Index

Acute toxicity, PCDEs in trout and, 139 Air pollutants, plant biomonitors and, 1 ff.

Air pollution biomonitors, plant taxa choice as, 13 Air pollution biomonitors, plants vs animals as, 16 Air pollution, plants as biomonitors of, 1 ff. Amazon, mercury contamination in the, 25 ff. American mink (Mustela vison), PCB effects on, 107 American River otter (Lutra canadensis), PCB levels in, 105 American River otter vs Eurasian otter, PCB levels in, 105 Analytical methods, PCBs in otters, 104 Analytical methods, PCDEs marine samples, 134 Analytical methods, plant atmospheric biomonitors, 8 Analytical procedure, PCDEs (illus.), 135 Aquatic animals, mercury biomonitors, 35 Aquatic environment, heavy metals effects on (illus.), 57 Aquatic environment, mercury contamination in Amazon, 34 Aquatic plants, mercury biomonitors, 34 Arsenic, levels in Gulf of Mexico sharks, 78 Atmospheric biomonitors, indicator gardens, 6 Atmospheric emission monitoring, plant biomonitors, 10 Atmospheric pollutants, plants vs animals as biomonitors of, 16 Atmospheric pollutants, effects on plant growth caused by, 11 Atmospheric pollutants, interaction between plant biomonitors and, 12 Atmospheric pollution bioindicator, defined,3

Atmospheric pollution, plant biomonitors of, 1 ff. Atmospheric pollution regulation, plant biomonitors and, 1 ff. Atmospheric pollution, selection of plant biomonitors, 7 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, plant atmospheric biomonitors and, 8 Bioavailability, heavy metals sediments in Gulf of Mexico and, 68 Bioindicator, defined, 3 Brazil, major gold mining areas, 27 Brazil, mercury contamination in, 25 ff. Cadmium, levels in Gulf of Mexico sharks, 78 Cadmium, levels in Gulf of Mexico organisms, 76 Cadmium, pollution of Gulf of Mexico caused by, 62 Cadmium, sediments in Gulf of Mexico, 66, 68, 71 Cadmium, toxic effects on marine organisms caused by, 84 Ceratodon purpureus (moss), heavy metal tolerance of, 11 Chlorinated diphenyloxides, see also polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDEs), 131

Chromium, levels in Gulf of Mexico organisms,76 Chromium, pollution of Gulf of Mexico caused by, 65 Chromium, sediments in Gulf of Mexico, 66,68,71 Clover (white), atmospheric biomonitor, 6 Coastal metal pollution, Gulf of Mexico, 53 ff. Cobalt, levels in Gulf of Mexico organisms, 77 Cobalt, pollution of Gulf of Mexico caused by, 62 Cobalt, sediments in Gulf of Mexico, 69

145

146

Index

Coniferous trees, biomonitors of atmospheric pollution, 5 Copper. levels in Gulf of Mexico organisms of. 77 Copper. pollution of Gulf of Mexico caused by, 65 Copper, sediments in Gulf of Mexico, 69 Cottonwood trees, atmospheric biomonitor, 6 Crassostrea virginica (oysters), heavy metals content of Gulf of Mexico, 75 Crassostrea virginica (oysters), heavy metals content of Mexican Pacific, 82 Drinking water. heavy metals permissible levels in US, 85

Eichornia crassipes (water hyacinth), mercury biomonitor, 34 Enzyme induction, PCDEs, 139 Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), PCBs effects on. 95 ff. Eurasian otter, population declines in Europe, 95 Eurasian otter, severe decline cause in Sweden, 112 Eurasian otter vs American River otter, PCB levels in, 105 Evergreen plants, preferred atmospheric biomonitors, 7

Grass, biomonitors of atmospheric pollution, 6 Gulf of Mexico, coastal metal pollution, 53 ff. Gulf of Mexico, heavy metal pollution, 61,64 Gulf of Mexico, heavy metal pollution sources, 55 Gulf of Mexico, heavy metal discharged by rivers, 58 Hair, human methylmercury exposure indication in, 41 Heavy metals, bioavailability sediments in Gulf of Mexico, 68 Heavy metals, discharged by rivers to Gulf of Mexico, 58 Heavy metals, effects in aquatic environment (illus.), 57 Heavy metals, levels in Gulf of Mexico, 64 Heavy metals, levels in Mexican Pacific coast organisms, 82 Heavy metals, permissible levels in US drinking water, 85 Heavy metals, sediment levels in Gulf of Mexico, 67 Heavy metals, sediments in Gulf of Mexico continental shelf, 71 Heavy metals, sediments in Mexican Pacific coast, 78, 80 Heavy metals, toxic effects on marine organisms,81 HPLC analysis, plant atmospheric biomonitors, 8 Human exposure to mercury, Amazon, 45 Hylocomium splendens (moss), atmospheric biomonitor, 4, 13 Hypnum cuppressiforme (moss), atmospheric biomonitor, 4, 13

Ferret (Mustela putorius juro), PCB sensitivity in, 108 Fish consumption, mercury hair concentrations and, 43 Fish, heavy metal levels in Mexican Pacific, 82 Fish, human methylmercury poisoning and,37 Fish, mercury biomonitors. 36 Immunosupression. PCDEs, 139 Fish, mercury contamination levels in Indicator gardens, atmospheric biomoniBrazil,38 tors, 6 Gold mining areas, major in Brazil, 27 Lead. Gulf of Mexico coastal pollution Gold mining, environmental mercury concaused by, 60 tamination and, 28 Lead, maximum permissible wastewater Goldsmiths, mercury exposure, 44 in Mexico. 60

147

Index Lead, levels in Gulf of Mexico organisms, 74 Lead, pollution of Gulf of Mexico caused by,62 Lead, sediments in Gulf of Mexico, 66, 67,71 Lead, levels in Gulf of Mexico sharks, 78 Lichens, atmospheric mercury absorption, 33 Lichens, biomonitors of atmospheric pollution,4 Log Kow values, PCDEs, 136 Lolium perenne (grass), atmospheric biomonitor, 6 Lutra canadensis (Amer. River otter), PCB levels in, 105 Lutra lutra (Eurasian otter), PCBs effects on, 95 ff. Marine environment, peDEs toxicity, 131 ff. Mercury, absorption by mosses/lichens via air, 33 Mercury, air concentrations in Brazil, 30 Mercury, air pollution via vegetation burning and, 29 Mercury amalgamation process, typical losses, 28 Mercury, Amazon contamination, 25 ff. Mercury, aquatic animal biomonitors and, 35 Mercury, aquatic environment pollution caused by, 34 Mercury biomonitors, aquatic plants as, 34 Mercury distillation, primary contamination source, 26 Mercury, fish contamination levels in Brazil,38 Mercury, Gulf of Mexico coastal pollution caused by, 56 Mercury, hair concentrations in Amazon of,42 Mercury, hair concentrations vs fish consumption, 43 Mercury, human exposure in Amazon, 45 Mercury, human health and, 41 Mercury, levels in Gulf of Mexico organisms, 73

Mercury, pollution of air caused by, 29 Mercury, pollution of Gulf of Mexico caused by, 62 Mercury, pollution of terrestrial environment caused by, 29 Mercury, production in Mexico, 59 Mercury, river sediment contamination of Amazon by, 37, 39 Mercury, sediments in Gulf of Mexico, 65 Mercury, levels in Gulf of Mexico sharks, 78 Mercury, simple aquatic food chain and, 58 Mercury, soil contamination via air caused by, 31 Mercury, sources in the Amazon region, 26 Mercury, sources/production in Mexico, 59 Mercury, storage of biological compartments (illus), 40 Mercury, terrestrial ecosystems levels of, 32 Mercury, decrease in world production of, 58 Methylmercury, human hair as exposure indicator, 41 Methylmercury, human poisoning via fish, 37 Mexico, coastal lead pollution, 60 Mexico, coastal mercury pollution, 56 Mexico, coastal metal pollution, 53 ff. Mexico, maximum permissible lead wastewater, 60 Mexico, mercury sources, 59 Minnesota Bioindicator study, described, 10

Mollusks, heavy metals content in Gulf of Mexico, 74 Mollusks, lead content in Gulf of Mexico, 68 Moss, heavy metal tolerance, II Moss, metal concentrations in Europe transect, 10 Mosses, atmospheric mercury absorption, 33 Mosses, biomonitors of atmospheric pollution, 3

148

Index

Mustela putorius Juro (ferret), PCB sensitivity in, 108

Neutron activation analysis, plant atmospheric biomonitors and, 8 Nickel, levels in Gulf of Mexico organisms, 77 Nickel, pollution of Gulf of Mexico by, 65 Nickel, sediments in Gulf of Mexico, 69 Otters, PCBs in feces, 104 Otters, PCBs suspected as cause of population declines, 95 ff. Oysters, heavy metal levels in Gulf of Mexico, 75 Oysters, heavy metal levels in Mexican Pacific, 82 PCB concentrations, variations with analytical method, 104 PCB concentrations, variations with otter populations, 102 PCB congener patterns, European otters, 101 PCB congeners, metabolism of, 97 PCB congeners, otter differential metabolism, 116 PCB isomers, metabolism of, 97 PCBs, concentration in otters declines with time, 103 PCBs, concentration in vs age of otters, 103 PCBs, concentration vs otter body condition, 109 PCBs, concentration vs otter death cause, 110 PCBs, concentration vs otter population performance, 110 PCBs, concentration vs otter reproductive status, 110 PCBs, concentrations in European otters, 96,98 PCBs, effects on American mink (Mustela vison), 107 PCBs, effects on Eurasian otter (l.utra lutra), 95 ff. PCBs, effects on European otters, 107

PCBs, methyl sulfonyl metabolites in otters, 102 PCBs, otter feces, 104 PCBs, pathological effects in European otter caused by, 108 PCBs, pathological effects in seals caused by, 108 PCBs, proposed safe levels in sediment! fish/otter, 114 PCBs, see also polychlorinated biphenyls, 95 ff. PCBs, suspected as cause of Eurasian otter decline, 96 PCDDs, see also polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins, 131 PCDEs, acute toxicity in trout, 139 PCDEs, analytical methods, 134 PCDEs, chemical structure (illus.), 131 PCDEs, concentrations in fresh water fish, 137 PCDEs, concentrations in marine organisms, 138 PCDEs, congeners in technical chlorophenol,133 PCDEs, distribution in marine environment,136 PCDEs, environmental sources of, 131 PCDEs, enzyme induction, 139 PCDEs, immunosupression and, 139 PCDEs, Log Kow values, 136 PCDEs, no-observable-effect levels in rats, 140 PCDEs, photodechlorination, 137 PCDEs, presence in chlorophenols, 131 PCDEs, see also polychlorinated diphenlyethers, 131 PCDEs, TCDD (dioxin) activity, 141 PCDEs, tetrachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) activity, 141 PCDEs, toxicity in marine environment, 131 ff. PCDFs, see also polychlorinated dihenzofurans, 131 Photodechlorination, PCDEs, 137 Picea (spruce) tree species, atmospheric biomonitor, 5 Pinus (pine) tree species, atmospheric biomonitor, 5

Index Plant atmospheric biomonitors, taxa choice, 13 Plant biomonitors, air pollution, 1 ff. Plants, air pollution biomonitors, 1 ff. Plasma/atomic emission spectrophotometry. plant atmospheric biomonitors, 8 Pleurozium schreberi (moss), atmospheric biomonitor, 4, 13 Poa annua (grass), atmospheric biomonitor, 6 Point-source monitoring, plant atmospheric biomonitors, 9 Pollution biomonitors, plants 1 ff. Pollution, plants as biomonitors, 1 ff Pollution regulation, plant biomonitors, I ff.

Polychlorinated biphenyls, see also PCBs, 95 ff. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, see also PCDDs, 131 Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, see also PCDFs,131 Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), environmental sources of, 131 Polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDEs), chemical structure of, 131 Polychlorinated diphenylethers, see also PCDEs,131 Polytrichumformosum (moss), atmospheric biomonitor, 4, 13 Populas nigra (black cottonwood tree), atmospheric biomonitor, 6 Pseudoschleropodium purum (moss), atmospheric biomonitor, 4, 13 Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (moss), atmospheric biomonitor, 4, 13 Rumex acetosella (sorrel), atmospheric biomonitor, 6

149

Salvinia auriculata (floating plant), aquatic mercury biomonitor, 34 Sampling methods, plant atmospheric biomonitors, 8, 15 Scirpus cubensis (floating plant), aquatic mercury biomonitor, 35 Seals, pathological effects caused by PCBs, 108 Sharks, heavy metal levels in Gulf of Mexico, 78 Silver mining, environmental mercury contamination caused by, 28 Silversmiths, mercury exposure, 44 Soil, mercury contamination via air, 31 Spanish moss, atmospheric mercury monitoring,33 Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss), air mercury monitoring, 33 Trees, biomonitors atmospheric pollution, 5

Trifolium repens (clover), atmospheric biomonitor, 6

Vegetation burning, major mercury source, 29 Victoria amazonica (floating plant), aquatic mercury biomonitor, 35 Water, heavy metals levels permissible in US drinking, 85 Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), mercury biomonitor, 34 Wood preservatives, PCDE source, 133 Zinc, levels in Gulf of Mexico organisms, 77

Zinc, pollution of Gulf of Mexico caused by, 65, 73