DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION OF

Sulawesi Hawk-eagle Spizaetus lanceolatus IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL SULAWESI

Pupung F Nurwatha

Zaini Rahman

Wahyu Raharjaningtrah

Pro Natura Fund Y P A L l

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CREDIT RESEARCH COORDINATOR Wahyu Raharjaningtrah SURVEY TEAM Pupung F Nurwatha, Zaini Rakhman, Wahyu Raharjaningtrah REPORT TEAM Author Lay-out Cover Illustration Photo

: Pupung F.Nurwatha, Zaini Rakhman, Wahyu Raharjaningtrah : Pupung F. Nurwatha, Zaini Rakhman : Dwija Putra :Zaini Rakhman

EDITOR AND TRANSLATOR BY Idah Faridah, Titis E. Widuri, Muchammad Muchtar, Iwan Setiawan. SPONSOR Pro Natura Fund @ Yayasan pribumi Alam Lestari, 2000 ISBN 979-9319-05-6

SUGGESTED CITATION Nurwatha, P.F., Z. Rakhman, and Wahyu Raharjaningtrah. 2000. Distribution and Population of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle Spizaetus lanceolatus in South and Central Sulawesi. Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari, Bandung.

Publication of this report is supported by THE GIBBON FOUNDATION P.O. Box. 7610 JKP Jakarta 10076 Indonesia

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PREFACE Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari (YPAL, Indigenous Nature Conservation Society) has set to plan the raptor research programmes in Indonesia. The programme is focused in understanding of genera Spizaetus, especially the Indonesian endemic raptor. Last year, we studied the Javan Hawk-eagle, and now we are studying the status, distribution and population of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle. The project in Sulawesi of we so-called 'The Soul of Sulawesi' (SoS) Programme is aimed not merely to study raptor but also the forest in which some of resident raptors inhabit. Forest, as a 'soul' of Sulawesi, is now suffering degradation. This report presents current distributional and estimated population of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle in South and Central Sulawesi Province. The report mentions some notes of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle record, habitat requirement, threat and conservation aspect related to this hawk-eagle. We hope this report can support institutional or anybody who concern for conservational effort, especially to save the forest of Sulawesi as the soul the island. Bandung, November 2000

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari (YPAL) is very grateful to ProNatura-NACS-J for funding this programme. Special thanks are due to Yuko INUI from MNS-BirdLife Asia Programme who generously assists in making it real. Dr. Siti Nuramaliati P., Head of Research and Development of Zoology, Indonesian Institute of Science and Directorate General of Nature Protection and Conservation) for the permits and Iwan Setiawan of formerly BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme for preparing the maps. And many thanks to Dr. Jean Marc Thiollay who was joining us during survey at several sites in Central Sulawesi with his great contribution and support. During the survey several partners have generously supported, we thanks head of Kanwil Kehutanan Province Sulawesi Selatan; head of Unit KSDA I Sulsel; head of Unit KSDA II Sulsel; Pak Lahuddin, Pak Safruddin, Pak Tajuddin (of Bulusaraung Nature Reserve); Pak Benyamin (Pattunuang Recreational Park); Pak Jamaluddin (Bantimurung NR), Pak Yohanes Tato, Pak Yusrif, Pak Ardi, Pak Sudarto (MampieLampoko Wildlife Sanctuary); Pak Burhanudin, Pak Samuel, Pak Luter (Nanggala III); Pak Mustafa, Pak Yahya, Pak Sahril, Pak Suwardin, Pak Andarias, Pak Jupri, Pak Edi, Pak Muslim, Pak Hartono, Pak Safril (Kalaena & Faruhumpenai NR); Pak Safarudin, Pak Mustamin (Towuti RP) and Pak Iskandar, Pak Iqbal (Danau Tempe). Bapak Samuel (TWA Wera), Bapak Esra, Bapak Luther (Balumpewa), Bpk Zakarias (Simoro) Sub. Seksi Kulawi TN Lore-Lindu, Bpk Masri (Sidaunta) Sub Seksi Kamarora TN Nasional LoreLindu, and all staff of Sub Seksi KSDA Toli-toli. In the field we also get helped from a number of people, for that we thank a lots to Bapak/Ibu Wahid Hasyim and all families for kindness, generous care and understanding us while in Ujung Pandang, also to Bapak/Ibu Luqman Hakim and Taufik Hidayat (Palopo), Bapak and Mama Bandaso (WALDA-Rantepao), Bapak Kantu R (Reatoa), Bapak Sakka (Bontosiri), Bapak Syukur (Mampie), Bapak Hasan (Nanggala I), Bapak Kadus Matano (Matano), also to all people who can not be mentioned here, The Gibbon Foundation was supported for publication this report, once again thank you very much.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sulawesi is rich on endemic avifauna and probably the richest island of endemic avifauna in the world. The main characteristic of fauna of Sulawesi is the high dependence to the forest, unfortunately, the lowland forest of Sulawesi has rapidly more disappeared than the island of Sumatra and Kalimantan. One of those species is Sulawesi Hawk-eagle Spizaetus lanceolatus. The conservation efforts of this endemic species are currently needed before its extinction come arises. However, information on Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is less and limited. The research aimed to maintain a limited and lack of information on distribution, population, and status of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, also to enhance the awareness of people to conserve this hawk-eagle applied as an entry point to public to support in saving forest of Sulawesi. The research was successfully carried out the important information about 36 observational sites where the Sulawesi Hawk-eagle presents, include 11 observational sites in South Sulawesi and 25 observational sites in Central Sulawesi. Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is mostly found at altitude of 0-800m asl, in which the lowland and hill forest still remains. However, the species is more concentrated in elevation of 600-800 m as consequences of decreasing of lowland forest. Number of population in all observation sites is estimated between 254-306 pairs, 60-71 pairs located on surveyed area at South Sulawesi Province and 194-235 pairs located at Central Sulawesi. However, this estimation of population number is not including of the other forested areas predicted still hold the Sulawesi Hawk-eagle. The Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is recorded in coastal forest, lowland forest, lower-montane forest, upper montane forest, limestone forest and monsoon forest. At mangrove forest, savanna, marshes, monoculture forest and cultivation area, the species is not found. This species is more frequently seen in lowland forest than other forest types. Lowland forest with covering area percentage of 25-50% is the most area of encountered hawk eagle and rare to be seen in open forest with cover area of 5-25%. In the forest covered more than 50%, this species is less detected due to its accessibility in observing raptor. The threats to the population of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is occurred in almost all visited locations with various threats types in each location. Plantations, as the deforestation matter, are recorded on the northern of South Sulawesi and Toli-toli of Central Sulawesi. The forest degradation including hunting, logging, collecting rattan and cultivation are mostly hapenned in Central Sulawesi. The incresing of forest degradation in Central Sulawesi was apparently pushed by situation of the chaos happened in this area on last period. Local people consider all raptors are injurious because of the habit of stealing of chicken, but mostly people ignore. Beside that, poaching for trade, based on both interviewing people and visiting bird market (Todopuli, Makassar and Palu), is not occurred. The community awareness to conserve eagles, in particular Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, has been made through dissemination of posters in whole Sulawesi.

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CONTENTS Page PREFACE.........................................................................................................

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................

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I

II

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................

1

1.1

Sulawesi Hawk-eagle Spizaetus lanceolatus...........................................

1

1.2

Sulawesi Island..................................................................................

2

METHOD.................................................................................................

3

2.1

Selection and Survey Location ............................................................

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2.2

Data Record......................................................................................

3

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................

5

3.1

General Setting.................................................................................

5

3.2

Distributional of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle ..................................................

5

3.3

Altitudinal Distribution .......................................................................

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3.4

Estimation of Population .....................................................................

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3.5

Habitat.............................................................................................

10

3.6

Threats.............................................................................................

11

3.7

Conservation ....................................................................................

12

CONCLUSION...........................................................................................

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Future Study ...........................................................................................

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REFERENCES...................................................................................................

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III

IV

Appendix 1. Observation site and sighting notes of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle Appendix 2. Table of vegetation type in observation area Appendix 3. Table of raptor species at observational area Appendix 4. List of the birds on area surveyed

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I INTRODUCTION Sulawesi is the island with all kinds of uniqueness, as the shape of the island resembles word of 'K', the cultures of people and especially on the riches of endemic species of fauna and probably the richest island of endemic avifauna in the world. This island is located in Wallace region, and is biogeographically combination of fauna of Asia and Australia. The riches of endemic avifauna of the island is not known yet as well (Holmes & Phillips, 1989 & Coates et al., 1997), having ornithologists dreaming to eagerly study. The uniqueness of avifauna of this island was expressed by Derek Holmes (1989), an ornithologist who showing the highly difference comparing to the fauna of Kalimantan, the neighbour island. Kalimantan represented the fauna of the oriental region, which has a lot of species of singing birds make the atmosphere of forest is like a nature orchestra. Sulawesi is conversed to this all, because only few species reaches the island, then when an ornithologist who studies bird of Kalimantan and directly flies across to Sulawesi, might believe he has flown to a different continent. Add to this condition, Holmes has felt lose of a cheerful song of birds ever heard homely and familiar at Kalimantan, changing into a melancholy song of bird at Sulawesi. This illustration might be over, but a melancholy of bird song at Sulawesi is coming true related to actual condition of Sulawesi where the forest is extremely decreasing. The characteristic identification of fauna in Sulawesi is the high dependence to the forest (Holmes & Phillipps, 1989; Coates et. al. 1997). As recently known, the lowland forest in Sulawesi is more rapidly disappearing than to the Island of Sumatra and Kalimantan (Kompas, 2000). The avifauna, which depended on the forest, is being threatened by the decreasing of forest size. This unique island harbours 30 species of diurnal raptor, 6 are endemic (Andrew 1992), and one of those species is Sulawesi Hawkeagle Spizaetus lanceolatus. The status of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle will be similar to its congener, Javan Hawk-eagle, if the immediate action is not to be taken. The status of endemic Javan Hawk-eagle is 'endangered' and listed on appendix II CITES (Shannaz et al., 1995; IUCN, 2000) with only a few population remained on fragmented forests of Java (van Balen, 1991; Sozer & Nijman 1995, Sozer et al., 1998, Setiady, 2000 in prep.), while Sulawesi Hawk-eagle categorised as 'near-threatened' and listed on appendix II CITES. Thus, conservation efforts on Sulawesi Hawk-eagle are importantly needed before it really be extinct. Efforts to enhance the awareness of people to conserve this hawk-eagle applied as an entry point to save the remaining forest as their habitat. Forest conservation is greatly of important to the life of not only biodiversity, moreover to all local communities at Sulawesi. The information about Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is limited and poorly known. The research about Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is becoming very important especially the bird is one of endemic bird that very susceptible to be extinct because of their high dependence to the forest.

1.1

Sulawesi Hawk-eagle Spizaetus lanceolatus

Brief description: Medium sized Hawk-eagle, 56-64 cm, without pronounced crest. Adult plumage: Wings and back dark brown: upper side of the tail dark brown with four black band, underside beige with three black band and a beige margin at the end; head and nape very dark brown; moustachial and mesial stripes dark brown to black on beige throat; chest rufous to cinnamon brown with very thick black drop marks, belly and lower abdomen rufous brown with white barring; talon quite long, white with fine dark brown barring and feathers covering the base of light yellow feet (after Brown & Amadon, 1968) the colour of bill and claws are not known, but is probably similar to that of the other species. Wing length 335-402 mm, tail/wing-index 69-74 %, and average tarsus/wing index 23%. Immature plumage: head white with brownish streaks, underpants white (After Brown & Amadon, 1968) Voice: First year bird were heard to produce a fast repeated " kee-kee-kee" (42-50 times per 10-11 seconds: Van Balen, 1991) Range: Sulawesi (Indonesia) and the off-lying islands of Muna, Butung, Bangai, and Sula (del Hoyo et al., 1994)

2 Distribution and Status: Lowland and mountain forest from 250 to over 1500 mm (White & Bruce, 1986), found not to be uncommon by Meyburg and Van Balen (1994). Inhabits primary and tall secondary lowland, hill and montane forest and edge forest; occasionally rangers over nearby open country. Sparsely but widely distributed from sea level to 2300 asl (Coates, et. al, 1997). Habits: Tends to hunt in forest canopy as well as in clearings in the forest, nest recorded in August in a large tree at an altitude of 1600m (Burton, 1989) Previous study: Base of research of status, distribution and population of this species is poorly known, and all data are collected from anecdotal ornithologists. Watling (1992) estimated that Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is a rare diurnal raptor species. Other record come from Baltzer (1998) as result of avifauna monitoring at Buton Island on 1995 May 1997 indicated widely distributed of this species but not commonly to be seen in this island. And more specific research to the influence of rain forest destruction and human density on population of diurnal raptor on Sulawesi was carried out by Meyburg and van Balen (1994) and they said that this species is not to be uncommon.

1.2

Sulawesi Island

The unique fauna of Sulawesi is resulted from position and evolution in complex geological zone that connects the Sundaic and Sahulian (Australo-Papuan) subcontinents. To biologist, this zone of transitional known as Wallacea region named after the English biologist-explorer Alfred Russell Wallace. Wallacea is a myriad of oceanic islands located between Oriental and Australian regions and comprises three major groups: (i) Sulawesi and satellite island, including Banggai Islands and Sula; (ii) Maluku Islands, and (iii) Nusa Tenggara islands. The western boundary of Wallacea is an imaginary line known Wallace's line, running north-east/south-east, following the contour of the Asian continental shelf east Kalimantan and Bali. This line represents between oriental continental fauna and flora to the west and Wallacea to the east. The eastern boundary of Wallacea is second imaginary line known as Lydekker's line. The line follows the contour of the northwest edge of Sahul continental shelf, thus demarcating fauna and flora of Australo-Papuan region to the east and that of Wallacea to the west. To the north of Wallacea is the Philippines Islands and to south is the Indonesia Ocean. Because of its location between the two regions, Wallacea hosts a fascinating mix of Oriental and Australian fauna elements, and has in the evolution of a remarkably high number of endemic bird species. (Coates et. al, 1997; Whitten et al. 1987). Much of Sulawesi is hilly to mountainous, with most of land lying above 500-m elevation and 20% of the land area above 2000m. The island rises rapidly from the coast to a narrow fringe of hill or mountain. The rivers are steep and short. The mountains commonly exceed 2000m or more in each of arm with the highest blocks of land located in Central and Northern South Sulawesi and reach a maximum elevation of 3440m on Rantemario Mt. (Central Sulawesi) (Coates et al., 1997) Sulawesi is biologically richest and most diverse vegetation communities are its forests. The greatest forestic diversity has evolved in the lowlands and lower hills, on both well-drained soils and wet volcanic soils. These forests contain the greatest number of tree species of all forest types on the island. (Coates et al., 1997). On one research recorded 408 medium to large size of tree species on one-hectare area (Whitten et al., 1987). The avifauna of Sulawesi sub-region comprises 380 species, 96 species of these are endemic to the region, an incredible 25% of total of avifauna. While 115 species are endemic to Indonesia. (Holmes & Phillips, 1989). A further 56 species are confined to Sulawesi and /or its satellite islands including Talaud, Sangihe, Banggai and Sula Islands. The Sulawesi sub-region supports the richest, most highly endemic and most distinctive avifauna in Wallacea (Coates et al., 1997). Mainland Sulawesi hosts a resident avifauna of 224 land and freshwater species of bird, which 41 species are endemic. A large of these endemic species are predominantly montane. Of particular note are montane islands such as Lampobatang massif of the southern peninsula, which supports its own endemic species of flycatcher as well as a number other distinctive endemic subspecies (Coates et al., 1997). Also Sulawesi region supports 30 diurnal raptor species, six of these are endemic to the region and six of them are migratory bird (Andrew, 1992).

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II METHOD Methods usually used to observe the tropical forest raptor is according to the opportunity on encounter species of bird. Survey on a wide area with limited time for seeking a secretive bird is needing a necessary specially attention to a smaller area to convince the effective observation (Bibby et al., 2000). On experience with observation of the Javan Hawk-eagle as similar genera to Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, we used an observation method focused on the forested area. How ever, Sulawesi Hawk-eagle has already known distributed from sea level to 3000m (Coates et. al., 1996), moreover we visit several areas which has variety of habitat type and elevation to get approaching specific habitat of this species.

2.1

Selection and Survey Locations

Some researchers estimated that Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is not to be an uncommon species, but actually, in South Sulawesi, information about locality record of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is limited. The lack of information on Sulawesi especially South Sulawesi and effecting limited time are the reasons why we considered a conservation areas such as nature reserve, wildlife sanctuary, recreational park and national park to be selected observation location. Such areas is presumably still having remaining forest. Field study was conducted in South and Central Sulawesi Provinces. Survey in South Sulawesi was beginning on February to middle April 2000 at seven selected conservation areas including Bonto Bahari Wildlife Sanctuary, Mampie-Lampoko Wildlife Sanctuary, Kalaena Nature Reserve, Bulusaraung Nature Reserve, Lake Towuti Recreation Park (including forest area Mahalona Lake and Matano Lake) and Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve. The later area extends hilly to mountainous area and the remaining area is lowland. The additional visited area based on information and field condition were typical limestone forest of Bantimurung-Pattunuang Nature Reserve, montane forest area of Malino, Mambuliling and Nanggala Protected Forests. Survey in Central Sulawesi visiting five selected conservation area was made on March and August to September 2000. Wera Waterfall Recreational Park, Morowali Nature Reserve and Tanjung Matop Wildlife Sanctuary representing lowland areas, and Lore-Lindu National Park for hill and montane forest areas. One selected area, Tanjung Api Nature Reserve, representing lowland forest is unable to be visited due to security reason. However, additional observation areas has been visited including Mt Tinombala Nature Reserve, Mt Ogoamas Protected Forest represented to hill and montane forest area, and a number of places along the road between Toboli-Kawaeli, Tambu-Kasimbar, and Morowali-Kolonedale represented to lowland areas.

2.2 Data Record During field observation, look-down method, to observe on a hill taking the opportunity to monitor the top of canopy or from the suitable in the edge forests or open areas is the best way to detect raptor occurrence (Thiollay, 1996). Searching and determining on vantage point is made on the first day observation, followed by daylight observation on the next day. Observing on the higher elevation taking the advantage on the possibility of seeing wider point of view is priority given. Field record of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was based on direct observation, voice and call series (especially young bird) or combination of all. On field identification, Sulawesi Hawk-eagle has strongly similar to Barred Honey-buzzard (Pernis celebensis) than other diurnal raptor at Sulawesi. However, both species can be determined such as while on perching, watching on to the featherless "tarsus" of Barred Honeybuzzard contravened to Sulawesi Hawk-eagle. On flight shape, Barred Honey-buzzard has more slender body size and has heavy flapping and irregular tail bands than Sulawesi Hawk-eagle. The tropical forest raptors is known as quite difficult bird to identify, therefore identification of call of bird is essential. We based on the identification of the occurrence of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle to the characteristically

4 and easily identify call of the juvenile. On a six hours' observation at Bontosiri, we saw and heard a juvenile of hawk-eagle and this sound was used to be a reference to identify the species at other locations. The juvenile's call is loud and seems to be fussy forming a series of a long and monotonous call "kweek kweek - kweek …" (duckling sound alike but in higher pitch) from the beginning to the end. Once we recognized the already known call of the juvenile, we usually checked to convince the eagle. On every encountered Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, we noted the time and duration of observation, locality name, habitat type, and weather. Estimation of elevation of observer and the height of bird, the distance between the observer and the bird were noted as well. We also recorded age, sex, behaviour of individual bird (such as 'thermal soaring', gliding, perching and other behaviours), and other additional records. We used binocular and monocular to observe the birds, and altimeter on hand-watch Casio type DPX-410 to record the elevation. Roadside survey method was commonly used to study on diurnal raptor species. This method is available to be used by mobile or motorcycle on slow speed. We used this method at Faruhumpenai of South Sulawesi, along the roads between Salanoa and Central Sulawesi's provincial border, Tobuli-Kawaeli, Tambu-Kasimbar and Kolonedale-Morowali of Central Sulawesi. The Sulawesi Hawk-eagle has already known widely distributed, but the only little information on habitat and vegetation types required is known. We recorded habitat types in all surveyed locations, and the locations in where the hawk eagle seen were described in detail. In all observational sites, we recognised 12 habitat types including mangrove (MF), coastal forest (CF), lowland forest 0 - 700m (LF), lower montane forest 700 1200m (LM), upper montane forest 1200 2100m (UM) (Whitemore, 1984), limestone forest (LS), monsoon forest (MO), savannah (SV), marshes (MH), grassland (GL), monoculture forest (MF), and cultivation (CV). Forest vegetation are grouped based on the percentage of natural forest cover; (5 25% = F1, 26 50% = F2, 51 75% = F3, 76 100% = F4). The percentage of cover area is referring to the estimation of observation area size on a visible angle view sighting by the observer o extends of ca. 1 km on the angle direction of 180 to the face. To estimate the population of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle in certain habitat, we use encounter rate method/ET method (Bibby et. al, 2000), then for effectiveness purpose we reduced duration of observation in each locations to be four hours. This encounter rate method is used in habitat type and forest cover of all location to recognise the habitat requirement to Sulawesi Hawk-eagle qualitatively. Additional record collected by semi-structural interview to local communities around survey localities. The interview has more pressured to collect the information of this species and to enhance public knowledge of conservation of the Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, also to measure the influence of human activities to the habitat of bird.

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III RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1

General Setting

South Sulawesi comprises of 24 districts and the most developing province than other province at the Sulawesi Island. In addition, human population are increasing and most of the inhabitants are farmers both of rice and other industrial agriculture such as cocoas, coffees, and spices. The high value of cocoas on recent years was stimulating forest encroachment for extensive plantation. Enroute the survey at the southern part from Takalar District to Tanjung Bira, a number of dry and rocky areas were visible. Generally, at the dry area a number of savannas used for cattle and horse grazing. Along West Coast from Ujung Pandang to Polewali is a developing area for intensive agriculture and brackish pond. Route of Bantimurung to Malawa still holds limestone forest. Tropical rain forest appears on along roadside mostly found at northern are at route between Polewali to Mamasa, South-east Enrekang, Nanggala forest at boundary Rantepao and Palopo, and North Luwu. Wotu and Mangku Tana are the area destined for transmigration programme with palm-oil plantation managed by PTP Unit XIV South Sulawesi spread out, and patches cocoa crops owned by local people. The survey route in Central Sulawesi was started at Palu went on to south-eastern area, crossing LoreLindu National Park to Kolonedale and Morowali Nature Reserve, to western area crossing Kaweli-Tobuli, Tumbu-Kasimbar, Ogoamas Mountains and Tinombala until Tanjung Matop Wildlife Sanctuary. Most of area around Palu are dry, causing many open areas and hilly growth by grasses and shrubs especially at South and South-east Palu. Other wide savannah is occurred at Bora, Napu Valley and Besoa (Lore-Lindu National Park), and some places along road to Morowali. Central Sulawesi has diversity land habitat types that spread out from coast to mountain on 2500m asl. Lush mountain rainforest (upper and lower montane) and relatively good lowland rainforest are occurred at Tokalekaju Mountains and Ogoamas Mountains. Hill and mountain rain forest relatively in well condition are still covered the most area of Lore-Lindu National Park as well. Morowali Nature Reserve has most complete vegetation types, from mangrove forest to mossy forest at 2200m asl. Plantation sector and forest products are one of the main income for Central Sulawesi Province, which are causing many forest conversion to plantation area both in large or small scale. Agricultural areas are mostly found at the riverside and bottom of a valley of mountains, such as at sub-district Sigi Biromaru, Napu and Kulawi at westside Lore-Lindu National Park area. Around Lake Lindu, 18 km from Sidaunta, swamp area dried for ricefield and cultivation by local people are occurred as well as at Lake Poso. The recently riot happened on the last months ago at Poso Regency made most of local people evacuated to more safely area like Kolonedale and Napu Valley near Lore-Lindu National Park. The present of refugees made a difficult problem for local government to fulfil their needs and the only alternative way was entering forest to extract forest product like wood and rattan. At some places, logging by some refugees for building house was occurred, and other refugee was taken advantage to be a logger and rattan collector. The logging has been causing patches at forest in large area particularly on the block forest holds 'Leda' trees (Eucalyptus sp.) that is searched for by many people, like at Wuasa. The intensive poaching was recorded at a number of locations at North Lore-Lindu like Pakuli, Lambara and Sibalaya, Napu Valley, Katu and Besoa. This poaching was usually attempted while on collecting rattan which causing a number of wildlife, notably big animals, disappeared on the area. People were poaching by using lances, blowpipes and rifles, and hunting for every animal they had been seen.

3.2 Distributional of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle The Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was recorded on 36 observational sites of 55 observational points. In South Sulawesi, 29 observational sites points on 13 locations and at 11 observational points the Sulawesi Hawk-

6 eagle found i.e. Bulusaraung NR (at 2 observational points), Bantimurung RP/NR (1), Mt Mambuliling PF (1), Nanggala PF (2), Faruhumpenai NR (4), and at Towuti RP (1). In Central Sulawesi, Hawk-eagle was observed on more observational sites, of 26 observational points on seven locations and the Sulawesi Hawk-eagle found on 25 observational points, i.e. Wera Waterfall RP (1), Lore Lindu NP (14 observation point), Morowali NR (3), Kawaeli PF (2), the PF area between Tambu-Kasimbar (2), Tanjung Matop WS (2), and Mt Sojol NR (1) (see Table 1, and appendix 1). As a present of the record result, Bantimurung is the most southern distribution localition of the species on Sulawesi Island, because still no more record of this species from this area to the south continental shelf of the island. However, the record is not absolute but more related to limited information, as a number of location of southern Bantimurung presumably still hold the hawk-eagle is not visited yet i.e. Mt Lampobatang and Mt Bawakaraeng (figure. 1). In South Sulawesi Province, the Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is less recorded on lowland area, as a result of conversion of habitat to be an agricultural and brackish pond. Went on to northern area of this island, the species is more present, recorded particularly from Tana Toraja Regency Polewali-Mamasa, to Northern Luwu and Mamuju until to the boundary of Central Sulawesi. In Central Sulawesi, this species is widely distributed and almost found on every forested area, and apparently is a common species as suggested by Meyburg and van Balen (1994). Additionally, the distribution of this species is not limited to the mainland of Sulawesi but also recorded on satellite islands. A recent record, the species is reported distributed but uncommon to be seen in Buton Island (Baltzer, 1998) recorded on Banggai Island (Indrawan et al., 1997), and occasionally seen at forest in Togean Island (Indrawan press. com) but no record from Sangihe Talaud Islands (Stones, et al., 1997) Table 1. Locality Record of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle Location Bulusaraung Bulusaraung Bantimurung Gn Mambuliling Nanggala I Nanggala I Fahumpenai Fahumpenai Fahumpenai Danau Towuti Air terjun Wera Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Lore Lindu Morowali Morowali Morowali Kawaeli Kawaeli Tambu- Kasimbar Tambu- Kasimbar Tjg Matop Tjg Matop Gn. Sojol

Status

Op

NR NR/PA NR/RP PA PA PA NR NR NR RP RP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NR NR NR PA PA PA PA SM SM NR

Reatoa atas Bontosiri Airterjun gua batu Pebadongan Kebun kopi Tarcojaya Wayrede Sampuraga Salonoa Laroeha Lengkobale Balumpewa Tongoa Kamarora Lambara Wuasa Dodolo Tomado, Danau Lindu DusunIII Pakuli Dusun II Pakuli Simoro Kulawi Sidaunta Puroo PunNRk-Batu Salome Sedoa Morowali Kayupoli Kolonedale Kawaeli-Tobuli Kawaeli-Tobuli b Tambu Ranang Pinjan Binontoa NR Gn. Sojol

Total Composition number 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 4 2 1

1 im 1 im, 1 a 1a 1 im, 1 a 2a 1a 1a 1 im, 2 a 1a 1a 2a 1a 1a 1a 1 im, 1 a 1a 1 im, 1 a 2a 1a 2a 1 im, 1 a 1a 1a 2a 2a 1a 1a 2 a, 1im 2 a, 1im 2a 2a 1a 4a 2a 1a

Elevation (m asl) 900 600 180 1510 1085 1230 1265 535 400 300 150 745 800 420 1200 1400 900 140 400 315 625 1020 990 1080 1120 50 90 40 450 720 210 75 200 420 350

Vegetation Type LM LM LS UM LM UM UM LF LF LF LF LM LM MO UM UM LM LF LF LF LF ÌM LM UM UM CF LF LF LF LF LF LF CF CF LF

Note: a = adult; im= immature; op=observational point; NR= Nature Reserve; PF= Protected Forest; RP= Recreational Park; NP= National Park; WS= Wildlife Sanctuary; CF = coast forest; LF = Lowland Forest 0 - 700m; LM = Lower Montane Forest 700 1200m; UM = Upper Montane Forest 1200 2100m; LS = Limestone Forest; MO = Monsoon Forest.

7 Figure 1. Map of Survey Location and Locality Rrecord of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle

PILIPHINA

MALAYSIA SERAWAK/SABAH SINGAPURA KALIMANTAN

SUMATRA

SULAWESI IRIAN JAYA

JAVA

0 2 N

Manado SM.Tanjung Matop

Peg. Ogoamas

Gn. Tinombala

NORTH SULAWESI

Tambu-Kasimbar

00

Kawaeli-Tobuli

Palu Pakuli

Kamarora Puncak Wuasa

Puroo

Poso

Kulawi T.N. Lore-Lindu

CENTRAL SULAWESI Morowali

20S

Kolonedale Sampuraga - Feruhumpenai

Matano

Kelenenya

Mahalona

SOUTH SULAWESI Mamasa

Lenkobale - Towuti

Nanggala

Mampie & Lampoko

SOUTH-EAST SULAWESI Danau Tempe

0

4S

Kendari

Bulusaraung

Bantimurung

Makassar Bonto Bahari

Malino

60 S

Notes of surveyed locations: Sulawesi Hawk-eagle recorded Without Sulawesi Hawk-eagle

0

1200E

1210E

25

50 Km

1220E

8

3.3 Altitudinal Distribution Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is distributed on elevation of 0-3000 m (Coates et al., 1996), but the most suitable elevation is still poorly known. We surveyed the area extend up to elevation of 1800m atMt. Mambuliling and resulted that this species was recorded on these elevation levels. The lowest altitude of locality record is on 50m asl at Morowali and the highest level of locality record is on 1510m at Pebandongan, Mt Mambuliling. Based on result of all elevation record, it is indicated that the species is more concentrated on 600-800m asl, in where mostly lowland and hills forest still remained (Fig. 2). Despite the duration of observation time in each location is different (range of sample 5-14 hour), however, the figure 2 showing the species is confined to the existence of forest. When the lowland forest disappears, this species will change the habitat to hill forest which still relatively large in area. Moreover, based on record of each elevation locality, Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is more frequently record on 0-200m (ET=0,59), following by 600-800m (ET=0,50), while up to 1000-1800m the species is being rare to be seen (ET= 0,32-0,14). The data is showing that the species, in normal condition, is to be more preferring the lowland forest.

n 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0-200

200-400

400-600

600-800

800-1000

1000-1200

1200-1400

1400-1600

Altitudinal (m asll)

Figure 2. Sulawesi hawk-eagle distribution according individual numbers (n=62) which found on the some altitudinal sites. One individual could be recorded in some site of altitudinal category.

3.4

Estimation of Population

The population of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is little known, and presently, there is no accurate estimated population of the species either in certain area or all distributional. As a tropical forest raptor, which is mostly spending their lifetime in lush rainforest, Sulawesi hawk-eagle is hardly to detect. In addition, estimation of population is largely depended on the data of home range and remaining forest, which the data is insufficient. Time to time the forest size and quality of Sulawesi's forest is tend to be decreasing and degrading, affecting the density of population of diurnal raptor species. Due to lack of information on home range of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle as a reference in estimating the density of the species, approaching to the home range of other relative species is needed. The home range of a number of diurnal raptor species of Spizaetus genera is known. A breeding pair of S. nipalensis at Mt 2 Suzuka, central part island of Japan, has territory on 22.8-28.8 km (Yamazaki, 1990) and home range of 2 this species at southern part was estimated on 13.65 km (Morimoto and Iida, 1992). A breeding pair of S 2 bartelsi in Java is estimated has a home range on minimum 12 km /pair (Sozer and Nijman, 1995), or 202 30 km (Thiollay & Meyburg, 1988). S. ornatus in South America has estimated home range of male on 122 2 21 km and 8 km of female (Madrid et al., 1991) (see table 2).

9 Table 2. Size of home range of Genera of Spizaetus

Species

Region

S. nipalensis S. bartelsi S. ornatus S. lanceolatus

Asia Asia (Java) South America Asia (Sulawesi)

Body size (cm) 67 – 86 60 – 70 58 – 67 56 – 64

Home range (Km2/pair) 22.8-28.8; 13.65 12; 20-30 12-21/male, 8/female -

After Sozer & Nijman (1995)

The home range size is affected by the availability of diet and prey or habitat carrying capacity, and typically to be linear with the body size, larger raptors tend to have larger home range or territories (Olsen, 1995). Based on the body size, Sulawesi Hawk-eagle has relatively small and almost similar to the body size of Spizaetus ornatus, but the topographical distribution type is like Javan Hawk-eagle. S. bartelsi is known as a slope specialist and referring to Thiollay (1985) the species is more preferring to occupy the montane forest. Comparing to Sulawesi, Sulawesi is topographically hilly to mountainous and has slopes. Not all surveyed locations have suitable and good habitat for Sulawesi Hawk-eagle due to degradation caused by forest encroachment. The density of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is inevitably different between the areas, and depend on the variety of the habitat. Despite the accurate map is unavailable, to estimate a density of population some approaches to estimate the population has been made based on the field condition. In Kawaeli at the distance of 10 km, three pairs was recorded, in Kamarora at 7-8 km three pairs, between Pinjan-Binontoan three pairs recorded at 10 km and in Bulusaraung two pairs on the extend of 8 km recorded. All locations is on lowland area. On three locations of upper montane forest, two pairs were recorded on distance of 12 km at Faruhumpenai and other two pairs on extend of 10 km at Puncak-Batu Salome. If all the data are averaged the result on a distance of 10 km is 2,7 pairs. Comparing to Mt. Halimun of West Java, on distance of 10 km five pairs Javan Hawk-eagle was recorded (Rov, 1997), and two pairs of Javan Hawk-eagle recorded on 2,8 km size of isolated forest at Mt. Burangrang, West Java (Setiadi et al., in prep). Based on the calculation, the density of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is lower than the Javan Hawk-eagle, yet the result is still to be studied. It is apparently that the Javan Hawk-eagle is more adapted to degraded and small patchy forest, while the forest at Sulawesi is wider than Java. If we calculate at 2,7 pairs of Sulawesi 2 Hawk-eagle/10 km distance, estimated home range of the species are 16 km /pairs, and of the longest 2 distance the estimated maximum home range size is 25 km /pair. In estimating population, a minimum estimation of suitable habitat size required by a breeding pair of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is considered at 2 range of 15-25 km . Assuming all habitat is suitable for Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, the number of population of surveyed area is between 254-306 pairs (Table 3). Sixty to seventy pairs are estimated occupying the surveyed area of South Sulawesi Province and 194-235 pairs located at surveyed area at Central Sulawesi. Thiollay (pers. comm.) based on his counting, estimating 200 number of pairs is occupying the surveyed area at Central Sulawesi. Several locations have a lower size available for a pair of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle than suitable 2 habitat required, for instance at Wera Waterfall RP with size of 2,5 km , two individuals presumably of 2 different pairs were recorded, as well as Tanjung Matop WS with size of 16,12 km recorded four individuals of different pairs. The above estimation number is limited to the surveyed location, uncovered the other forested areas which predicted that the Sulawesi Hawk-eagle occurred. Uncovered potentially suitable areas in South Sulawesi are Mts Latimojong and in most areas at Mamuju regency, in Central Sulawesi such as at Poso and Tanjung Api at east peninsula of island. To get an estimation of population accurately a more studies and analysis are required.

10 Table 3. Estimation of Number of Pair of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle at Locality Survey

location

Status

Size (km2)

Elevation

Estimation number of pair

Bulusaraung Bantimurung Mambuliling mount Nanggala Feruhumpenai Towuti Lake Wera waterfall Lore Lindu Morowali Kawaeli Tambu- Kasimbar Matop cape Sojol mount

NR NR/RP PA PA NR RP RP NP NR PA PA WS NR

80 10 50 50 900 45 2,5 2290 2250 60 50 16.12 50

500 – 1800m 100 – 750 m 700 – 200 m 600 – 1800 m 250 – 1678 m 295 – 600 m 150 – 800 m 140 – 2610 m 0 – 2630 m 400 – 750 m 75 – 350 m 0 – 420m 50 – 450 m

4–6 1–2 4–5 4–5 45 – 50 2–3 1–2 92 – 110 90 – 105 3–5 2–4 3–5 3–4

Total

254 – 306

Note: NR=Nature Reserve; RP=Recreation Park; PF=Protected Forest; NP=National Park; WS= Wildlife Sanctuary

3.5 Habitat The relation between habitat and species of bird is very basic comprehension to know the status of conservation of a species. This habitat analyse is useful to gain a comprehension of relationship between the birds and their habitat, also to predict any possibilities caused of alteration of habitat land use in future. As mentioned above, we have recorded 12 vegetation types in all visited locations. Considering the time limitation and study aimed stressing on a species, we mostly visited forest-covered area than other habitat. The Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was recorded at coastal forest, lowland forest, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, limestone forest and monsoon forest, but no presence sign at mangrove forest, savannah, marshes, monoculture forest and cultivation area (see appendix 2). Based on encounter rate of forest vegetation type, this species is most frequently seen in lowland forest (ET=0,114) and rare to be seen in limestone forest and monsoon forest (ET=0,005) (Table 4). In four categories of percentage of forest covering, Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is frequently seen in forest with covering area percentage of 25-50% (F2; ET= 0,101) and rare to be seen in open forest with covering area of 5-25% (F1; ET=0,016). In addition, F3 with forest covering 50-75% and F4 with 75-100% forest covering are both similar on encounter rate (see Table 5). The high encounter rate in F2 is due to the wider observational area and with only 25-50% covering area percentage offering the higher opportunity to find Sulawesi Hawk-eagle than F4 (75-100%) and F3 (50-75%). Thiollay & Rakhman (2000, in prep.) describing that Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is highly confined to the primary forest, and the secretive habit has been causing the difficulties on detecting the species on high vegetation cover.

Table 4 Record of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle Based on Vegetation Type

VEGETATION TYPE Coast Forest Lowland Forest Lower Montane Forest Upper Montane Forest Limestone Forest Monsoon Forest

Number of Individu South Central 0 7 4 21 6 6 4 7 1 0 0 1

Number of individu / Clssification 220 hour of density 0,032 Common 0,114 Often 0.055 Common 0,050 Common 0,005 Rare 0,005 Rare

Classification of value: 0,001 0,009 = rare; 0,01 0,099 = common; > 0,1 = frequent

11 Table 5 Encounter Rate Value Based on the Stratification of Forest Cover

Category % Forest Cover F1 (05-25%) F2 (25-50%)

VEGETATION TYPE Number of Individual Classification of / 188 hour density CF Lf Lm Um Ls Mo 3 0,016 Rare 12 5 2 0,101 Often

F3 (50-75%) F4 (75-100%)

7

7

3

5

2

4

4

1

1

0,090

Common

0,090

Common

Note: remarks of vegetation type (see table 4); result category: 0,01 0,05 = Rare; 0,06 0,09 = Common; > 0,1 = Often

3.6 Threaths Thiollay (1994) has been indicating that most currently identificable threats to raptors in tropical forest belt are related to the habitat destruction. Other classical threats including poaching, trade or pesticide are of local occurrence and most oftenly little significance. Three different threats are involved under general of habitat loss including deforestation, disturbance and habitat fragmentation. Deforestation is the conversion of forest to various open habitat including monoculture plantation. Disturbance is secondarisation of forest cover, resulting in an important change of the vegetation structure and in improveshed plant and animal communities. Habitat fragmentation is tracts leading to mosaic of forest patches and open area. Even though almost status of all visited area are conservation area (Nature Reserve, Recreation Park, WildLife Sanctuary and National Park) but still the management and law enforcement to protect those areas is less, as many evidences are able to be identified. We noted the various different threats to Sulawesi Hawk-eagle in almost all of visited locations. Generally, more than one variety of threat in each location with different scale has been identified. Enhancing plantation tend to be a deforestation type is mostly noted at South Sulawesi, and forest disturbance including hunting, logging, collecting rattan and enchroachement is mostly happened in Central Sulawesi. (Table 6). In the north-east boundary of Faruhumpenai NR conversion of forest on a large scale to oil palm plantation under management of PTP XIV is occurred, as well as for settlement and agricultural areas. Around Mt. Dako and Mts Ogoamas, near Toli-toli, conversion was made for clove plantation on a large scale, it is not surprising that Toli-toli is the biggest area that producing clove in Central Sulawesi. In addition to conversion of forest to plantation and settlement, conversion of forest to nickel mining by PT INCO is occurred around lake of Matano. Presently, conversion of forest to plantation (especially cacao, coffee and clove) which managed by local people is frequently seen in almost every visited location. Roads are built in a number of places resulting a change of forest cover to be open area and giving an ease accessibility for people to enchroach the forest and giving an opportunity to excotic spesies to be invading expansively. Mostly logging is done at non-conservation forest, however we noted in several locations at conservation area such as in Towuti Lake RP and Lore-Lindu NP. Presently, the logger is unable to log in adjacent area of lake due to only the small trees remained. In order to supply 30 unit sawmills at Timampu Village near Lake Towuti, log was brought up from forested area in South-east Sulawesi. In Central Sulawesi, logging was recorded in 12 locations and commonly of local occurrence as happened in South Sulawesi. Exploration of non-timber forest product like rattan collection is many occurred in Central Sulawesi. The high number of exploration of forest product was caused by the riots happened in previous months ago as mostly local people evacuated to forested areas. To fulfil their daily needs the easiest and fastest alternative is entering and exploring what they found in forest. Similar problems were arisen on illegal poaching, which was mostly occurred in Central Sulawesi rather than in South Sulawesi.

12 Table 6. A variety of threat to Sulawesi Hawk-eagle

Kind of Threat Cultivation Perluasan area pertambangan Illegal hunting Illegal logging Rattan Perambahan lahan Perluasan jalan Kebakaran

Number of Case * South Sulawesi Central Sulawesi 8 4 1 0 3 21 10 12 0 13 2 12 0 1 2 0

Total 12 1 24 22 13 14 1 2

Note = * more than one variety of threat in each location

3.7

Conservation

Local communities living in around forest have a special knowledge on raptor. Generally, they have several names for the same species and sometime they have one name for several species. Bugis people call the eagle with " Terru" and almost this word used for term of raptor. Most of them recognise four kinds of eagles, including white-headed and brown or dark red of body flume eagle, black eagle, speckled eagle and small eagle (falcon). Also most of people categorise the owl into eagle species. Local people consider all raptors are injurious because of the habit of stealing of chicken, but mostly people ignore. Beside that, poaching for trade, based on both interviewing people and visiting bird market at Todopuli, Makassar (Nurwatha & Rahman, 2000). Only one record of eagle hunting for diet was noted in Reatoa. Even though the poaching is less, people is always revealed on the rareness of the eagle in neighborhood comparing to last ten years ago. Contrary to the Javan Hawk-eagle in Java Island, poaching and illegal trade is now become one of important threat to this species beside habitat destruction. Javanese has a long history of keeping wildlife in cage especially bird. In a large scale, a being popular bird song contests have been triggering a massive hunting which will be affecting the population in wild. The culture and bird contest are to be afraid of being affecting Sulawesi people in where Javanese intruding Sulawesi through transmigration program which basically Sulawesi does not have any culture of captive. A program to enhance public awareness to safeguard the Sulawesi's biodiversity in where they living is highly required. In Central Sulawesi, Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is seemingly having a healthy population in a wide area and is apparently able to survive on a level of deforestation and fragmentation in certain habitat. Of course, the species could not be surviving in a totally high threats. Habitat loss in lowland mostly occurred in area of South Sulawesi has been pushing the species to refuge to the upper habitat in hills and montane forest (see fig. 3), it is probably that the forests in mountain area would be a last refuge for this species. The island of Java with its Javan Hawk-eagle is an example to explain that habitat loss in lowland has been forced the species to be an estranged species (Meyburg, 1986), from the habitat to be concentrated in the remained montane forest. Raptor is often be a sensitive bio-indicator of environmental changes or habitat quality, unfortunately, the important role of raptor, particularly in Sulawesi, is less studied or even frequently ignored. We will probably lose the opportunity to study their life when most of diurnal raptor species, especially endemic species, is extinct. To gain a general conservation strategy based on the role of the eagle, on the first phase is by conserve this species. Thiollay (1994) explained that raptor, like other vertebrate predators, are playing an important role in several respects for general conservation strategy. First, they play the role of "umbrella species" because of their large home range. Second, they are "flag-ship species" (species symbol in a broader conservation management), species arousing public interest and supporting wider conservation programmes. Third, raptor is often sensitive bio-indicator of environment changes or habitat quality, far beyond their well-known sensitivity to chronic food-chain contamination. At last, the key biological role of predators in primary rain forest begins to be appreciated.

13

IV CONCLUSION g

The Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was found in 36 observational sites, including 11 observational points in South Sulawesi i.e. Bulusaraung, Bantimurung, Mambuliling, Nanggala, Faruhumpenai, and Towuti, and 25 observational points in Central Sulawesi i.e. Wera Waterfall, Lore Lindu, Morowali, Kawaeli, the Protected Forest between Tambu-Kasimbar, Tanjung Matop, and Mt. Sojol.

g

Bantimurung is only the southern distribution record of this species in Sulawesi Island, and visiting north area of the island, the species is become commoner especially from Tana Toraja regency and Polewali-Mamasa, to northern Luwu and Mamuju until into boundary area of Central Sulawesi.

g

In Central Sulawesi, the species is widely distributed on every forested area, and not an uncommon species.

g

Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is distributed on elevation of 0-3000 m, the lower elevation of locality record of this species is on 50m at Morowali and the upper elevation of locality record is on 1510m at Pebandongan, Mt Mambuliling. The species is mostly found at altitude of 0-800m asl, in which the lowland and hill forest still remains. However, the species is more concentrated in elevation of 600800 m as a consequences of decreasing of lowland forest.

g

In order to count the population number, the density of breeding pair of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle has 2 estimated on extend of 15-25 km .

g

Population number of pair of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle at all locality surveyed are between 254-306 pairs, 60-71 pairs are estimated located on surveyed area at South Sulawesi Province and 194235 pairs located at surveyed area at Central Sulawesi.

g

The Sulawesi Hawk-eagle recorded in coastal forest, lowland forest, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, limestone forest and monsoon forest. This species was not found in mangrove forest, savannah, marshes, monoculture forest and agricultural area.

g

Based on encounter rate in forest vegetation type, Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is mostly seen in lowland forest and rarest in limestone forest and monsoon forest.

g

Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is often to be seen in forest with cover area of F2 (25-50%) and rare to be seen in open forest with cover area of F1 (5-25%) In addition, F3 with forest cover 50-75% and F4 with 75-100% forest cover are compressing to the same level

g

Plantation as a deforestation type is mostly recorded at nothern of South Sulawesi and Toli-toli in Central Sulawesi, and forest disturbance including hunting, logging, collecting rattan and cultivation is mostly occurred in Central Sulawesi

g

Local people consider all raptors are injurious because of the habit of stealing of chicken, but mostly people ignore and during observation time, no eagle in trade was recorded.

Future Study The study of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle will be covering all Sulawesi regions, including satellite islands. The sites to be surveyed are other part South-east Sulawesi, North Sulawesi Province and eastern continental of Central Sulawesi (Morowali area), in addition, the satellite island of Muna where is very little information about Sulawesi Hawk-eagle known.

14

REFERENCES Andrew, P. 1992. The Birds of Indonesia: a checklist (Peter's sequence). Jakarta. Indonesian Ornithological Society. Baltzer, M.C. 1998. Ornithological Surveys and Conservation Priorities Sulawesi. Indonesia.

in Buton Island, South-east

Bibby, C., Jones, M. dan Marsden S. 2000. Teknik-teknik Ekspedisi Lapangan Survey Burung (Terjemahan). BirdLife International Indonesia Programme, Bogor. Brown, L. & Amadon, D. 1968. Eagle, Hawk and Falcon of the World, 2 Vols. Country Life Books, Feltham. Brown, L. 1976. Eagles of the World. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. Burton, P. 1989. Bird of prey. Baleru Books, New York. Coates, B. J., Bishop, K.D., Gardner D. 1997. A Guide To The Bird of Walacea. Dove Publications Pty, Australia. Coates, B. J., Bishop, K.D., Gardner, D. 2000. Panduan Lapangan Burung-burung di Kawasan Walacea (terjemahan). BirdLife International Indonesia Programme & Dove Publications Pty. Ltd. Bogor. Holmes, D. & Phillipps, K. 1996. The Bird of Sulawesi. Oxford University Press Holmes, D. & Phillipps, K. 1999. Burung-burung di Sulawesi (terjemahan). Puslitbang Biologi LIPI, Bogor. Hoyo, J. del, Elliot, A., & Sargatal, J. 1994. Handbook of the bird of the World. Vol 2. New World Vulture to Guineafowl, Lynx Edition, Barcelona. Indrawan, M., Y. Masala and L. Pesik. 1997. Recent Bird Observations from The Banggai Island. Kukila 9: 61-70. Kompas, 2000. Hutan Dataran Rendah Sulawesi Habis, Kamis, 5 Okt. Madrid, J.A., Madrid, H.D., Funes, S.H., Lopez, J., Botzoc, R. & Ramos, A. 1991. Reproductive Biology and Behavior of the Ornate Hawk-eagle In Tikal National Park. Pp. 93-113 in D.F. Whutacre, W.A. Burnham & J.P. Jenny (eds) Progress Report 2, 1991, Maya Project. The Peregrine Fund, Boiso, Idaho. Meyburg, B.U., & Van Balen, B. 1994. Raptor on Sulawesi (Indonesia): The influence of rain forest destruction and human density on their populations. On Meyburg, B. U & D Chencellor (eds), 1994 Raptor Conservation Today WWGBP/ The Pica Press. Meyburg, B.-U. 1986. Threatened and near-threatened diurnal birds of prey of the world. Birds of Prey Bull. 3: 1-12. Morimoto, S & Iida, T. 1992. (Ecology and Preservation of Hodgson's Hawk-eagle.) Strix 11:59-90. (Berbahasa Jepang dengan abstrak Inggris). Nurwatha, P.F & Rahman, Z. 2000. Distribusi Elang Sulawesi di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari, Bandung (unpublished). Olsen, P. 1995. Australian birds of prey. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. Rilay, J. 1997. The Bird of Sangihe and Talaud, North Sulawesi. Kukila 9:3-36. Rov, N., Gjershaug, J. O., Prawiradilaga, D.M., Hapsoro and Supriatna, A. 1997. Conservation Biology of Javan Hawk-eagle. Progress Report prepared for The Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) and Ministry of State for Environment (LH). Setiady, A.P, Nurwatha, P.F, Muchtar, M., Rahman, Z., Dan Raharjaningtrah, W. 2000. Status, Distribusi, Populasi, Ekologi dan Konservasi Elang Jawa Spizaetus bartelsi di Jawa Barat bagian Selatan. Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari (YPAL), Bandung. (inprep) Shannaz, J., P. Jepson dan Rudyanto. 1995. Burung-burung terancam Punah di Indonesia. PHPA/BirdLife International IP. Bogor. Sozer, R & V. Nijman. 1995. Behavioural Ecology, Distribution and Conservation of The Javan Hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi, 1924, (thesis). Institute of Systematic and Population Biology. University of Amsterdam. Netherlands

15 Sozer R, Nijman, V., Setiawan, I., van Balen, S., Prawiradilaga, D.M. and Subijanto, J. 1998. Javan Hawkeagle Recovery Plan. KLMNH/PHPA/ LIPI/BirdLife International Indonesia Program. Bogor Thiollay, J.-M. 1994. A World Review of Tropical Forest Raptors Curren Trends, Research Objectives and Conservation Strategy. Pp. 231-240. On Meyburg, B. U & D Chencellor eds, 1994 Raptor Conservation Today WWGBP/ The Pica Press. Thiollay, J.-M. & Mayburg, B.-U. 1988. Forest Fragmentation and the Conservation of Forest Raptor: A Survey on the Island of Java. Biol. Conserv. 44:229-250. Thiollay, J.-M. & Rachman, Z. 2000. Distribution and Conservation of Raptor Communities in Central Sulawesi, in prep. Thiollay, J.-M. 1985. Falconiforms in tropical Rain Forest: A Review. Pp. 155-165. In I. Newton & R.D. Chancellor (eds) Conservation Studies in raptor. ICBP Technical Publication No. 5. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge. Thiollay, M.J. 1996. Rain Forest Raptor Communities in Sumatra, The Conservation Value of Traditional Agroforest. Raptor in Human Landscape. Academic Press Ltd. 246-260. van Balen, B. 1991. The Javan Hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi : WWGBP Project Report No. 1, March 1990. Bird of Prey Bull. 4: 33-40 Watling, D. 1982. Ornithological Notes from Sulawesi. Emu 83: 274-261 WCMC. 1998. Checklist of CITES Species: A reference to the appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. White, C. M. N. & Bruce, M.D. 1968. The Bird of Wallacea. BOU Check-list No. 7. British Ornithology Union, London. Whitemore, T.C. 1984. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East. 2nd ed. Claredon Oxford. Whitten, A.J., Mustafa, M. and Henderson, G.S. 1987. The Ecology of Sulawesi. Gajah Mada Univ. Press, Yogyakarta. Yamazaki, T. 1990. The Ecology of Japanese Mountain Hawk Eagle. RRF draft.

Appendix 1 page i

Observation site and sighting notes of Sulawesi hawk-eagle 1. Bulusaraung Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: Nature Reserve : Maros, Barru, Bone, Pangkep : 80150 ha (recent survey) : 500-1800 m : 4o 45'LS - 119o 16'BT : Ujung Pandang (UP) - Maros - Malawa Bentenge, walk on foot 30' to Reatoa and two housr from Reatoa to Bontosiri

Bulusaraung NR is located on the central part of island and included into four districts, which has easiest access through Maros (sub-district Mallawa) and Bone. The area was still covered by natural forest and topographically hilly and mountainous. At observation points of Reatoa and Bontosari, the area was mostly bordered with protection forest and local candlenut and cocoa crops at several points. Local people were rice and vegetable subsistence farmers, beside planted candlenut and cocoa crops. Candlenut trees owned by Reatoa people have been generally more than 30 years and mostly situated at forest edge of both nature reserve and protection forest. At Bontosiri, several forest area was been converted to cultivated area, and a path forest still remained at Makajunyengnyeng riverbang with the slope was steep. Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was counted at two observation points i.e. Reatoa and Bontosiri.

Southside of Bulusaraung Nature Reserve

Reatoa On 13 February, at 13.35 in nature reserve area, approximately 5 km northern Reatoa hamlet, juvenile bird's call was heard and seen perching for several times at the tree ca.50m from observers and flee into the westward of forest. The call was recorded about 2 minutes. Bontosiri On 14 February, at 16.00 at forest block of above Makaju nyenyeng River, a juvenile was perching and calling on old dead trunk. At ca. 300m from observer, the tree was obstructed with a steeply river valley. The location was at outside of nature reserve but included to protection forest. Until before dusk, the juvenile was only perching and moving around the tree and the adult was not seen. On the next day, the eagle was observed from after dawn till before dusk and 16.30, one adult was flying come to see the juvenile and perching at 30m distance from young. 2. Bantimurung-Pattunuang Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: Nature Reserve/Recreational Park : Maros : 2500 ha : 100-750 m o o o o : 5 02'LS-119 40'BT, 5 02'LS-119 41'BT : UP - Maros - Bantimurung and Pattunuang

The location is situated in Bantimurung Sub-district at approximately 15-18km eastern Maros District. Characteristic of the area is lowland

Bantimurung river at Kasikebo, a location of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was seen.

Appendix 1 page ii

Cultivated area at Malino

forest on limestone forming a continuos hills chain in almost equal peaks. With a beautiful scenery and stream with waterfall and karst cave, a part of Bantimurung area is gazetted as a recreational park as well as Pattunuang. At both locations, the diversity of butterflies and crested macaque Macaca maura is well known. Irresponsible tourist activities and forest encroachment are the handicaps for conservation management of the area. Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was recorded at Kasikebo near Batu Cave, Bantimurung. On 18 February at 10.41, an adult was sighted perching in center canopy tree at the Bantimurung River edge. The distance between observers and eagle was only 50m and bird was seemingly disturbed which then fleeing to the little tree at karst steeply slope at ca. 100m of first perch. The eagle was perching until 14.30. 3. Malino Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: Protection Forest : Gowa :: 1100-1550 m o o : 05 19'LS - 119 55'BT : UP - Malino - Lambana

Malino is a small town on the Tinggimoncong highland, 70 km eastern from Ujung Pandang (Makassar). The Hawk-eagle was not recorded at this location, however other raptors such as Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus, Spotted Kestrel Falco mollucensis, Lesser Fish-eagle Ichtyophaga humilis and Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis were recorded. 4. Bonto Bahari

Savannah at Bonto Bahari Game Reserve

Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: Wildlife Sanctuary : Bulukumba : 3000 ha : 0 - 100 m o o : 05 19'LS - 120 26'BT : UP - Bulukumba Bonto Bahari/Tanaberu

Bonto Bahari area is the savanna land on the tip of south peninsula. The Hawk-eagle was not seen at this location, and other raptors such as Osprey Pandion haliaetus, Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus and Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis were noted. 5. Mampie Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

Mangrove stump at Mampie Game Reserve

: Wildlife Sanctuary : Polmas (Polewali Mamasa) : 1000 ha : 0-15 m o o : 03 25'LS - 119 30'BT :UP - Polewali - Wonomulyo, to Mampie (20')

Mampie Wildlife Sanctuary is assigned for protection of habitat of shore bird such as Milky Stork Mycterea cinerea, Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus, Egrets, Glossy Ibis Plegadis palcinellus, etc. Now the area has been suffering heavy disturbed by brackish pond (tambak) and abrasion, with is now only 10% mangrove still remind. There was not

Appendix 1 page iii any raptor sighted until three days observation. 6. Lampoko Status District Size Altitude range Coordinate Access

: Wildlife Sanctuary : Polmas : 1000 ha : 0-15 m : 03o25'LS - 119o30'BT : UP - Polewali - Wonomulyo, walk on foot to Mampie (30')

The area is marshes just near Mampie Wildlife Sanctuary. Lampoko is a lake suffering eutrophication. Hawk eagle was not recorded, and the other raptors were White-bellied Sea-eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster and Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus.

Catle grazing area at Lampoko Game Reserve

7. Pebadongan - Mamasa Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: : : : : :

Protection Forest Polmas 5000 ha (estimation) 870 -2000 m 02o 57' LS 119o22'BT UP - Polewali - Mamasa, walk on foot to Pebadongan (90')

Mamasa is situated in a valley surrounded by hilly and mountainous forest at the distance of ca. 90 km from Polewali. Mts. Mambuliling is surrounding at north side and Mts. Marudinding at far southern. Forest encroachment, with slash and burn system, for hard crops such as coffee is heavily disturbed the area. On 29 February at 09.30, 1475m asl., a series of juvenile call was heard coming from hill side where a stream on foothill Mt. Pebandongan. On 10.08, at 1510 m asl., a single mature Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was soaring at the near source of juvenile call.

Slash and burning ladang at Pebandongan, Mamasa

8. Nanggala Forest Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: Protection Forest : Tana Toraja : 8000 ha (estimation) : 800-1300m o o : 02 57'LS 119 02'BT : UP - Rantepao/Palopo Nanggala, and walk on foot from Nanggala to Tarco Jaya (120')

Nanggala Forest is a mountainous forest situated on area between Tana Toraja and Luwu District which is bordered by Rantepao-Palopo road. The 500 ha of this protection forest is gazetted as recreational park named Nanggala III. On Maret 12, at 11.28, a pair Hawk-eagle was mutual soaring above coffee plantation of PT. Tarco Jaya area at Toperaukan. On the next day, a single bird was soaring above Wayrede forest block, 2 km from Toperaukan. Beautiful valley at Nanggala forest area

Appendix 1 page iv 9. Kalaena Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

Kalaena Nature Reserve in the Palm oil plantation area

: Nature Reserve : North Luwu : 125 ha : 100 - 150 m : 02o23'LS 119o 22'BT : UP - Palopo Mangku Tana - Kalaena

Kalaena is small conservation area in the middle of oil-palm plantation area that has secondary lowland forest and hills topographically. There was not Hawk-eagle recorded at Kalaena, however, other raptors were occurred such as Barred Honey-buzzard Pernis celebensis, Blackwinged Kite Elanus caureleus and Sulawesi Goshawk Accipiter griseiceps. 10. Faruhumpenai Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

A good forest at Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve

: Nature Reserve : North Luwu : 90.000 ha : 250-1.768 m : 02o21'LS 120o49'BT : UP - Mangku Tana - Faruhumpenai (base camp at Mangku Tana/MT).

Faruhumpenai is the largest nature reserve in South Sulawesi. The area is topographically hilly that stretched between on elevation 250-1750 m asl and is always covered by mist and rainfall. At several locations, the area is suffering heavy disturbances due to many forest conversions becoming cocoa crops. The encroachments were detected occurring at Porowoi-Laroeha with over 100 ha in size, at Dandawasu occurred since 1994 ca. The 400 ha reserve forest converted to cocoa crop. At Rawabengkok intensive exploitation of tortoise was found. During poaching, poachers build 15 huts in rainy season and will be increasing to about 50 huts at dry season. The Hawk-eagle was counted at for observation points i.e. Sampuraga, Salanoa, Kelenenya and Laroeha. Sampuraga On March 20, at 10.14, single adult was gliding above Sampuraga forest (1270 m asl). The eagle was recorded for 43 seconds before fleeing into the canopy forest. Other detected raptors were Sulawesi Serpent-eagle Spilornis rufipectus and Barred Honey-buzzard Pernis celebensis. Salanoa On March 21, at 13.05, a noisy juvenile was flying and perching in the middle of canopy of tree on road edge near Salanoa Waterfall (630m asl). At 13.35, a pair of eagle (parent) was soaring and perching at north of this area. Other detected raptors were Sulawesi Serpent-eagle Spilornis rufipectus, Barred Honey-buzzard Pernis celebensis and Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus. Kelenenya

Hilly Forest of Faruhumpenai NR

On March 23, 09.34 an adult was gliding at the forest edge bordered with cocoa crop. The location is situated in forest at elevation 640 m asl which can be reached in two hour by foot from Unit 5 Taripa Village. The

Appendix 1 page v other raptor species were Sulawesi Serpent-eagle Spilornis rufipectus, Barred Honey-buzzard Pernis celebensis, Grey-headed Fish-eagle Ichtyophaga ichtyaetus and Rufous-bellied Eagle Hieraatus kienerii. Laroeha On March 25, an adult was soaring above Laroeha Village (350 m asl.), then gliding to the Faruhumpenai forest area. Other raptor species were Grey-headed Fish-eagle Ichtyophaga ichtyaetus, Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus and Sulawesi Serpent-eagle Spilornis rufipectus. 11. Lake Towuti-Mahalona Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

Forest island at Lake Towuti

: Recreational Park : North Luwu : 65.000 ha (estimation) : 295-400 m o o : 02 39'LS 121 24'BT : UP-Wotu-Wawondula-Timampu (base camp) From Timampu to Mia, Lengkobale, and Mahalona by ketinting (boat)

Lake Towuti and Lake Matano are connected by Matano River for about 7 km. The notable this recreational park is lake and 500 m forest along the lake edge which has been protected. Mostly forest is still in good condition. However, a number illegal harvesting with many timber ready to be rafted to Timampu were occurred. Timampu located on south-west Lake Towuti is a big village which has more than 30 sawmills. According to forest ranger, mostly timber in Timampu was coming from South-east Sulawesi. Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was counted on March 29, soaring above disturbed forest Lengkobale (300 m asl), about 2 km northern of Lake Towuti. 12. Lake Matano Status District Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: Recreational Park : North Luwu : 30.000 ha : 400-600 m o o : 02 26'LS 121 12'BT : UP - Soroako, by ketinting to Matano Village (90') and to Pasir hitam (30')

Lake Matano

Matano is one of deepest lake in the world. There is a large area concession for the Nickel mining of Inco Co. Ltd. Other threats to the area are land clearing in surrounding lake for settlement and agriculture. Sulawesi Hawk-eagle was not recorded, and other raptor species were Sulawesi Serpent-eagle Spilornis rufipectus, Barred Honey-buzzard Pernis celebensis, Lesser Fish-eagle Ichtyophaga humilis and Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus and Rufous-bellied Eagle Hieraatus kienerii. 13. Lake Tempe Status District Size Altitudinal range:

: Wildlife Sanctuary (proposed) : Wajo, Soppeng, Sidrap, : 35.300 ha : 30-60 m Marhes at Lake Tempe

Appendix 1 page vi Coordinate Access

: 04o03'LS 119o47'BT : UP - Maros - LakeTempe

Lake Tempe is situated eastward Pare-pare or southward Pangkajene. Lake Tempe (13.000ha) is nearby Lake Buaya (300ha) and Lake Sidenreng (3000ha), surrounding by settlement with almost no forest was remain. No Sulawesi Hawk-eagle is recorded, and other raptor species were Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus and Lesser Fish-eagle Ichtyophaga humilis.

Forest fragmented at Wera Waterfall

14. Wera Waterfall Status District Size Altitudinal range: Coordinate Access

: Recreation Nature Park : Donggala : ± 250 ha 150 800 m o o o o : 1 2" 1 3" LS & 119 50" 119 51" BT : Palu - Balumpewa, walk on foot to Wera Waterfall(60')

Wera Waterfall Recreation Nature Park is in Dolo Sub-district, 19 km South Palu. This conservation area is at 150-800m asl and the topography is commonly sloping until steep with declivity 60-90 % especially around waterfall. Wera River streams in narrow valley between hill-forest and grass field. Most of this area was border with local people product land especially at level land around Balumpewa Village. Balumpewa On August 11, single bird (adult) has been shown at 10.30 soaring with sound at forest area near waterfall, 1 km to western Balumpewa Village. This eagle flew up forest that border with local people plantation and disappeared behind mountain near waterfall. The next day at 09.53 one adult was soaring with calling and then another individu flew and then they flew together over forest Wera Waterfall. 15. Lore-Lindu Status Regency Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: : : : : :

National Park Donggala, Poso 229.000 ha 140 2610 m 0 0 0 0 1 8' 1 30' LS & 119 58' - 120 16' BT Palu - Palolo, stop at Tongoa and, walk on foot (30') from Tongoa to Kamarora Palu - Desa Lambara, walk on foot to observation point (3 km) Palu - Napu, stoped at Wuasa, Dodolo Palu - Kulawi, stop at Pakuli III and Pakuli II, Simoro, Sidaunta, Danau Lindu Palu - Napu, stop at Puncak Batu salome, and to Sedoa

Forest interion near Lake Lindu, Lore Lindu National Park

Lore-Lindu National Park is located in Donggala and Poso Regency as administrative.

Appendix 1 page vii A major part of Lore Lindu National Park lies at an altitude of more than 1,000 m. with Gunung Nokilalaki (2,356) as the highest mountain. The mountain forests at these heights consist of tree species of more moderate climates as Oaks, Chestnuts and Laurels. At the lower altitudes, which comprise only about 10% of the park, lowland rainforest occurs while above 2,000 meter the flora is sub-alpine. Savannah area is covered several places such as in northern area of Bora, Besoa (Westside) and Bada (Southside). In addition there are some rivers and small lakes that made swamps especially at Lindu Lake area that more than 2.000 ha width. Lambara

One side of Lore Lindu NP

On August 15, single bird (adult) has been shown for 3 minutes soaring for prey up of Monsoon forest at 11.00 for 3 minutes, then disappeared behind hill direct to South. Dusun III Pakuli On August 12, at 16.00, a pair of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle has been shown flew together over forest at Lore-Lindu National Park. Dusun Pakuli II On August 13, from edge forest near local people cultivation has been shown one adult flew from behind hill and soaring around river before comeback to disappear behind that hill. Simoro On August 14, at 10.44 one adult flew with sound and then in a few minutes another individu flew on top hill, and 12.08 has been shown another adult flew far enough about 1.5 - 2 km, but it can't be known that the eagle is the same individu like before. Kulawi On August 15, at 09.30 a young individu was soaring around forest near river stream then after a few minutes at 10.38 one adult was perched up tree around river stream before both flew behind the hill.

Forest degradation area between Tambu - Kasimbar

Sidaunta On August 16, at 12.24 it heard eagle's call in 950m asl and then 12.53 its saw one adult flew across valley from 1020m. Puroo On August 17, at 11.53 It was shown a Haliastur indus soaring around his nest (900m) and then flew to West direction (about 1 km) and several times attacked to an adult of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle that was being perched. At 12.14 this Sulawesi Hawk-eagle flew to West direction and entering the forest. Tomado On July 3, at 13.40 it has been shown (mother and her juvenile) flew from South then perched at big Ficus sp tree in coffee plantation, behind forestry guest house. It was seem that mother taught hunt to the juvenile. After 3 minutes, the mother flew to the forest and then 2 minute after that the mother comebacks with carrying mouse. The juvenile sound several times looking for intention from the mother,

Simoro, Lore Lindu NP

Appendix 1 page viii then mother moved to another tree (Erythrina sp) near forest and followed by the juvenile. The mother ate her prey at that tree, after ate a half of prey they flew back to behind hill in West direction. Kamarora On March 3, and August 19, at Kamarora there is National Park Guesthouse in this area. This location is open area so we can see half forest area and mountains. In this location there are several eye contacts with Sulawesi Hawk-eagle especially at 09.00 - 11.00 at some different locations with estimate 3 individu from different pairs. Forest view at Lore lindu NP

Tongoa Tongoa is in three-way intersection to Dongi-dongi and Kamarora. On April 9, at this location at 11.05 there is one adult soaring, after observed for 2 minutes then flew behind the hill at Westside of Kamarora. Batu Salome, Puncak, Napu On August 20, at 11.38 one adult perched on tree (1170 m asl) and then flew to the forest. At 11.58 on the bridge of Dongi-dongi (1010m asl) another adult flew high to the west. Sedoa On August 22, at 11.12 one individu flew with sound and perched on big tree. Several times then another individu flew behind hill and perched on the same tree not so far from the first one, after that both of them flew together to the forest behind the hill. Wuasa On September 16, at 10.12 there were 2 individu (adult and juvenile) flying together from the West and perched on Leda tree (Eucalyptus sp), after 5 minutes then both of them flew again to Southwest.

Nature forest arround Lake Ranu, Morowali

Dodolo On September 19, at 10.30 one adult was flying across the street at Dodolo, contact just about 30 seconds. 16. Morowali Status Regency Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: : : : : :

Nature Reserve Morowali 225.000 ha 0 2630 m. o o 01 51' LS 121 29 BT Palu - Kolonedale, by boat to Morowali

Kayupoli

One side of Lore Lindu NP

On August 25, at 10.48 one adult was flying high, then another individu followed before both of them flew to forest area at Morowali River edges (15m asl). At 13.00 it's heard juvenile calling when single of Black Eagle flew around that area. This meeting location is not far from Grassland when two adults were flying high over this area. At August 26, between road that connected Kayupoli to Rano Lake (90m asl), at 10.26 there was one another individu flew rotation on the forest across Rano Lake.

Appendix 1 page ix Kolonedale On August 27, at 11.00 It's heard calling voice from juvenile for several times but the location is unknown, then it can be saw two adult flying over that area. At 12.49 it can be saw that juvenile perched on while calling his mother that was flying over that area. 17. Tanjung Matop Status Regency Size Altitudinal range Coordinate Access

: : : : : :

Wildlife Sanctuary Toli-toli 1.612,5 ha 0 500 m. o o o o 1 19' 1 22' LS & 121 5, 5' 121 8' BT Palu-Toli-toli Pinjan (Tanjung Matop)

Tanjung Matop is wildlife sanctuary area for Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) with large amount of population. In season of egg laying they will be came from the forest to the coast to lay eggs in large number until tens pair of Maleo. It's a pity that the shore they lay their eggs was decreased because of abrasion along the year. This abrasion is one the reason that Forestry Department build a captive breeding for hatching eggs of Maleo and release it to the forest at Pinjan Village, but this captive is not managed well. Tip of Matop Peninsular at Tanjung Matop Game Reserve

This conservation area is at 95 km north of Toli-toli and it's in North Tolitoli Resident, Toli-toli Regency. This area is crossed by 22-km highway from Pinjan Village on South to Binontoan Village on North. This area has 2 types of forest, lowland forest and coastal forest. Forests in this area are well especially on the left side of highway, but on the right side of highway that near Pinjan Village many of them become clove plantation field by local people. Pinjan Binontoan On September 1, at least 3 pairs of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle were recorded along 8-km street between Pinjan Village Binontoan. At 10.00-11.00 it's met with Sulawesi Hawk-eagle from 4 different individu for several times. A pair of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle made display over the forest at 14.30. 18. Tobuli Kawaeli Status Regency Size Altitudinal range

: : : :

Protected Forest Donggala 6000 ha (estimated) 400-1000 m.

This forest area is passing by highway that connected Palu with North region; this highway is about 26-30 km. On August 28, 2000, at 14.45 a pair of Sulawesi Hawk-eagle were soaring the forest at km 67 from Palu, and then disappeared behind the hill, at 14.56 another one adult flew and perched on the tree not so far from highway at km 59. 19. Tambu Kasimbar Forest degradation between Tobuli-Kawaeli

Status Regency Size

: Forest Preserved : Donggala : 5000 ha (estimated on surveyed area)

Appendix 1 page x Altitudinal range Coordinate

: 75 - 1000 m. : 0o01' LU - 119o52' BT. 0o08' LU - 120o01' BT

Tambu is a village at Balaesang Sub-district and Kasimbar is a village at Ampibabo Sub-district. Both villages were connected by pavement road passing a forest and mountain about 30-40 km and protected forest started at West Coast until East Coast. Opening plantation field especially near local people settlement disturbed most of forests along that street. On August 29, one adult was soaring over forest area near Tambu Village at 09.48. Then at 11.15 two adults were flying over for a same time with sound from one of them. At 13.49 another one adult were soaring near at Ranang-Kasimbar Village, local people coffee plantation. 20. Ogoamas Mountain Status District Size Altitudinal range

: : : :

Protected Forest Donggala (from Palu to Tolitoli via west coast) 5000 (estimated) 50 - 500 m.

Ogoamas Mountains is one of big mountains at North Central Sulawesi area. Forest status around this area is protected forest with relatively good condition except near settlement. Most of forests near settlement become clove and coconut plantation. Some of area in mountains that proposed to be conservation area is Sojol Mountain, Tinombala Mountain and Dako Mountain. One adult was flying over the forest around Bambapun area near Mt. Sojol on September 2, 2000, at 10.10.

Ogoamas Mountainous

Appendix 2 Tabel of Tipe of vegetation at observational points

Observational point

Tipe of vegetasi

Reatoa Bontosiri Pattunuang Airterjun Gua Batu Pesanggrahan Lambana Pasirputih Menara Mampie Lampoko Pebadongan Nanggala III Kebun kopi Tarcojaya Wayrede Margolembo Sampuraga Salonoa Kalenenya Laroeha Landange Rawa bengkok Tinampu Mia Lengkobale Kp. Mahalona Batu apa Pasir hitam Nitue Balumpewa Tongoa Kamarora Lambara Wuasa Dodolo Tomado, Danau Lindu Dusun III Pakuli Dusun II Pakuli Simoro Kulawi Sidaunta Puroo Puncak-Batu Salome Sedoa Morowali Kayupoli Kolonedale Kawaeli-Tobuli Kawaeli-Tobuli b Tambu Ranang Pinjan Binontoa CA Gn. Sojol Tinombala

Lower mountain forest Lower mountain forest Lime-stone forest Lime-stone forest Monoculture forest (pine) Cultivated area Savana Savana Mangrove Marshes Higher mountain forest Lower mountain forest Lower mountain forest Higher mountain forest Lowland forest Higher mountain forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Cultivated area Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Marshes Lowland forest Lower mountain forest Lower mountain forest Monsoon forest Higher mountain forest Higher mountain forest Lower mountain forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Coastal forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Lowland forest Coastal forest Coastal forest Lowland forest Lower mountain forest

% coverage

occurenced

F4 F2 F3 F3 F2 F4 F2 F3 F1 F4 F3 F4 F2 F2 F1 F2 F2 F3 F2 F2 F1 F3 F3 F3 F3 F4 F4 F2 F3 F3 F3 F4 F3 F4 F3 F4 F4 F2 F2 F2 F2 F1 F4 F4 F3 F4

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -

Notes: Percentage of forest coverage: F1= 05 25%; F2=26 50%; F3=51 75%; F4=76 100%

Bulusaraung

Bantimurung

+ + + + +

Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Spilornis rufipectus Circus assimilis

Lesser Fish-eagle

Grey-headed Fish-eagle

Sulawesi Serpent-eagle

Elang-ikan kepala-kelabu

Elang-ular Sulawesi

+

+

+ +

+ + +

Falco peregrinus

+

Peregrine Falcon

Alap-alap kawah

Notes: + = occurenced

+ +

+

+

+ +

+

+ + + +

+ +

+

+ +

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

+ + + +

+

+

+

Falco moluccensis

Bosoa

+ + + +

+ + + + + + +

+

Sedoa

+ +

Kamarora

+

Falco severus

+ +

+

+ +

+ + +

+

+

Oriental Hobby

+ +

+

+

+

+

+ +

Alap-alap macan

+

+

+ + +

+

+ + +

Sulawesi Hawk-eagle

Spizaetus lanceolatus

Hieraaetus kienerii

+ +

+

+ +

+

Tongoa

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + +

+

Pakuli

Spotted Kestrel

Rufous-bellied Eagle

Elang perut-karat

+

Ictinaetus malayensis

+

Butastur liventer

+

+ + +

+

+

D.Tempe +

Wera +

Simoro

Alap-alap sapi

Black Eagle

Accipiter nanus

Accipiter trinotatus

+ +

+

Matano +

Kulawi +

Puncak

Elang Sulawesi

Rufous-winged Buzzard

Vinous-breasted Sparrow-hawk Accipiter rhodogaster

Elang-alap dada-merah

Elang hitam

Small Sparrow-hawk

Elang-alap kecil

Ealng sayap-coklat

Spot-tailed Goshawk

Elang-alap ekor-totol

Accipiter griseiceps

Spotted Harrier

Sulawesi Goshawk

Elang-rawa tutul

Elang-alap kepala-kelabu

Ichthyophaga humilis

Haliaeetus leucogaster

+ +

White-bellied Sea-eagle

+

Elang-laut perut-putih

+

Haliastur indus

+

+

Milvus migrans

Elanus caeruleus

Macheiramphus alcinus

Elang-ikan kecil

+

+

Brahminy Kite

Pattunuang

Elang bondol

Mampie

Black Kite

+

Malino +

Lampoko

Black-winged Kite

Mambuliling

Elang paria

+

+ + + + +

Naggala

Elang tikus

+

Bontobahari +

Kalaena

Barred Honey-buzzard

Pernis celebensis

Aviceda jerdoni

Pandion haliaetus

Faruhumpenai

Bat Hawk

Jerdon’s Baza

Baza Jerdon

Towuti

Elang kelelawar

Osprey

Elang tiram

SPECIES Mahalona

Sikep-madu Sulawesi

ENGLISH NAME

INDONESIAN NAME Sidaunta

LOCATIONS

Kamarora

Table of Diurnal raptor species at surveyed area

Wuasa

Lambara

Morowali Dodolo +

+ + +

+

Tambu

+ + +

Tjg Matop

Tinombala Kawaeli

+ + + + +

+

Ogoamas + +

+ +

+ +

+

+

+

+

+ + +

+

+ +

+ +

+ + +

+

+ + + + +

+ + + +

+

+

+

+ +

+

+ + + + + + +

+ +

Tomado

+ + + +

+ +

Kolonedale + +

Appendix 3

Appendix 4 List of birds on area surveyed

Name and systematic of birds follow to Andrew (1992) LesserFrigatebird Fregataariel

Whimbrel Numeniusphaeopus

PacificSwallow Hirundotahitica

LittlePiedCormorant Phalacrocoraxmelanoleucos

Bar-tailedGodwit Limosalapponica

YellowWagtail Motacillaflava

OrientalDarter Anhingamelanogaster

CommonRedshank Tringatotanus

GreyWagtail Motacillacinerea

PurpleHeron Ardeapurpurea

MarshSandpiper Tringastagnatilis

Richard'sPipit Anthusnovaeseelandiae

GreatEgret Casmerodiusalbus

CommonGreenshank Tringanebularia

PechoraPipit Anthusgustavi

PiedHeron Egrettapicata

WoodSandpiper Tringaglareola

CaeruleanCuckoo-shrike Coracinatemminckii

IntermediateEgret Egrettaintermedia

CommonSandpiper Actitishypoleucos

White-rumpedCuckoo-shrike Coracinaleucopygia

LittleEgret Egrettagarzetta

Long-toedStint Calidrissubminuta

CommonCicadabird Coracinatenuirostris

ReefEgret Egrettasacra

Stilt Himantopushimantopus

SulawesiCicadabird Coracinamorio

CattleEgret Bubulcusibis

WhiskeredTern Chlidoniashybridus

SulawesiTriller Lalageleucopygialis

JavanPond-heron Ardeolaspeciosa

CommonTern Sternahirundo

White-shoulderedTriller Lalagesueurii

StriatedHeron Butoridesstriatus

LittleTern Sternaalbifrons

Sooty-headedBulbul Pycnonotusaurigaster

Black-crownedNight-heron Nycticoraxnycticorax

Grey-cheekedGreenPigeon Trerongriseicauda

PiedBush-chat Saxicolacaprata

RufousNight-heron Nycticoraxcaledonicus

Pink-neckedGreenPigeon Treronvernans

SulawesiBabbler Trichastomacelebense

YellowBittern Ixobrychussinensis

SuperbFruit-dove Ptilinopussuperbus

ClamorousReed-warbler Acrocephalusstentoreus

CinnamonBittern Ixobrychuscinnamomeus

Maroon-chinnedFruit-dove Ptilinopussubgularis

ZittingCisticola Cisticolajuncidis

BlackBittern Ixobrychusflavicollis

White-belliedImperialPigeon Duculaforsteni

Golden-headed CisticolaCisticolaexilis

MilkyStork Mycteriacinerea

GreenImperialPigeon Duculaaenea

MountainTailorbird Orthotomuscuculatus

Woolly-neckedStork Ciconiaepiscopus

PiedImperialPigeon Duculabicolor

SulawesiLeaf-warbler Phylloscopussarasinorum

GlossyIbis Plegadisfalcinellus

SombrePigeon Cryptophapspoecilorrhoa

Grey-streakedFlycatcher Muscicapagriseisticta

Osprey Pandionhaliaetus

SulawesiBlackPigeon Turacoenamanadensis

IslandFlycatcher Eumyiaspanayensis

Jerdon'sBaza Avicedajerdoni

Slender-billedCuckoo-dove Macropygiaamboinensis

LittlePiedFlycatcher Ficedulawestermanni

BarredHoney-buzzard Perniscelebensis

SpottedDove Streptopeliachinensis

Rofousthroatfllycatcher Ficedularufigula

Black-wingedKite Elanuscaeruleus

EmeraldDove Chalcophapsindica

MangroveBlueFlycatcher Cyornisrufigastra

BlackKite Milvusmigrans

SulawesiGround-dove Gallicolumbatristigmata

Flyeater Gerygonesulphurea

BrahminyKite Haliasturindus

OrnateLorikeet Trichoglossusornatus

Black-napedMonarch Hypothymisazurea

White-belliedSea-eagle Haliaeetusleucogaster

Yellow-and-greenLorikeet Trichoglossusflavoviridis

Rusty-belliedFantail Rhipidurateysmanni

LesserFish-eagle Ichthyophagahumilis

Golden-mantledRacquet-tail Prioniturusplaturus

Sulphur-belliedWhistler Pachycephalasulfuriventer

Grey-headedFish-eagle Ichthyophagaichthyaetus

Blue-backedParrot Tanygnathussumatranus

Yellow-sidedFlowerpecker Dicaeumaureolimbatum

SulawesiSerpent-eagle Spilornisrufipectus

SulawesiHanging-parrot Loriculusstigmatus

Crimson-crownedFlowerpecker Dicaeumnehrkorni

SpottedHarrier Circusassimilis

Red-billedHanging-parrot Loriculusexilis

Grey-sidedFlowerpecker Dicaeumcelebicum

SulawesiGoshawk Accipitergriseiceps

Rusty-breastedCuckoo Cacomantissepulcralis

LasserSulawesiHoneyeater Myzacelebensis

Spot-tailedGoshawk Accipitertrinotatus

Gould'sBronzeCuckoo Chrysococcyxrussatus

Brown-throatedSunbird Anthreptesmalacensis

SmallSparrow-hawk Accipiternanus

Black-billedKoel Eudynamysmelanorhyncha

BlackSunbird Nectariniaaspasia

Vinous-breastedSparrow-hawk Accipiterrhodogaster

Yellow-billedMalkoha Rhamphococcyxcalyorhynchus

Olive-backedSunbird Nectariniajugularis

Rufous-wingedBuzzard Butasturliventer

LesserCoucal Centropusbengalensis

CrimsonSunbird Aethopygasiparaja

BlackEagle Ictinaetusmalayensis

BayCoucal Centropuscelebensis

MountainWhite-eye Zosteropsmontanus

Rufous-belliedEagle Hieraaetuskienerii

Owl Tyto sp

Lemon-belliedWhite-eye Zosteropschloris

SulawesiHawk-eagle Spizaetuslanceolatus

BrownBoobook Ninoxscutulata

Pale-belliedWhite-eye Zosteropsconsobrinorum

BatHawk Macheirhamphusalcinus

GreatEaredNightjar Eurostopodusmacrotis

Lemon-throatedWhite-eye Zosteropsanomalus

OrientalHobby Falcoseverus

SavannaNightjar Caprimulgusaffinis

Black-frontedWhite-eye Zosteropsatrifrons

SpottedKestrel Falcomoluccensis

UniformSwiftlet Aerodramusvanikorensis

Black-facedMunia Lonchuramolucca

SpottedWhistling-duck Dendrocygnaguttata

MoluccanSwiftlet Aerodramusinfuscatus

Scaly-breastedMunia Lonchurapunctulata

WanderingWhistling-duck Dendrocygnaarcuata

GlossySwiftlet Collocaliaesculenta

ChestnutMunia Lonchuramalacca

SundaTeal Anasgibberifrons

Fork-tailedSwift Apuspacificus

Pale-headedMunia Lonchurapallida

PacificBlackDuck Anassuperciliosa

LittleSwift Apusaffinis

JavaSparrow Paddaoryzivora

Garganey Anasquerquedula

AsianPalm-swift Cypsiurusbalasiensis

TreeSparrow Passermontanus

PhilippineScrubfowl Megapodiuscumingii

Grey-rumpedTree-swift Hemiprocnelongipennis

Short-tailedStarling Aplonisminor

Maleo Macrocephalonmaleo

CommonKingfisher Alcedoatthis

White-ventedMyna Acridotheresjavanicus

RedJunglefowl Gallusgallus

Blue-earedKingfisher Alcedomeninting

Short-crestedMyna Basilorniscelebensis

Red-backedButton-quail Turnixmaculosa

SacredKingfisher Halcyonsancta

White-neckedMyna Streptocittaalbicollis

BarredButton-quail Turnixsuscitator

CollaredKingfisher Halcyonchloris

Fiery-browedMyna Enodeserythrophris

BarredRail Gallirallustorquatus

Blue-tailedBee-eater Meropsphilippinus

Finch-billedMyna Scissirostrumdubium

IsabellineBush-hen Amaurornisisabellina

BlueeardBee-eater Meropogonforsteni

Black-napedOriole Orioluschinensis

White-breastedWaterhen Amaurornisphoenicurus

Purplewingroller Corasiatemminckii

Hair-crestedDrongo Dicrurushottentottus

DuskyMoorhen Gallinulatenebrosa

CommonDollarbird Eurystomusorientalis

White-breastedWood-swallow Artamusleucorynchus

CommonMoorhen Gallinulachloropus

SulawesiHornbill Penelopidesexarhatus

Ivory-backedWood-swallow Artamusmonachus

PurpleSwamphen Porphyrioporphyrio

KnobbedHornbill Rhyticeroscassidix

Slender-billedCrow Corvusenca

Comb-crestedJacana Irediparragallinacea

AshyWoodpecker Mulleripicusfulvus

PipingCrow Corvustypicus

PacificGoldenPlover Pluvialisfulva

SulawesiWoodpecker Dendrocopostemminckii

LittleCurlew Numeniusminutus

BarnSwallow Hirundorustica

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(Indigenous Nature Conservation Society) is a local NGO committed to preserve and sustainable utilization of nature resource in Indonesia. YPAL goals are 1). to improve human resources quality on environmental and conservation, and 2). to maximize the preservation and sustainable use of natural resources based on bird and other wildlife c o n s e r v a t i o n

ISBN 979-9319-05-6