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Index
AAE, see African American English
American English, 32, 50, 114, 233, 252, 279
AAVE, see African American Vernacular English
American Sign Language (ASL), 17, 200, 202, 286, 287
abjads, 221
Ameslan, 200, 286
abugidas, 221
Amuzgo, 91
accent, 34, 243, 286
analogy, 58, 286
acoustic phonetics, 27, 286
analytic processing, 163
acquisition, 170, 187, 286 acquisition barriers, 187
anaphora, 129, 287 Angles, 231
acquisition process, 174
Anglo-Saxons, 231
acquisition schedule, 171
angma, 30
acronym, 56, 286
animal communication, 12
active voice, 82, 107, 286
animate, 111
Adam, 2
anomia, 161, 287
Adam’s apple, 27
antecedent, 129, 287
address term, 277, 286 adjective, 81, 90, 286
anterior speech cortex, 156 antonymy, 114, 120, 287
adjunctive general extenders, 267
aphasia, 160, 287
adverb, 81, 90, 286
applied linguistics, 195, 287
adverb position, 90
approximators, 136
affect, 189
Arabic, 42, 217, 249, 265
affective factors, 189, 286
arbitrariness, 13, 22, 287
affix, 57, 67, 122, 286
arcuate fasciculus, 157, 161, 287
affricate, 30, 286 African American English (AAE), 263, 286
arrow 11, 98 article, 81, 95, 287
African American Vernacular English (AAVE),
articulatory parameters, 204, 287
263, 265, 286
articulatory phonetics, 27, 287
agent, 112, 286
ash, 231
agrammatic, 160, 286
Asian American English, 264
agrammatism, 165
ASL, see American Sign Language
agreement, 81, 286
aspect, 89
“all and only criterion,” 95 allomorph, 70, 73, 286
aspiration, 42, 287 assimilation, 45, 287
allophone, 42, 286
associative meaning, 110, 287
alphabet, 217, 286
asterisk, 80, 95
alphabetic writing, 40, 217, 286
audience design, 261
alternate sign language, 202, 286
audiolingual method, 190, 287
alveolar, 28, 29, 286
auditory phonetics, 27, 287
alveolar ridge, 28, 31–32, 286
Australian English, 54
Alzheimer’s disease, 161
auxiliary verb (Aux), 101, 279, 287
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Index
babbling, 172, 287 Babel, 2, 8
cave drawings, 213 Caxton, William, 189
baby talk, 170
central vowel, 33
back vowel, 32–33
characters, 215, 288
back-channels, 280, 287
Chaucer, 232
backformation, 54, 287
Cherokee, 217
background knowledge, 146, 150, 287
Chicano English, 264, 266
bathtub effect, 165
child-directed speech, 170
beats, 202, 287 bee communication, 13–14
chimpanzees, 17, 24 Chinese, 52
bidialectal, 247, 287
Chinese writing, 214–215
bilabial, 28, 29, 287
cicadas, 14
bilingual, 186, 247, 287
circumfix, 61
bilingualism, 247, 287
clarification request, 197
biological classification, 274
classifier, 276, 282, 288
biological gender, 278
Clerc, Laurent, 204
bi-pedal (on two feet) locomotion, 4 Black English, 263
Clever Hans, 22 clipping, 54, 288
blending, 53, 287
closed class of words, 67
body language, 22
closed syllable, 43, 288
bonobo, 20
coarticulation effects, 44, 288
borrowing, 52, 287
coda, 43, 46, 288
bound morpheme, 67, 288
code-switching, 266
bound stem, 67
cognate, 228, 230, 238, 288
boustrophedon writing, 221 bow-wow theory, 3, 288
cognitive category, 275, 288 coherence, 142, 288
brackets, 86
cohesion, 141, 288
brain, 6, 154
cohesive ties, 141, 150, 288
brain imaging, 166
co-hyponyms, 115, 288
brain stem, 155
coinage, 56, 288
Brazilian Portuguese, 52
collocation, 118, 288
British English, 54, 114, 252
colloquial speech, 262
British Sign Language (BSL), 202 broadening, 235, 288
color term, 271, 281 command, 131
Broca’s aphasia, 160, 288
communication, 12
Broca’s area, 156, 288
communication strategy, 194, 196, 288
Brummie accent, 252
communicative approaches, 190, 288
313
communicative competence, 194, 288 calque, 52, 288
Communicative Language Teaching, 198
camaraderie politeness, 137
communicative signals, 12, 288
Canada, 247 Captain Kirk’s infinitive, 84 careful style, 259
comparative (adjective), 68 comparative reconstruction, 228–229, 240, 288 competence, 104
caregiver speech, 170, 288
complement phrase, 105, 288
caron, 36
complementary pairs, 114
casual style, 259
complementizer, 105, 288
CAT scan, 166
completion point, 143–144, 288
cataphora, 130, 288
compounding, 53, 289
categorization, 116 category, 271, 288
comprehensible input, 193 conceptual meaning, 110, 289
category change, 55
conditioned response, 19
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Index
conduction aphasia, 161, 289 conjunction, 81, 289
decreolization, 251, 289 deep structure, 96, 101, 289
connectors, 144
deference politeness, 137
Conrad, Joseph, 188
deictic projection, 134
consonant, 28, 289
deictics, 201, 290
consonant chart, 31
deixis (deictic), 127, 290
consonant cluster, 44, 46, 47, 264, 289
dementia, 161
consonantal alphabet, 217, 289
dental, 29–30, 42, 290
constancy under negation, 131 constituent, 85
derivation, 57, 290 derivational morpheme, 67–68, 70, 290
constituent analysis, 85, 289
descriptive approach, 84, 290
contact language, 250
design features, 23
context, 127, 133, 289
determiner, 89
contracted negative, 265
developing morphology, 176
contrastive analysis, 196
developing semantics, 178
conventional knowledge, 147
developing syntax, 177
convergence, 261, 289 conversation, 142, 145
diachronic variation, 236, 290 diacritics, 47
conversation analysis, 143, 289
dialect, 243, 290
converses, 121
dialect boundary, 245, 290
conversion, 55, 289
dialect continuum, 246, 290
cooing, 172, 289
dialect levelling, 254
co-operative principle, 144, 289
dialect surveys, 245
corpus callosum, 155
dialectology, 244, 253, 290
corpus linguistics, 118, 289 corpus research, 221
dichotic listening, 161, 290 Dickens, Charles, 259
correction, 175
dictionary, 117
co-text, 127, 289
diglossia, 248, 290
countable, 276, 281, 289
digraph, 219, 290
covert prestige, 260, 263, 289
diphthong, 33, 290
creativity, 14
direct speech act, 131, 279, 290
creole, 251, 289
discourse, 140
creolization, 251, 289 critical discourse analysis, 150
discourse analysis, 139, 290 discourse markers, 151
critical period, 163, 188, 289
displacement, 13, 290
cross-cultural communication, 280, 281
dispreferred response, 149
cross-gender interaction, 280
distance politeness, 137
crosslinguistic influence, 191
ditransitive, 89
cultural transmission, 15, 170, 289
divergence, 261, 290
culture, 271, 289
divine source, 2
cuneiform, 214, 289 curly brackets, 99
double articulation, 16 double negative, 234, 264, 279 duality, 16, 290
Cyrillic alphabet, 218
Dutch, 50, 52, 247 dactylology, 209
Dyirbal, 281
Dani, 271 Darwin, Charles, 1
Early Modern English, 231–232, 239, 290
deaf, 200
Ebonics, 263, 266
deaf education, 203 declarative, 131
education, 258 Egyptian, 2
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Egyptian hieroglyphics, 214, 218 elicitation, 197
forensic phonetics, 37 formal style, 259
elicitation procedures, 260
form-focused instruction, 198
elision, 46, 290
forming negatives, 178
embedded structure, 104
forming questions, 177
emblems, 201, 290
fossilization, 192, 291
empirical perspective, 183
FOXP2 gene, 9
enclitic, 74
free morpheme, 66, 291
English as a foreign language (EFL), 187 English as a second language (ESL), 187
French, 34, 52, 83, 232, 264, 274, 277 French Creole, 251
English Creole, 251
French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Franc¸aise
English Pidgins, 250
315
or LSF), 202
English-Only Movement, 254
fricative, 30, 229, 291
epenthesis, 233, 290
front vowel, 32–33
eponym, 56, 290
functional morpheme, 67, 160, 291
errors, 191
functional shift, 55
Eskimo, 274 eth, 29, 231
future tense, 92
etymology, 51, 290
Gaelic, 87, 91, 105
euphemisms, 135
Gallaudet, Thomas, 204
evidentials, 283
Ganda, 71
Ewe, 104
gender, 82, 278, 291
experiencer, 112, 290
gender class, 82
external change, 232, 291
gendered culture, 278
eye contact, 22 eyebrow flashes, 22
gendered interaction, 280 gendered speech, 279 gendered structures, 279
face, 132, 291
gendered words, 278
face-saving act, 133, 291
genderizing, 282
face-threatening act, 132, 291
general extenders, 136, 267
facial expression, 206–207, 209
generative grammar, 95, 291
family trees, 226
Genesis, 2
feature analysis, 41 features (phonological), 41
genetic source, 6 Genie, 2, 163, 167
features (semantic), 111
Geordie accent, 252
feedback, 197
German, 52, 60, 83, 228, 247, 277
feminine, 82, 278
Germanic, 228, 231
Filipino, 249 filled pause, 144, 291
gestures, 201, 209, 291 Gillie´ron, Jules, 253
finger-spelling, 206, 291
given information, 151
first language (L1), 187 first language acquisition, 169
glide, 31, 33, 44, 291 glossolalia, 12, 291
first person, 82
glottal, 29, 291
fixed reference, 15, 291
glottal stop, 31, 42, 47, 291
flap, 32, 42, 291
glottis, 32, 291
Flemish, 219
goal, 113, 291
floor, 143, 280
gradable antonyms, 114, 291
fMRI scan, 166
grammar, 80, 291
foreign accent, 192 foreigner talk, 193, 291
grammar school, 80 grammar–translation method, 190, 291
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grammatical categories, 80 grammatical competence, 194, 291
Indo-European, 227, 237 Indonesian, 61
grammatical gender, 82, 278, 291
inference, 128, 130, 147, 292
grammaticalization, 238
infinitive, 84
Great Vowel Shift, 232
infix, 57, 72, 292
Greek, 80, 219, 228
inflectional morpheme, 68–69, 160, 292
Greeks, 218
inflections, 68
Grice, Paul, 144
informal style, 259
Gricean maxims, 144 Grimm’s Law, 238
informative signals, 12, 292 initialisms, 60 innateness hypothesis, 7, 9, 292
habitual action, 265
input, 170–171, 192, 292
haček, 36
instinct, 15
Hangul, 221
instrument, 112, 122, 292
Hawai‘i Creole English, 251
instrumental motivation, 192, 292
Hawaiian, 47, 238
intake, 196
h-dropping, 259 Hebrew, 217, 249
integrative motivation, 192, 292 interaction, 170, 172
hedge, 145, 279, 291
intercultural communication, 281
Heimlich maneuver, 8
interdental, 29, 292
helping verbs, 101
interference, 191
Herodotus, 2
interjections, 3
hesitation marker, 144
interlanguage, 192, 196, 292
hierarchical organization, 87, 291
internal change, 232, 292
high variety, 248 high vowel, 32
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 27 interrogative, 101, 131
Hindi, 249
interruption, 280
hiragana, 217
intertextuality, 149
Hispanic American, 264
intonation, 279
history of English, 230
intransitive, 89
Hmong, 53, 61
Inuit, 271, 274
holistic processing, 163
Inuktitut, 274–275
holophrastic, 173, 292 homonym, 116–117, 292
IPA, see International Phonetic Alphabet Irish English, 244
homophone, 116–117, 292
isogloss, 245, 292
honorifics, 266
Italian, 228
Hopi, 272–275
Italic branch, 228
Hungarian, 52, 74 hypallage, 121
Jamaica, 251
hypercorrection, 89, 260
Japanese, 44, 52, 91, 216, 276, 278
hypocorism, 54, 292 hyponymy, 115, 292
jargon, 262, 292 Jespersen, Otto, 3, 8 jokes, 136
iconics, 201, 292
Jones, William, 227
ideogram, 214, 292
Jutes, 231
idiolect, 257, 292 Ilocano, 71
Kanuri, 70
imperative, 131
Kanzi, 20
implicature, 146, 292 indirect speech act, 132–133, 135, 279, 292
Khmu, 57 kinship terms, 272, 281, 292
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Index
knowledge structure, 147 Koko, 18
317
liquid, 31, 44, 293 loan-translation, 52, 293 localization view, 157, 293
L1 (first language), 292
location (in semantics), 113, 293
L2 (second language), 292
location (in Sign Language), 205, 293
labeled and bracketed sentences, 86, 292
logogram, 215–216, 222, 293
labeled brackets, 86
loss of inflections, 234
labiodental, 28, 29, 293
low variety, 248
Labov, William, 258 Ladefoged, Peter, 35
low vowel, 32
Lakhota, 122
macro-sociolinguistics, 266
Lana, 19
majority principle, 229, 293
language acquisition, 163, 183
malapropism, 158, 293
language death, 238
manner maxim, 145, 293
language disorders, 160
manner of articulation, 30
language gene, 7, 9
manual gestures, 5
language planning, 249, 293 language subordination, 268
Manually Coded English (MCE), 203 Ma¯ori, 238
language typology, 91
marked, 120
larynx, 5, 27, 279, 293
Marx, Groucho, 96
lateralization, 6, 163, 293
masculine, 82, 278
Latin, 80, 84, 91, 220, 228, 230–231, 233–234
maxim, 144, 293
Latin grammar, 83–84
Mayan, 249
lax vowels, 37
mean length of utterance (MLU), 182
learning, 187, 293 learning through correction, 175
meaning of signs, 206 metaphor, 120
learning through imitation, 175
metapragmatics, 135
left brain, 163
metathesis, 233, 293
left hemisphere, 155, 161–162, 164
metonymy, 118, 120, 293
lemur, 15
micro-sociolinguistics, 266
lexical ambiguity, 96
mid vowel, 32
lexical bundles, 221
middle-class speech, 257
lexical conditioning, 73 lexical morpheme, 67, 69, 160, 293
Middle English, 231, 239, 294 minimal pair, 42, 294
lexical relations, 113, 120, 293
minimal set, 43, 294
lexical rules, 100, 293
modal verbs, 101
lexicalized, 271, 275, 293
Modern English, 231–232, 294
lexifier language, 250, 293
monolingual, 249, 294
linguistic atlas, 245
Mopan Maya, 272
linguistic classification, 274
morph, 69, 294
linguistic context, 127, 293 linguistic determinism, 273, 293
morpheme, 66, 294 morphographic, 215
linguistic etiquette, 84
morphological conditioning, 73
linguistic geography, 242, 293
morphological development, 176
linguistic minorities, 247
morphology, 66, 294
linguistic politeness, 132
most natural development principle, 229, 294
linguistic relativity, 273, 293
motherese, 170
linguistic variable, 257, 293
moths, 15
lip-reading, 203 lips, 4
motivation, 192 motor aphasia, 160
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motor cortex, 6, 157, 294 motor skills, 181
onset, 43, 295 ontogeny, 8
mouth, 5
open class of words, 67
movement, 205, 294
open syllable, 43, 47, 295
movement rules, 101, 107, 294
open-endedness, 14
multicultural communication, 281
optimum age, 188 optional constituent, 98
naming, 6
oralism, 203, 209, 295
narrowing, 235, 294 nasal, 31, 45–46, 294
orangutan, 22 orientation, 205, 295
nasalization, 45, 294
orthography, 219, 295
native speaker (NS), 187, 193
output, 193, 295
natural class, 41, 294
output hypothesis, 196
natural gender, 82, 278, 294
overextension, 179, 295
natural sounds, 2
overgeneralization, 176, 191, 295
Neanderthal, 4
overlapping speech, 143
negative face, 133, 294 negative test, 114
overt prestige, 260, 295
negative transfer, 191, 294
palatal, 29–30, 295
negotiated input, 193, 294
palate, 30, 295
neologism, 51, 294
paragrammatism, 165
neologistic jargon aphasia, 165
parts of speech, 80
neurolinguistics, 155, 294
passive voice, 82, 107, 295
neuter, 83
past participle, 68
new information, 151 newspaper headlines, 140
past tense, 68 patient, 112
Nim, 19
pause, 143–144
non-countable, 276, 281, 294
performance, 104
non-gradable antonyms, 114, 294
performative verbs, 135
non-lexicalized, 275, 294
person, 82, 295
non-native speaker (NNS), 193
person deixis, 128, 295
non-reciprocal use, 277
PET scan, 166
non-standard, 264 non-verbal behavior, 201
pharyngeal, 295 pharynx, 5, 295
non-verbal sounds, 163
pheromones, 15
Norman French, 231
philology, 226, 295
NORMS, 245, 294 Norwegian, 272
Phoenicians, 217 phone, 41, 295
noun, 81, 85, 95, 294
phoneme, 40, 295
noun phrase, 85–87, 95, 294
phonetic alphabet, 27, 295
nucleus, 43, 294 number, 82, 294
phonetics, 27, 295 phonographic writing, 216, 295 phonological conditioning, 73
object, 91
phonological features, 41
observer’s paradox, 266
phonological information, 158
obstruent, 36
phonology, 40, 295
occupation, 258
phonotactics, 43–44, 295
Old English, 231, 239, 264, 294
phrasal verb, 55
Old Norse, 231 one-word stage, 173, 294
phrase structure rules, 99–100, 295 phrenology, 165
onomatopoeia, 3, 14, 295
Phrygian, 2
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phylogeny, 8 physical adaptation source, 4
prototype, 116, 123, 296 proverbs, 135
physical context, 127, 295
Psammetichus, 2
pictogram, 213, 222, 295
psychological construct, 134
319
pidgin, 250, 253, 295 pitch, 279, 295
quality maxim, 145, 296
pitch movement, 279
quantity maxim, 145, 296
pitch range, 279
Quechua, 283
place of articulation, 28–30 playback experiments, 22
question, 101, 131
plural, 82
Rapanui, 238
pointing gesture, 209
rational perspective, 183
politeness, 132, 137, 295
rebus principle, 216, 296
polysemy, 117, 295
rebus writing, 216
Ponapean, 282
recast, 197
pooh-pooh theory, 3, 296
reciprocal antonymy, 121
portmanteau words, 60 Portuguese, 278
reciprocal use, 277 recursion, 23, 105, 296
positive face, 133, 296
reduplication, 71, 296
positive transfer, 191, 296
reference, 128, 130, 296
possessive inflection, 68
reflexivity, 12, 296
post-creole continuum, 251, 296
regional dialects, 244
posterior speech cortex, 156
register, 261, 296
postlinguistic hearing impairment, 209
relation maxim, 145, 297
postposition, 77 postvocalic /r/, 258–259, 296
representing signs, 207 request, 131
power relationship, 277
retroflex, 37
pragmatics, 126, 296
reversives, 114, 297
preferred response, 149
rhyme, 43, 297
prefix, 57, 67–68, 296
rhythm, 48
pre-language, 172
riddles, 136
prelinguistic hearing impairment, 209
right brain, 163
preposition, 81, 84, 296 prepositional phrase, 86, 95, 98, 122, 296
right ear advantage, 163, 297 right hemisphere, 155, 162, 164–165
prescriptive approach, 83, 296
rising intonation, 279
present participle, 68
Roget, Peter, 120
present tense, 68
Roman alphabet, 218
prestige, 260, 279, 296
round brackets, 98
presupposition, 130, 136, 296
rounded vowels, 37
primary sign language, 202, 296
Russian, 218, 265
primes, 205, 296 printing, 219, 232
same-gender talk, 280
proclitic, 74
Samoan, 74, 238
productivity, 14, 296
Sanskrit, 227–228
pronoun, 81, 85–86, 95, 277, 296
Sapir, Edward, 273
pronunciation differences, 258
Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, 273, 297
proper noun, 81, 86, 95, 296
Sarah, 18
prothesis, 234, 296
Sarasvati, 2
proto-forms, 230 Proto-Indo-European, 227, 296
Saxons, 231 schema, 147, 297 schwa, 34, 45, 297
Proto-Polynesian, 238
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Index
Scottish, 233 Scottish English, 243
sound combinations, 43 sound loss, 232, 297
Scouse, 252
sound reconstruction, 229
script, 147, 297
sound symbolism, 22
second language (L2), 187
sound type, 41
second language learning, 187, 297
source, 113, 298
second person, 82
Spanish, 48, 52, 83, 88, 228, 233–234, 249, 277
segment, 47, 297
spatial deixis, 128, 298
semantic changes, 235 semantic features, 111, 297
speaker meaning, 125 speech accommodation, 261, 298
semantic role, 112, 123, 297
speech act, 131, 142, 298
semantics, 109, 297
speech community, 256, 298
Semitic languages, 217
speech errors, 165
semi-vowels, 31
speech event, 142
sensitive period, 163
speech perception, 172, 181
sensory aphasia, 160
speech skills, 181
sentence, 87 sequence of acquisition, 182
speech style, 259, 298 spelling, 219
Sequoyah, 217
spelling reformers, 220
Shakespeare, William, 232
split infinitive, 84
shape, 205, 297
spoken English, 221
Sidamo, 278
spoonerism, 158, 298
Sign, 200, 297
square brackets, 28, 41
Sign language, 200, 297
Standard American English, 243
Signed English, 203, 297 signs advertising sales, 135
Standard Australian English, 243 Standard British English, 243
silent letters, 219
Standard Canadian English, 243
simultaneous translation, 203
Standard English, 243, 253
singular, 82
Standard Indian English, 243
slang, 262, 297
standard language, 243, 298
slash marks, 41
statement, 131
Slavic languages, 218
stem, 67, 298
slip of the brain, 159 slip of the ear, 159, 297
Stokoe, William, 203 stop, 30, 46, 229, 298
slip of the eye, 205
strategic competence, 194, 298
slip of the tongue, 158, 297
stress-timing, 48
social category, 276–277, 297
structural ambiguity, 96, 298
social dialect, 257, 297
structural analysis, 85, 91, 298
social gender, 278, 297
structure dependency, 106
social interaction source, 3
style-shifting, 259–260, 266, 298
social marker, 259, 297 social roles, 278
stylistic continuum, 196 stylistics, 150
social stratification, 259
subject, 91, 298
social variable, 257, 297
substrate, 253
socio-economic status, 258
sucking behavior, 171, 181
sociolect, 257, 297
suffix, 57, 67–68, 298
sociolinguistic competence, 194, 297
Sumerians, 214
sociolinguistics, 257, 297
superlative (adjective), 68
solidarity, 260 sonorant, 36
superordinate, 115, 298 superstrate, 253
sound changes, 229, 232
suppletion, 73
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suprasegmentals, 47 surface structure, 96, 101, 298
transfer, 191, 299 transferred epithet, 121
Swahili, 66, 74, 249, 276
transitive, 89
swear words, 263
tree diagram, 97, 100, 299
syllabary, 217, 298
Turkish, 77
syllabic consonants, 48
turn, 143, 280, 299
syllabic writing, 216, 298
turn-taking, 143, 299
syllable, 43, 216, 298
two-handed signs, 205
syllable-timing, 48 synchronic variation, 236, 298
two-word stage, 173, 299
synecdoche, 121
Universal Grammar, 9
synonym, 113, 298
unmarked, 120
syntactic analysis, 95
unrounded vowels, 37
syntactic changes, 234
upward mobility, 260
syntactic rules, 95
using language, 20
syntactic structure, 94, 298
uvula, 34, 299
syntax, 94, 298
uvular, 34, 299
T/V distinction, 277, 299
vague amounts, 136
taboo terms, 263, 298
vague frequency, 136
tag questions, 279, 298
vague language, 135
Tagalog, 71, 75
vague nouns, 136
Tamasheq, 75, 105
vague possibility, 136
task-based learning, 194, 298
variation in grammar, 244
tautology, 145, 298 teaching method, 189
velar, 29–30, 45, 299 velar fricative, 233
teeth, 4
velum, 30, 31, 34, 299
telegraphic speech, 174, 299
verb, 81, 299
teleological explanation, 8
verb phrase, 86–87, 99, 299
temporal deixis, 128, 299
vernacular, 264, 299
tense, 82, 107, 299
vervet monkey, 14–15
tense vowels, 37
Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron, 2
test-frames, 85 texting, 216, 221
Vikings, 231 vocal folds, 5, 27, 32, 279, 299
thematic roles, 112
vocalization, 6, 171
theme, 112, 121, 299
voiced, 27, 229, 299
theoretical linguistics, 195
voiceless, 27, 229, 299
theta, 29
voiceless stop, 44
theta assignment, 123
von Frisch, Karl, 14
third person, 82
vowel, 32, 229, 299
thorn, 231 tic-tac, 202
vowel chart, 32
tilde, 45
wanna-contraction, 104
time concepts, 272
Washoe, 17, 19
tip of the tongue phenomenon, 158, 299
Watam, 272, 281
Tok Pisin, 250–251, 253
Webster, Noah, 58
Tongan, 238
wedge, 34
tongue, 5
Welsh, 247
tool-making source, 5 trachea, 27
Wenker, George, 253 Wernicke’s aphasia, 161, 299
traditional grammar, 80, 83, 299
Wernicke’s area, 156, 299
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Index
Whorf, Benjamin, 273 women’s speech, 279
writing, 213, 299 written English, 221
word class, 80 word order, 101, 234
Yagua, 275
word play, 117
Yerkish, 19–20
word reconstruction, 230
yo-he-ho, 3
word storage, 158
Yukagirs, 222
working-class speech, 257
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