Index. Cambridge University Press The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule. Index. More information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Index More information Index AAE, see African Americ...
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Index

AAE, see African American English

American English, 32, 50, 114, 233, 252, 279

AAVE, see African American Vernacular English

American Sign Language (ASL), 17, 200, 202, 286, 287

abjads, 221

Ameslan, 200, 286

abugidas, 221

Amuzgo, 91

accent, 34, 243, 286

analogy, 58, 286

acoustic phonetics, 27, 286

analytic processing, 163

acquisition, 170, 187, 286 acquisition barriers, 187

anaphora, 129, 287 Angles, 231

acquisition process, 174

Anglo-Saxons, 231

acquisition schedule, 171

angma, 30

acronym, 56, 286

animal communication, 12

active voice, 82, 107, 286

animate, 111

Adam, 2

anomia, 161, 287

Adam’s apple, 27

antecedent, 129, 287

address term, 277, 286 adjective, 81, 90, 286

anterior speech cortex, 156 antonymy, 114, 120, 287

adjunctive general extenders, 267

aphasia, 160, 287

adverb, 81, 90, 286

applied linguistics, 195, 287

adverb position, 90

approximators, 136

affect, 189

Arabic, 42, 217, 249, 265

affective factors, 189, 286

arbitrariness, 13, 22, 287

affix, 57, 67, 122, 286

arcuate fasciculus, 157, 161, 287

affricate, 30, 286 African American English (AAE), 263, 286

arrow 11, 98 article, 81, 95, 287

African American Vernacular English (AAVE),

articulatory parameters, 204, 287

263, 265, 286

articulatory phonetics, 27, 287

agent, 112, 286

ash, 231

agrammatic, 160, 286

Asian American English, 264

agrammatism, 165

ASL, see American Sign Language

agreement, 81, 286

aspect, 89

“all and only criterion,” 95 allomorph, 70, 73, 286

aspiration, 42, 287 assimilation, 45, 287

allophone, 42, 286

associative meaning, 110, 287

alphabet, 217, 286

asterisk, 80, 95

alphabetic writing, 40, 217, 286

audience design, 261

alternate sign language, 202, 286

audiolingual method, 190, 287

alveolar, 28, 29, 286

auditory phonetics, 27, 287

alveolar ridge, 28, 31–32, 286

Australian English, 54

Alzheimer’s disease, 161

auxiliary verb (Aux), 101, 279, 287

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Index

babbling, 172, 287 Babel, 2, 8

cave drawings, 213 Caxton, William, 189

baby talk, 170

central vowel, 33

back vowel, 32–33

characters, 215, 288

back-channels, 280, 287

Chaucer, 232

backformation, 54, 287

Cherokee, 217

background knowledge, 146, 150, 287

Chicano English, 264, 266

bathtub effect, 165

child-directed speech, 170

beats, 202, 287 bee communication, 13–14

chimpanzees, 17, 24 Chinese, 52

bidialectal, 247, 287

Chinese writing, 214–215

bilabial, 28, 29, 287

cicadas, 14

bilingual, 186, 247, 287

circumfix, 61

bilingualism, 247, 287

clarification request, 197

biological classification, 274

classifier, 276, 282, 288

biological gender, 278

Clerc, Laurent, 204

bi-pedal (on two feet) locomotion, 4 Black English, 263

Clever Hans, 22 clipping, 54, 288

blending, 53, 287

closed class of words, 67

body language, 22

closed syllable, 43, 288

bonobo, 20

coarticulation effects, 44, 288

borrowing, 52, 287

coda, 43, 46, 288

bound morpheme, 67, 288

code-switching, 266

bound stem, 67

cognate, 228, 230, 238, 288

boustrophedon writing, 221 bow-wow theory, 3, 288

cognitive category, 275, 288 coherence, 142, 288

brackets, 86

cohesion, 141, 288

brain, 6, 154

cohesive ties, 141, 150, 288

brain imaging, 166

co-hyponyms, 115, 288

brain stem, 155

coinage, 56, 288

Brazilian Portuguese, 52

collocation, 118, 288

British English, 54, 114, 252

colloquial speech, 262

British Sign Language (BSL), 202 broadening, 235, 288

color term, 271, 281 command, 131

Broca’s aphasia, 160, 288

communication, 12

Broca’s area, 156, 288

communication strategy, 194, 196, 288

Brummie accent, 252

communicative approaches, 190, 288

313

communicative competence, 194, 288 calque, 52, 288

Communicative Language Teaching, 198

camaraderie politeness, 137

communicative signals, 12, 288

Canada, 247 Captain Kirk’s infinitive, 84 careful style, 259

comparative (adjective), 68 comparative reconstruction, 228–229, 240, 288 competence, 104

caregiver speech, 170, 288

complement phrase, 105, 288

caron, 36

complementary pairs, 114

casual style, 259

complementizer, 105, 288

CAT scan, 166

completion point, 143–144, 288

cataphora, 130, 288

compounding, 53, 289

categorization, 116 category, 271, 288

comprehensible input, 193 conceptual meaning, 110, 289

category change, 55

conditioned response, 19

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Index

conduction aphasia, 161, 289 conjunction, 81, 289

decreolization, 251, 289 deep structure, 96, 101, 289

connectors, 144

deference politeness, 137

Conrad, Joseph, 188

deictic projection, 134

consonant, 28, 289

deictics, 201, 290

consonant chart, 31

deixis (deictic), 127, 290

consonant cluster, 44, 46, 47, 264, 289

dementia, 161

consonantal alphabet, 217, 289

dental, 29–30, 42, 290

constancy under negation, 131 constituent, 85

derivation, 57, 290 derivational morpheme, 67–68, 70, 290

constituent analysis, 85, 289

descriptive approach, 84, 290

contact language, 250

design features, 23

context, 127, 133, 289

determiner, 89

contracted negative, 265

developing morphology, 176

contrastive analysis, 196

developing semantics, 178

conventional knowledge, 147

developing syntax, 177

convergence, 261, 289 conversation, 142, 145

diachronic variation, 236, 290 diacritics, 47

conversation analysis, 143, 289

dialect, 243, 290

converses, 121

dialect boundary, 245, 290

conversion, 55, 289

dialect continuum, 246, 290

cooing, 172, 289

dialect levelling, 254

co-operative principle, 144, 289

dialect surveys, 245

corpus callosum, 155

dialectology, 244, 253, 290

corpus linguistics, 118, 289 corpus research, 221

dichotic listening, 161, 290 Dickens, Charles, 259

correction, 175

dictionary, 117

co-text, 127, 289

diglossia, 248, 290

countable, 276, 281, 289

digraph, 219, 290

covert prestige, 260, 263, 289

diphthong, 33, 290

creativity, 14

direct speech act, 131, 279, 290

creole, 251, 289

discourse, 140

creolization, 251, 289 critical discourse analysis, 150

discourse analysis, 139, 290 discourse markers, 151

critical period, 163, 188, 289

displacement, 13, 290

cross-cultural communication, 280, 281

dispreferred response, 149

cross-gender interaction, 280

distance politeness, 137

crosslinguistic influence, 191

ditransitive, 89

cultural transmission, 15, 170, 289

divergence, 261, 290

culture, 271, 289

divine source, 2

cuneiform, 214, 289 curly brackets, 99

double articulation, 16 double negative, 234, 264, 279 duality, 16, 290

Cyrillic alphabet, 218

Dutch, 50, 52, 247 dactylology, 209

Dyirbal, 281

Dani, 271 Darwin, Charles, 1

Early Modern English, 231–232, 239, 290

deaf, 200

Ebonics, 263, 266

deaf education, 203 declarative, 131

education, 258 Egyptian, 2

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Index

Egyptian hieroglyphics, 214, 218 elicitation, 197

forensic phonetics, 37 formal style, 259

elicitation procedures, 260

form-focused instruction, 198

elision, 46, 290

forming negatives, 178

embedded structure, 104

forming questions, 177

emblems, 201, 290

fossilization, 192, 291

empirical perspective, 183

FOXP2 gene, 9

enclitic, 74

free morpheme, 66, 291

English as a foreign language (EFL), 187 English as a second language (ESL), 187

French, 34, 52, 83, 232, 264, 274, 277 French Creole, 251

English Creole, 251

French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Franc¸aise

English Pidgins, 250

315

or LSF), 202

English-Only Movement, 254

fricative, 30, 229, 291

epenthesis, 233, 290

front vowel, 32–33

eponym, 56, 290

functional morpheme, 67, 160, 291

errors, 191

functional shift, 55

Eskimo, 274 eth, 29, 231

future tense, 92

etymology, 51, 290

Gaelic, 87, 91, 105

euphemisms, 135

Gallaudet, Thomas, 204

evidentials, 283

Ganda, 71

Ewe, 104

gender, 82, 278, 291

experiencer, 112, 290

gender class, 82

external change, 232, 291

gendered culture, 278

eye contact, 22 eyebrow flashes, 22

gendered interaction, 280 gendered speech, 279 gendered structures, 279

face, 132, 291

gendered words, 278

face-saving act, 133, 291

genderizing, 282

face-threatening act, 132, 291

general extenders, 136, 267

facial expression, 206–207, 209

generative grammar, 95, 291

family trees, 226

Genesis, 2

feature analysis, 41 features (phonological), 41

genetic source, 6 Genie, 2, 163, 167

features (semantic), 111

Geordie accent, 252

feedback, 197

German, 52, 60, 83, 228, 247, 277

feminine, 82, 278

Germanic, 228, 231

Filipino, 249 filled pause, 144, 291

gestures, 201, 209, 291 Gillie´ron, Jules, 253

finger-spelling, 206, 291

given information, 151

first language (L1), 187 first language acquisition, 169

glide, 31, 33, 44, 291 glossolalia, 12, 291

first person, 82

glottal, 29, 291

fixed reference, 15, 291

glottal stop, 31, 42, 47, 291

flap, 32, 42, 291

glottis, 32, 291

Flemish, 219

goal, 113, 291

floor, 143, 280

gradable antonyms, 114, 291

fMRI scan, 166

grammar, 80, 291

foreign accent, 192 foreigner talk, 193, 291

grammar school, 80 grammar–translation method, 190, 291

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grammatical categories, 80 grammatical competence, 194, 291

Indo-European, 227, 237 Indonesian, 61

grammatical gender, 82, 278, 291

inference, 128, 130, 147, 292

grammaticalization, 238

infinitive, 84

Great Vowel Shift, 232

infix, 57, 72, 292

Greek, 80, 219, 228

inflectional morpheme, 68–69, 160, 292

Greeks, 218

inflections, 68

Grice, Paul, 144

informal style, 259

Gricean maxims, 144 Grimm’s Law, 238

informative signals, 12, 292 initialisms, 60 innateness hypothesis, 7, 9, 292

habitual action, 265

input, 170–171, 192, 292

haček, 36

instinct, 15

Hangul, 221

instrument, 112, 122, 292

Hawai‘i Creole English, 251

instrumental motivation, 192, 292

Hawaiian, 47, 238

intake, 196

h-dropping, 259 Hebrew, 217, 249

integrative motivation, 192, 292 interaction, 170, 172

hedge, 145, 279, 291

intercultural communication, 281

Heimlich maneuver, 8

interdental, 29, 292

helping verbs, 101

interference, 191

Herodotus, 2

interjections, 3

hesitation marker, 144

interlanguage, 192, 196, 292

hierarchical organization, 87, 291

internal change, 232, 292

high variety, 248 high vowel, 32

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 27 interrogative, 101, 131

Hindi, 249

interruption, 280

hiragana, 217

intertextuality, 149

Hispanic American, 264

intonation, 279

history of English, 230

intransitive, 89

Hmong, 53, 61

Inuit, 271, 274

holistic processing, 163

Inuktitut, 274–275

holophrastic, 173, 292 homonym, 116–117, 292

IPA, see International Phonetic Alphabet Irish English, 244

homophone, 116–117, 292

isogloss, 245, 292

honorifics, 266

Italian, 228

Hopi, 272–275

Italic branch, 228

Hungarian, 52, 74 hypallage, 121

Jamaica, 251

hypercorrection, 89, 260

Japanese, 44, 52, 91, 216, 276, 278

hypocorism, 54, 292 hyponymy, 115, 292

jargon, 262, 292 Jespersen, Otto, 3, 8 jokes, 136

iconics, 201, 292

Jones, William, 227

ideogram, 214, 292

Jutes, 231

idiolect, 257, 292 Ilocano, 71

Kanuri, 70

imperative, 131

Kanzi, 20

implicature, 146, 292 indirect speech act, 132–133, 135, 279, 292

Khmu, 57 kinship terms, 272, 281, 292

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Index

knowledge structure, 147 Koko, 18

317

liquid, 31, 44, 293 loan-translation, 52, 293 localization view, 157, 293

L1 (first language), 292

location (in semantics), 113, 293

L2 (second language), 292

location (in Sign Language), 205, 293

labeled and bracketed sentences, 86, 292

logogram, 215–216, 222, 293

labeled brackets, 86

loss of inflections, 234

labiodental, 28, 29, 293

low variety, 248

Labov, William, 258 Ladefoged, Peter, 35

low vowel, 32

Lakhota, 122

macro-sociolinguistics, 266

Lana, 19

majority principle, 229, 293

language acquisition, 163, 183

malapropism, 158, 293

language death, 238

manner maxim, 145, 293

language disorders, 160

manner of articulation, 30

language gene, 7, 9

manual gestures, 5

language planning, 249, 293 language subordination, 268

Manually Coded English (MCE), 203 Ma¯ori, 238

language typology, 91

marked, 120

larynx, 5, 27, 279, 293

Marx, Groucho, 96

lateralization, 6, 163, 293

masculine, 82, 278

Latin, 80, 84, 91, 220, 228, 230–231, 233–234

maxim, 144, 293

Latin grammar, 83–84

Mayan, 249

lax vowels, 37

mean length of utterance (MLU), 182

learning, 187, 293 learning through correction, 175

meaning of signs, 206 metaphor, 120

learning through imitation, 175

metapragmatics, 135

left brain, 163

metathesis, 233, 293

left hemisphere, 155, 161–162, 164

metonymy, 118, 120, 293

lemur, 15

micro-sociolinguistics, 266

lexical ambiguity, 96

mid vowel, 32

lexical bundles, 221

middle-class speech, 257

lexical conditioning, 73 lexical morpheme, 67, 69, 160, 293

Middle English, 231, 239, 294 minimal pair, 42, 294

lexical relations, 113, 120, 293

minimal set, 43, 294

lexical rules, 100, 293

modal verbs, 101

lexicalized, 271, 275, 293

Modern English, 231–232, 294

lexifier language, 250, 293

monolingual, 249, 294

linguistic atlas, 245

Mopan Maya, 272

linguistic classification, 274

morph, 69, 294

linguistic context, 127, 293 linguistic determinism, 273, 293

morpheme, 66, 294 morphographic, 215

linguistic etiquette, 84

morphological conditioning, 73

linguistic geography, 242, 293

morphological development, 176

linguistic minorities, 247

morphology, 66, 294

linguistic politeness, 132

most natural development principle, 229, 294

linguistic relativity, 273, 293

motherese, 170

linguistic variable, 257, 293

moths, 15

lip-reading, 203 lips, 4

motivation, 192 motor aphasia, 160

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motor cortex, 6, 157, 294 motor skills, 181

onset, 43, 295 ontogeny, 8

mouth, 5

open class of words, 67

movement, 205, 294

open syllable, 43, 47, 295

movement rules, 101, 107, 294

open-endedness, 14

multicultural communication, 281

optimum age, 188 optional constituent, 98

naming, 6

oralism, 203, 209, 295

narrowing, 235, 294 nasal, 31, 45–46, 294

orangutan, 22 orientation, 205, 295

nasalization, 45, 294

orthography, 219, 295

native speaker (NS), 187, 193

output, 193, 295

natural class, 41, 294

output hypothesis, 196

natural gender, 82, 278, 294

overextension, 179, 295

natural sounds, 2

overgeneralization, 176, 191, 295

Neanderthal, 4

overlapping speech, 143

negative face, 133, 294 negative test, 114

overt prestige, 260, 295

negative transfer, 191, 294

palatal, 29–30, 295

negotiated input, 193, 294

palate, 30, 295

neologism, 51, 294

paragrammatism, 165

neologistic jargon aphasia, 165

parts of speech, 80

neurolinguistics, 155, 294

passive voice, 82, 107, 295

neuter, 83

past participle, 68

new information, 151 newspaper headlines, 140

past tense, 68 patient, 112

Nim, 19

pause, 143–144

non-countable, 276, 281, 294

performance, 104

non-gradable antonyms, 114, 294

performative verbs, 135

non-lexicalized, 275, 294

person, 82, 295

non-native speaker (NNS), 193

person deixis, 128, 295

non-reciprocal use, 277

PET scan, 166

non-standard, 264 non-verbal behavior, 201

pharyngeal, 295 pharynx, 5, 295

non-verbal sounds, 163

pheromones, 15

Norman French, 231

philology, 226, 295

NORMS, 245, 294 Norwegian, 272

Phoenicians, 217 phone, 41, 295

noun, 81, 85, 95, 294

phoneme, 40, 295

noun phrase, 85–87, 95, 294

phonetic alphabet, 27, 295

nucleus, 43, 294 number, 82, 294

phonetics, 27, 295 phonographic writing, 216, 295 phonological conditioning, 73

object, 91

phonological features, 41

observer’s paradox, 266

phonological information, 158

obstruent, 36

phonology, 40, 295

occupation, 258

phonotactics, 43–44, 295

Old English, 231, 239, 264, 294

phrasal verb, 55

Old Norse, 231 one-word stage, 173, 294

phrase structure rules, 99–100, 295 phrenology, 165

onomatopoeia, 3, 14, 295

Phrygian, 2

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phylogeny, 8 physical adaptation source, 4

prototype, 116, 123, 296 proverbs, 135

physical context, 127, 295

Psammetichus, 2

pictogram, 213, 222, 295

psychological construct, 134

319

pidgin, 250, 253, 295 pitch, 279, 295

quality maxim, 145, 296

pitch movement, 279

quantity maxim, 145, 296

pitch range, 279

Quechua, 283

place of articulation, 28–30 playback experiments, 22

question, 101, 131

plural, 82

Rapanui, 238

pointing gesture, 209

rational perspective, 183

politeness, 132, 137, 295

rebus principle, 216, 296

polysemy, 117, 295

rebus writing, 216

Ponapean, 282

recast, 197

pooh-pooh theory, 3, 296

reciprocal antonymy, 121

portmanteau words, 60 Portuguese, 278

reciprocal use, 277 recursion, 23, 105, 296

positive face, 133, 296

reduplication, 71, 296

positive transfer, 191, 296

reference, 128, 130, 296

possessive inflection, 68

reflexivity, 12, 296

post-creole continuum, 251, 296

regional dialects, 244

posterior speech cortex, 156

register, 261, 296

postlinguistic hearing impairment, 209

relation maxim, 145, 297

postposition, 77 postvocalic /r/, 258–259, 296

representing signs, 207 request, 131

power relationship, 277

retroflex, 37

pragmatics, 126, 296

reversives, 114, 297

preferred response, 149

rhyme, 43, 297

prefix, 57, 67–68, 296

rhythm, 48

pre-language, 172

riddles, 136

prelinguistic hearing impairment, 209

right brain, 163

preposition, 81, 84, 296 prepositional phrase, 86, 95, 98, 122, 296

right ear advantage, 163, 297 right hemisphere, 155, 162, 164–165

prescriptive approach, 83, 296

rising intonation, 279

present participle, 68

Roget, Peter, 120

present tense, 68

Roman alphabet, 218

prestige, 260, 279, 296

round brackets, 98

presupposition, 130, 136, 296

rounded vowels, 37

primary sign language, 202, 296

Russian, 218, 265

primes, 205, 296 printing, 219, 232

same-gender talk, 280

proclitic, 74

Samoan, 74, 238

productivity, 14, 296

Sanskrit, 227–228

pronoun, 81, 85–86, 95, 277, 296

Sapir, Edward, 273

pronunciation differences, 258

Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, 273, 297

proper noun, 81, 86, 95, 296

Sarah, 18

prothesis, 234, 296

Sarasvati, 2

proto-forms, 230 Proto-Indo-European, 227, 296

Saxons, 231 schema, 147, 297 schwa, 34, 45, 297

Proto-Polynesian, 238

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Scottish, 233 Scottish English, 243

sound combinations, 43 sound loss, 232, 297

Scouse, 252

sound reconstruction, 229

script, 147, 297

sound symbolism, 22

second language (L2), 187

sound type, 41

second language learning, 187, 297

source, 113, 298

second person, 82

Spanish, 48, 52, 83, 88, 228, 233–234, 249, 277

segment, 47, 297

spatial deixis, 128, 298

semantic changes, 235 semantic features, 111, 297

speaker meaning, 125 speech accommodation, 261, 298

semantic role, 112, 123, 297

speech act, 131, 142, 298

semantics, 109, 297

speech community, 256, 298

Semitic languages, 217

speech errors, 165

semi-vowels, 31

speech event, 142

sensitive period, 163

speech perception, 172, 181

sensory aphasia, 160

speech skills, 181

sentence, 87 sequence of acquisition, 182

speech style, 259, 298 spelling, 219

Sequoyah, 217

spelling reformers, 220

Shakespeare, William, 232

split infinitive, 84

shape, 205, 297

spoken English, 221

Sidamo, 278

spoonerism, 158, 298

Sign, 200, 297

square brackets, 28, 41

Sign language, 200, 297

Standard American English, 243

Signed English, 203, 297 signs advertising sales, 135

Standard Australian English, 243 Standard British English, 243

silent letters, 219

Standard Canadian English, 243

simultaneous translation, 203

Standard English, 243, 253

singular, 82

Standard Indian English, 243

slang, 262, 297

standard language, 243, 298

slash marks, 41

statement, 131

Slavic languages, 218

stem, 67, 298

slip of the brain, 159 slip of the ear, 159, 297

Stokoe, William, 203 stop, 30, 46, 229, 298

slip of the eye, 205

strategic competence, 194, 298

slip of the tongue, 158, 297

stress-timing, 48

social category, 276–277, 297

structural ambiguity, 96, 298

social dialect, 257, 297

structural analysis, 85, 91, 298

social gender, 278, 297

structure dependency, 106

social interaction source, 3

style-shifting, 259–260, 266, 298

social marker, 259, 297 social roles, 278

stylistic continuum, 196 stylistics, 150

social stratification, 259

subject, 91, 298

social variable, 257, 297

substrate, 253

socio-economic status, 258

sucking behavior, 171, 181

sociolect, 257, 297

suffix, 57, 67–68, 298

sociolinguistic competence, 194, 297

Sumerians, 214

sociolinguistics, 257, 297

superlative (adjective), 68

solidarity, 260 sonorant, 36

superordinate, 115, 298 superstrate, 253

sound changes, 229, 232

suppletion, 73

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suprasegmentals, 47 surface structure, 96, 101, 298

transfer, 191, 299 transferred epithet, 121

Swahili, 66, 74, 249, 276

transitive, 89

swear words, 263

tree diagram, 97, 100, 299

syllabary, 217, 298

Turkish, 77

syllabic consonants, 48

turn, 143, 280, 299

syllabic writing, 216, 298

turn-taking, 143, 299

syllable, 43, 216, 298

two-handed signs, 205

syllable-timing, 48 synchronic variation, 236, 298

two-word stage, 173, 299

synecdoche, 121

Universal Grammar, 9

synonym, 113, 298

unmarked, 120

syntactic analysis, 95

unrounded vowels, 37

syntactic changes, 234

upward mobility, 260

syntactic rules, 95

using language, 20

syntactic structure, 94, 298

uvula, 34, 299

syntax, 94, 298

uvular, 34, 299

T/V distinction, 277, 299

vague amounts, 136

taboo terms, 263, 298

vague frequency, 136

tag questions, 279, 298

vague language, 135

Tagalog, 71, 75

vague nouns, 136

Tamasheq, 75, 105

vague possibility, 136

task-based learning, 194, 298

variation in grammar, 244

tautology, 145, 298 teaching method, 189

velar, 29–30, 45, 299 velar fricative, 233

teeth, 4

velum, 30, 31, 34, 299

telegraphic speech, 174, 299

verb, 81, 299

teleological explanation, 8

verb phrase, 86–87, 99, 299

temporal deixis, 128, 299

vernacular, 264, 299

tense, 82, 107, 299

vervet monkey, 14–15

tense vowels, 37

Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron, 2

test-frames, 85 texting, 216, 221

Vikings, 231 vocal folds, 5, 27, 32, 279, 299

thematic roles, 112

vocalization, 6, 171

theme, 112, 121, 299

voiced, 27, 229, 299

theoretical linguistics, 195

voiceless, 27, 229, 299

theta, 29

voiceless stop, 44

theta assignment, 123

von Frisch, Karl, 14

third person, 82

vowel, 32, 229, 299

thorn, 231 tic-tac, 202

vowel chart, 32

tilde, 45

wanna-contraction, 104

time concepts, 272

Washoe, 17, 19

tip of the tongue phenomenon, 158, 299

Watam, 272, 281

Tok Pisin, 250–251, 253

Webster, Noah, 58

Tongan, 238

wedge, 34

tongue, 5

Welsh, 247

tool-making source, 5 trachea, 27

Wenker, George, 253 Wernicke’s aphasia, 161, 299

traditional grammar, 80, 83, 299

Wernicke’s area, 156, 299

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Index

Whorf, Benjamin, 273 women’s speech, 279

writing, 213, 299 written English, 221

word class, 80 word order, 101, 234

Yagua, 275

word play, 117

Yerkish, 19–20

word reconstruction, 230

yo-he-ho, 3

word storage, 158

Yukagirs, 222

working-class speech, 257

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zero-morph, 70

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