Current situation: – Feed production determines technological
Increasing nutritive values of raw materials and compound feed by feed technology Dr.Ir. P.J. van der Aar Dr.Ir. J. Doppenberg
development – Feed characteristic: pellet quality – Effect on performance often unknown – Variation in nutritional quality caused by production
Schothorst Feed Research
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Many different technologies
Different objectives feed technology
– – – – – – – –
– – – –
Milling Conditioning Pelleting Expanding Extruding Cooling Heating Chemical treatment
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Compacting Homogenise/demixing prevention Reduce microbial contamination Improve nutritional value
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Different objectives feed technology
What is nutritional value ?
– – – –
– Better availability of nutrients through digestion • Extent • Rate • Site – Reduction of ANF’s – Feed intake – Health improvement
Compacting Homogenise/demixing Reduce microbial contamination Improve nutritional value But it may also have adverse effects or over processing may occur
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1
Main effects of technology on digestion
Effect of pelleting on digestibility (broilers, grower phase)
– Gelatinisation of starch: water, pressure, heat – Making nutrients better accessible for digestive enzymes – Particle seize reduction – Denaturation of antinutritional factors
Treatment
D.C. (%) Protein
D.C. (%) Fat
M.E. (kcal/DM)
Meal
85.2
84.5
3458
Pelleted
86.5
90.2
3542
PSF-23
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Effect of pelleting on digestibility of rapeseed meal in swine
Effect of pelleting on app. faecal digestibility in pigs ns ns
90
Meal
Pellets
rel.difference
protein digestion (%)
79
82
+ 4%
fat digestion (%)
68
76
+ 12%
fibre digestion (%)
39
47
+ 20%
ns 80
*
70 60
meal pellet
**
50 40 30 OM CP (B. Smits et al., 1994)
CFat
CFibre
Normally for feeds 2 – 4 %
NfE
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Starch digestibility of peas and wheat in broiler diet
DC %
w heat 100 95 90 85 80
96,4
Carré et al; 1987 ©2004-2011 Schothorst Feed Research. All rights reserved
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What is nutritional value ?
peas
97,5 95,9
97,2 97,1
pelleted & ground
double pellet & ground
91,5
ground (2m m )
Schothorst Feed Research (VLB-32)
– Better availability of nutrients through digestion • Extent • Site of digestion • Rate of digestion – Reduction of ANF’s – Feed intake – Health improvement
treatment 11
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2
Bypass protein Rapeseedexpeller
%BCP
For ruminants for protein and starch sources it is beneficial that these are only partially fermented in the rumen. It is more efficient if they are digested in the small intestine
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
CFAT (g/kg) ©2004-2011 Schothorst Feed Research. All rights reserved
True Metabolisable Protein Rapeseedexpeller
14
NEl (/kg)
TMP (g/kg)
Net energy Rapeseedexpeller
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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9 15
Effect production process on rumen bypass of starch
pelleting
2
16
BOA / pelleting
17
TMC / pelleting
5
expander / pelleting
13
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 16
Effect of sorghum particle size on digestibility rollermill (course particles)
hammermill (fine particles)
ileal starch digestibility
72 %
86 %
faecal starch digestibility
96 %
98 %
Decrease in bypass (absolute %) 12
double pelleting
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1
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(Owsley et al, 1981)
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3
Rate and site of starch digestion in piglets and broilers
What is nutritional value ? – Better availability of nutrients through digestion • Extent • Site of digestion • Rate – Reduction of ANF’s – Feed intake – Health improvement
1e part small intestine
d c s ta rc h (% )
100
2nd part small intestine
80 60 40 fast slow
20 0 0
In vitro incubation 2 time (hrs)
5
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v.c. dag 0-39
1.78 1.76
1800 1.73
1729
FCR
weight day 38 (g)
1.78
ch
s
st ar
tapioca-tarwe
1.80
1.80 1823
erwten-mais
1.82
1.82
1900
22
1.84
1.84 snel langzaam
as
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Effect of rate of intestinal starch digestion on performance of broilers 2000
ai
6
ta
2 3 4 Incubation time (hr)
po
1
to
ta 0
m
pi oc
a
geëxpandeerd
0
pe
gepelleteerd
ilo
onbehandeld
m
60
total
100 80 60 40 20 0 ze
80
20
4 20
1rst part
100
40
3
Digestibility of starch in broilers
DC starch (%)
In vitro starch hydrolysis (%)
Effect technology on in-vitro starch digestion
1
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an
19
be
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1.78
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.76 1.74
1.73
1.73
1.74 1.72
1.72
1700
1.70
1.70 1.68
1600
1 weight
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2
FCR
1.68
onbehandeld 23
geperst
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geëxpandeerd 24
4
What is nutritional value ? – Better availability of nutrients through digestion • Extent • Rate • Site – Health improvement – Feed intake – Reduction of ANF’s
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Health
25
Nutrient digestion in relation to age and physiological stage jejunum
Healthy pigs (reference)
In general a faster digestion due to technological treatment will improve digestibility, but other aspects might temporarily be more important
faeces
K
vet.
Gestating sows
colon
K
vet.
Piglets / health problems 27
Effect of fineness on performance of piglets after weaning
week 1-2
week 3-4
In-vitro viscosity of cereals (SFR experiment report no 679)
ksv
intake growth fcr
fine 314 235 1.35
coarse 343 261 1.32
23 22 0.05
intake growth fcr
806 537 1.49
810 523 1.55
44 31 0.04
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barley rye
12000
29
viscosity (mPa.s)
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wheat treated barley
8000
treated rye
4000
0 5
15
30
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90 95 120 incubation time (minutes) 30
5
Effect of treatment on viscosity (Lundblad ea , 2011)
Effect of diet processing on viscosity 939
100
viscosity (mPa.s)
75
69
Mash
Pell 47
Pell 90
Expanded
Extruded
38
36
41
94
315
50
Viscosity 25 12
8
-p pre
0 l ea gm tin e l el
°C 70
t lle pe
°C 80
t lle pe
lle pe er nd pa ex
t
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Pell 47
Pell 90 Expanded
(fattening pigs 25 - 110 kg)
0-13 gain G/F
287 0.94
289 1.01
288 1.11
287 1.06
328 1.17
14-36 gain G/F
503 0.71
524 0.76
510 0.79
510 0.74
511 0.78 33
Incidence of stomach ulcers in swine
medium
course
5
15
24
growth (g/d) feed conversion intake (kg/d)
886 2.49 2.19
892 2.52 2.22
892 2.55 2.26
2.65
2.47
2.36
stomach ulcer SFR report 2001
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What is nutritional value ? – Better availability of nutrients through digestion • Extent • Rate • Site – Reduction of ANF’s – Feed intake – Health improvement
– Roller mill vs hammer mill – Average particle size in hammer mill – Need for structure in the feed
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fine % > 1.4 mm (meal)
Extruded
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Effect of particle size distribution on production and stomach ulcers
Effect of treatment of feed of piglet diets (Lundblat e.a., 2011) Mash
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Effect of pellet diameter on feed intake of growing rabbits (Aveux e.a. 2000)
Effect of pellet quality on piglet performance
Dye
Hardness Diameter
6,2 3,4
7,8 3,4
9,4 3,4
6,2 2,6
Growth
382
363
350
354
FCR
1,51
1,51
1,49
1,51
Feed intake
577
546
520
535
2.5X25
3.5X45
5.0X55
Feed intake Day 1-21
111.9
113.5
119.7
Day 22-35
161
161.1
157.5
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Effect of processing on starch digestibility of peas (layers) – Feed intake of piglets depends on pellet diameter
Treatment
D.C.
Course ground
75.6
Finely ground: 1mm
88.1
Toasted 121°/30’ + ground
90.4
– Feed intake depends on Kahl number – Pallets should not be too hard
Longstaff and McNab; 1987
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Particle size, broilers
Effect of particle size distribution (layers, week
(growth fase)
22-41, ISA-Brown, 1996)
re la tive FCR
0
Avg Particle size (mm)
1.32
1.60
-0,02
Intake (g/d)
111.3
112.5
-0,04
F.C.R.
2.07
2.08
-0,06
Laying %
92.4
93.1
-0,08
Egg mass (g/d)
53.7
54.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
% > 1,4 mm ©2004-2011 Schothorst Feed Research. All rights reserved
circ. 1997/11 41
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What is nutritional value ?
Effect of dehulling Vicia Faba beans
– Better availability of nutrients through digestion • Extent • Rate • Site – Feed intake – Health improvement – Reduction of ANF’s
Effect of pelleting and dehulling on digestibility of Vicia Faba beans cfiber
OM
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
Whole bean
43
cfat
tryp inhibitors
Vicia faba beans
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cp
tannins
50.7
7.1
72.1
7.9
pelleted
74.1
71.4
11.8
76.1
8.3
mash
81.5
65.3
59.2
89.4
9.7
pelleted
80.7
68.9
45.8
89.4
9.7
1.8
hulls
45
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
normal 66.8
0.61
5.6
44
Treatment of soybeans
NE
mash
10.4
dehulled
Toasted (10 min,100C) feed:pelleted As 1 feed: exp,pell Toasted (5 min, 100C) feed: pelleted Raw feed:toasted ,exp, pell Raw feed: exp, pelleted
dehulled
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Effect of treatment of soybeans in broilers (21 days)
weight
T10. pell 816
T,pel, exp
Raw,T exp,pel
Raw, exp,pell
837
T5 pell 804
803
500
Feed conversion Feed intake
1.43
1.44
1.46
1.52
1.86
1106
1140 1111
1154
848
Litter score
6.4
6.6
6.8
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Table 7. Effects of heat treatment on amino acid concentration and digestibility of soybean meal in poultry. Auto calving time (minutes)
Lysine
Concentration, % Methionine Cystine
0 20 40
3.27 2.95 2.76
0.7 0.66 0.63
0 20 40
91 78 69
82 69 62
Threonine
0.71 0.71 0.71
1.89 1.92 1.87
Digestibility, % 86 86 83
84 86 80
Digestible amino acid concentration, % 6.4
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6.7
47
0 2.98 20 2.30 ©2004-2011 All rights reserved 40 Schothorst Feed Research. 1.90
0.57 0.46 0.39
0.61 0.61 0.59 (Adapted from Parsons et al
1.59 1.65 48 1.50 1992)
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Conclusions
– Technology is beneficial for digestibility especially of oil seed meals and feedstuffs containing ANF’s. – Technological treatment is not always beneficial.
– Technology can improve the nutritional value of feed. – The benefit of technological treatment depends on the feedstuff and on the objective. – Due to the variation in effects treatment of feedstuffs is preferred over the treatment of complete feeds.
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• Over processing protein sources • Reduction rumen bypass of starch • Health related aspects : ulcers, structure in ruminants, piglets
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The choice for technology to be used should be an integrated decision. In order to benefit more from the possibilities of technological treatments nutritionists should have an early pro-active attitude towards technologists and should set requirements for feed factors affected by technology.
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