______________________________ ______________________________
2.4
______________________________ ______________________________
Independent & Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses A clause is ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
Purpose:
Independent Clause
Dependent (Subordinate) Clause Purpose:
Example:
Example: Many people travel.
Because they crave excitement.
Practice: Identify the italicized words as independent or subordinate clauses. 1. Before you sign up for a vacation trip, read the fine print. 2. Most tour companies are responsible operators. 3. However, travelers must agree to their terms and conditions. 4. Whenever you see the word “liability,” read the text carefully. 5. Pay attention to the details as you read. 6. Tour companies hire outside services, but they aren’t responsible for mishaps with those services. 7. If the airline loses your luggage, the tour company isn’t accountable. 8. When there’s no heat in the mountain lodge, the tour guide can only sympathize. 9. In fact, he or she will probably complain as much as you will. 10. Of course, no one is responsible if Mother Nature rains on your vacation.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 2
Simple & Compound Sentences 1. Simple Sentence = one independent clause Ex: The cow jumps over the moon.
Subject + verb + complete thought = independent clause
2. Compound Sentence = two or more independent clauses joined by conjunction(s) - Independent clauses may be joined by a semicolon (used alone or with a transition). Ex: The cow jumps over the moon, and the fork ran away with the spoon.
Reminders: • Conjunctions are connectors that link equal words, phrases, or clauses. • Coordinating conjunctions cue readers in on relationships between ideas. Directions: Label the following sentences as simple (S), compound (CD), or fragment (FR). _____1.
Gina and Rick will conduct the experiment in chemistry class today.
_____2.
Sara worked last summer and saved enough money for a computer.
_____3.
The entire crowd waited quietly, and Niki walked to the line and took the shot.
_____4.
The delivery person arrived late, but the pizza was still warm.
_____5.
The people in the home stands threw paper onto the floor; consequently, the referee called a foul on the home team.
_____6.
When Mrs. Levinson assigned the difficult paper.
_____7.
Jack is on the yearbook staff this year; he won’t be writing for the newspaper.
_____8.
Outside of school, the students.
_____9.
What time does the next plane leave?
_____10. I hope to catch up on my reading during spring break.
Directions: 1. Identify whether the sentences below are simple (S), compound (CD), or fragments (FR). 2. Underline the independent clause in each example. Circle the subordinate clause. ______ 1. Although this class is demanding, I know that it will serve me well in the future. ______ 2. Write with your senses, and write with your heart. ______ 3. My mother tells me. ______ 4. Playing video games is beginning to affect my sleep schedule so maybe I should quit. ______ 5. You can pick your friends, but you’re stuck with family.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 3
Sentence Types Extra Practice Simple & Compound Directions: Identify the following sentences as simple (S), compound (CD), fused (FD), or fragments (FR). _____1.
Some inventions are created by accident.
_____2.
Walter E. Diemer worked for a chewing-gum company.
_____3.
He was an accountant, but he wanted to improve the company’s gum.
_____4.
Because he wanted chewier gum.
_____5.
He didn’t succeed, but he did come up with something.
_____6.
He produced a mixture, it could be blown into bubbles.
_____7.
This mixture was the first bubble gum.
_____8.
Which Diemer added pink food coloring.
_____9.
The gum was fun to chew, and the color made it attractive.
_____10. If Walter Diemer had not experimented. _____11. He would not have discovered bubble gum, and we might not have it today.
Directions: Combine the following simple sentences into a compound sentence. 1. Over 1,000 years ago the Maya of Mexico chewed chili. Native Americans later taught European settlers to chew gum. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Modern chewing gum was originally made with sugar. In the mid-1900s, companies began making sugarless gum. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 4
Sentence Fragments What’s the problem? ______________________________________________________________________
Why does it matter? ______________________________________________________________________
What’s the problem?
Quick Fix
Has a dance recital tonight.
My mother up all night sewing her costume.
My sister dance the part of the leading ladybug.
At the end of the recital.
Since she goes to all my soccer games.
Practice: Correct the sentence fragments. In 1865 Western Union needed a telegraph cable. To link America to Europe. Before they could lay the cable across Siberia. Someone needed to survey the land. The task of surveying to George Kennan, an accomplished telegrapher.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 5
Fused (Run-On) Sentences What’s the problem? ______________________________________________________________________
Why does it matter? ______________________________________________________________________
What’s the problem?
Quick Fix
In 1972, a company called Atari created the first video game it was called Pong.
By modern standards it was a very simple game, it quickly achieved great popularity.
Practice: Correct the fused sentence. Kennan was not a linguist, he thought Russian was impossible to learn.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 6
Practice Completing Sentences Fused & Fragmented Sentences Directions: Determine whether each sentence is complete (C) or a fragment (FRAG). ______ 1. Since 1600, telescopes have used lenses or mirrors to gather and focus light. ______ 2. Going outside the earth’s atmosphere to see more clearly. ______ 3. The surface temperature of the sun is 8,700 degrees Fahrenheit. ______ 4. Estimated 100 billion galaxies in our universe. ______ 5. The stars in the Milky Way, including our sun. ______ 6. To study the night sky throughout the year. ______ 7. Many stargazers use telescopes on their roof porches. ______ 8. When people thought that the sky was an upside-down blue bowl over the earth. ______ 9. The planets closest to the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. ______ 10. To find a logical explanation for the movement of the stars. Directions: Find the sentence fragments in the following hastily written paragraph. Using editing marks, revise each to be a complete sentence, either by combining it with the previous sentence or by adding the missing parts. In 1957, Sputnik, a Russian satellite, was the first to orbit Earth. Since then many countries more than 100 satellites. In 1960, the United States sent up the first weather satellite. Named Tiros I. Other satellites, including Ranger VII, Pioneer 10, and Pioneer 11, studied the moon, Jupiter, and Saturn. And radioed back important information. In 1961, Russian and the United States began sending humans into space. With Russia again taking the lead. The United States was determined to be the first on the moon. In 1969, U.S. astronauts made the first moon landing in Apollo 11.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 7
Practice Completing Sentences Fused & Fragmented Sentences Directions: Identify each sentence as either fused (FUS) or correct (C). _____
1. In several large cities the orchestras give their summer performances in outdoor settings, the Cleveland Orchestra, for example, plays at Blossom Music Center.
______ 2. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra plays at Ravinia Park north of the city during the summer, and the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra plays in the city itself. ______ 3. The Boston Pops Orchestra gives outdoor concerts in a park on the Charles River these concerts are free. ______ 4. Outdoor music settings are not used only by the orchestras; on the contrary, all types of usic are presented during the season. ______ 5. During a single weekend a stage might be used by an orchestra, a rock band, and a jazz combo, audiences have a choice. ______ 6. Often summer orchestra programs end with fireworks displays this is especially true on holiday weekends such as the Fourth of July.
Directions: Using editing marks, revise any fused sentences in the paragraph to be complete.
Why have compact discs become so popular, they cost almost twice as much as albums and cassettes. It is because discs hold a large amount of music, furthermore, CD players can be programmed to selective choice. The CD revolution has revived the music industry. Teenagers are still the largest consumers of recorded music adult buying is up.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 8
Complex Sentences Complex Sentences = 1 independent clause + 1 or more dependent clause(s) Ex: While Mary cooks dinner, she watches the evening news. Directions: Identify the following clauses as independent or dependent. 1.
While the teacher talked.
__________
2.
Because she was late.
__________
3.
That inform and entertain.
__________
4.
When the dog barked.
__________
5.
I skipped breakfast.
__________
6.
The baby cried.
__________
7.
I like magazines.
__________
8.
The students slept.
__________
9.
The curtain rose.
__________
10.
The actors and crew smiled and bowed.
__________
Directions: Underline the dependent clause in each sentence. If there is none, write None. Identify the sentences as simple (S), compound (CD), or complex (CX). _____1. Some useful inventions have caused serious problems. _____2. A good example is the automobile, which became popular in the early 1900s. _____3. The automobile is now one of our most important means of transportation, but it also causes much of our air pollution. _____4. Some people who worry about our environment believe in restricting the use of cars. _____5. They think that people should not be able to drive cars in certain places. _____6. When we have better engines and fuels, some people think the problem will disappear.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 9
Identifying Dependent Clauses in Complex Sentences Trigger Words: Words that usually begin a dependent clause. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Directions: Circle the word that sets off the dependent clause in each sentence. Then, underline the entire dependent clause. 1. George played football while Betsy went shopping. 2. Although Pittsburgh has the better football team, it lost. 3. The woman whom my mom talked to sells cosmetics. 4. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. 5. The house, which Abraham Lincoln was born in, is still standing. 6. The town where I grew up is in the United States. 7. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. 8. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. 9. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. 10. After they finished studying, Carl and Maria went to the movies.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 10
Sentence Types Extra Practice Complex Directions: Using two different colors, highlight or underline independent and dependent clauses. Afterward, label each sentence type (S, CD, CX). _____1.
Before weather forecasters used satellites and radar, people looked for clues in nature for predicting the weather.
_____2.
Since people did not have sophisticated equipment, they watched the behavior of animals, birds, and insects.
_____3.
Some signs are reliable, but others should not be trusted.
_____4.
Here are some examples of what people once believed.
_____5.
If you can see a groundhog’s shadow on February 2, there will be six more weeks of winter.
_____6.
When the sky is red at sunset, good weather will follow.
_____7.
When the sky is red at sunrise, the weather can’t be trusted.
_____8.
Germans kept frogs to predict rain because frogs croak more in low air pressure.
_____9.
Pinecones have been used to forecast weather because they open up in dry weather.
_____10. They close up when the weather is damp. _____11. We are lucky that weather forecasting techniques have improved.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 11
Compound-Complex Sentences Compound-Complex Sentences = 2 independent clauses joined by a conjunction + 1 or more dependent clause(s) Ex: I read Frankenstein, which Mary Shelley wrote, and I reported on it. Directions: Identify the following clauses as complex (CX) or compound-complex (CC). _____1.
The runners who completed the marathon celebrated at the finish line.
_____2.
Because she arrived first, Kristin unlocked the door, but she left the key in the lock.
_____3.
Lee didn’t know when we would return, but we went with him anyway.
_____4.
Tonight we’ll just eat whatever is left from lunch, and tomorrow we’ll order pizza.
_____5.
The pool where we usually swim is too small for swim team practice.
_____6.
Because he is a member of the school board, Mr. Williams spoke in favor of the bond issue, but he didn’t give it his complete support.
_____7.
Leonardo DiCaprio is the actor who starred in Titanic.
_____8.
The assembly, which will be in the gym, won’t last very long; however, everyone must attend.
Directions: Write your own sentences according to the kind listed. 1. Simple ________________________________________________________________ 2. Compound ________________________________________________________________ 3. Complex ________________________________________________________________ 4. Compound-Complex ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
Llanos 12
Sentence Type Review This is similar to your quiz. Directions: Read the following sentences and identify them as simple (S), compound (CD), complex (CX), compound-complex (CC), or fragment (FR). _____1.
Guy de Maupassant wrote approximately 300 short stories during his career.
_____2.
He often wrote about characters who struggled against their fate.
_____3.
Greed or ambition often lead to the downfall of his characters.
_____4.
“The Necklace” is about a lady who borrowed a diamond necklace from a friend.
_____5.
She lost the borrowed necklace, and she bought another one.
_____6.
She returned the new necklace to the woman who had loaned the other necklace to her, and she kept the loss secret.
_____7.
After ten years of hard work.
_____8.
She paid for the necklace, but the work robbed her of her youth and beauty.
_____9.
That the borrowed necklace had not been made of real diamonds.
_____10. What was the lesson she had learned? _____11. Your genes carry your family’s genetic history. _____12. As she was driving over the bridge, she sneezed. _____13. TV families often owned dogs, but you rarely saw a cat. _____14. Because families are so scattered, many people use e-mail, and grandparents also use computers.
Phrases, Clauses & Sentence Types Packet
