. 2000. Language Death. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. [Grimes 1996] Grimes, Barbara F. 1996. Ethnologue. Summer Institute of Linguistics. [Hammam 2006] Hammam, Riza et.al. 2006. Indonesian Languages Diversity on the Internet. [Lauder 2000] Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2000. Unity and diversity in Indonesia’s Linguistic Heritage. University Indonesia, Jakarta. [Lauder 2006-1] Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2006. Revitalisasi Bahasa Minoritas, Seminar Pelestarian Bahasa Daerah. Direktorat Riset & Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia. [Lauder 2006-2] Lauder, Allan. 2006. The Status and Function of English in Indonesia: A Review of Key Factors. University Indonesia, Jakarta. [SIL 2001] SIL International, Indonesia Branch. 2001. Languages of Indonesia. Jakarta: SIL International, Indonesia Branch. [Sugono 2001] Sugono, Dendy and Abdul Rozak Zaidan (editor). 2001. Bahasa Daerah dan Otonomi Daerah (Local Languages and Local Autonomy). Ministry of National Education.

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