Graduate Students Nathan Calvert (NSF) Tat Loon Chng (PPST) Matthew Edwards (NSF) Chris Limbach (NDSEG) Sean McGuire (PPST) Christopher (Petey) Peters (NASA) Yibin Zhang (NDSEG) Visiting Graduate Students Carmen Garcia Guerra (MIT) Jiabao(Nina) Li (Tsinghua) Undergraduate Students James Baase Josh Ellis Research Scholars Mikhail Shneider Arthur Dogariu Andrey Starikovskiy Technical Staff Nick Tkash

Visiting Research Collaborators Kiyoshi Kinefuchi (JAXA, Japan) Sean O’Byrne (UNSW, Canberra, Australia) Albina Tropina (Kharkiv, Ukraine) Collaborations NASA Langley (Danehy and Bathel) Air Force Research Laboratory (Gord) Texas A&M University (Scully et al) Ohio State Univ. (Adamovich et al) Ecole Centrale Paris (Laux) Ecole Polytechnique, Paris (Starikovskaya) Russian Academy of Sciences (Popov) Niitek/Chemring Corporation (Okamitsu) Lockheed Martin Corp. (Stockman) Boeing Corporation (Silkey) Teledyne Scientific and Imaging (Marshall and Cox) Spectral Energies (Gogineni and Kulatilaka) MetroLaser (George and Jenkins) Southwest Sciences (Hovde) Plasma TEC

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Measuring the transport properties of air is critical for the understanding of turbulence, for ground testing, and for computational model development and validation Measurements need to be made  In homogeneous turbulence  In turbulent near wall flows  In free shear layers

 In region where mixing is occurring

3

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Molecular Tagging in Air and Nitrogen

 Avoid seeding with either particles or foreign gases

 Follow the motion of the air or nitrogen in real time

 Determine transport properties and flow structure from

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displacement and distortion of lines, crosses or more complex patterns.

Approach

 Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging

(FLEET)

4

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Development of an easily implemented diagnostic capability for imaging the real time motion of air or nitrogen Determination of the quantitative limits of the method  Temperature, pressure effects

 Velocity accuracy and precision

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 Application to vorticity, shear stress and other transport properties  Flow perturbations induced from the laser

Comparison with standard measurement techniques including hot wire probes Applications for the measurement of supersonic boundary layer velocity profiles and shear stress. 5

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Improved understanding of turbulent flow physics New capability for ground testing in air and nitrogen facilities  No seeding

 Only one laser needed

 both tagging and imaging in the visible – no demanding window    

requirements  Data acquired at megaHertz rates.

Possible extension to flight

 Operation from ground to >150,000 ft.

Possible extension to simultaneous temperature and density

Represents a potential breakthrough in transport diagnostic capability Applicable to multiple AF and NASA wind tunnels, especially Tunnel 9 in Maryland. 6

Top View

Side View

Fast-gated ICCD Camera Princeton Instruments PI-MAX 512

Laser: ~150 fs, 800 nm, 1.2 mJ D = 1mm

U ~ 400 m/s p0 = 30 psig

9

1 µs delay 2.5 mJ/pulse Pure Nitrogen 1 atm

Second Positive First Negative

First Positive 10

556m/s

⋅G 256

6.2mm 9.8mm

Delay 2µs, gate 0.5µs

12

13

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Experiments at AFRL with Dr. James Gord- demonstrating 100 KHz imaging of lines in subsonic nitrogen jet and scaling with laser pulse energy and imaging of pulse detonation flow

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Experiments at Princeton with NASA Langley for three dimensional velocity and acceleration tracking with simultaneous orthogonal imaging

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Vorticity measurement in Mach 2 flow by writing a cross pattern

•

Imaging of Mach 2 boundary layer using grazing incidence

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Provides correlation between velocity fluctuations as a function of distance

y, mm

3

40 Diameters Downstream

0

-3 -3

0 y, mm

3 16

y, mm

FLEET easily provides spatially-dependent statistics

3

0

-3 -3 3 y, mm

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Not all flows are spatially homogenous

g(y,r)

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y, mm

40 Diameters Downstream

0 y, mm

3

1 Diameter Downstream

0

-3 -3

0 y, mm

3

17

18

Numerical Model

Experiment

Simple model of energy deposition at small spatial scales Uses Fourier analysis of velocity field

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Optical

 Measurement uncertainty  Imaging system resolution

Physical

 Flow perturbation

20

21

Imaging the Density and Dissociation Fraction

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry V Pol

H Pol

HP

BPF

CCM

BPF

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

1µs

10µs Density of atoms (normalized)

100µs

Dissociation fraction

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

0.35µs

1µs

10µs Density of atoms (normalized)

100µs

Dissociation fraction

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

0.5µs 1µs

10µs Density of atoms (normalized)

100µs

Dissociation fraction

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

1µs

10µs Density of atoms (normalized)

100µs

Dissociation fraction

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

1µs 2µs

10µs Density of atoms (normalized)

100µs

Dissociation fraction

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

1µs

5µs

10µs Density of atoms (normalized)

100µs

Dissociation fraction

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

1µs

10µs Density of atoms (normalized)

100µs

Dissociation fraction

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

1µs

10µs

25µs

100µs

Density of atoms (normalized)

Dissociation fraction

Dataset (320uJ in Nitrogen) 0.1µs

FLEET Emission Imaging

Planar Rayleigh Scattering

Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry

1µs

10µs Density of atoms (normalized)

50µs 100µs

Dissociation fraction

Time History at the Centerpoint

Spatial Profile Along the Beam 0.1µs

Emission Intensity

1µs

10µs

100µs

mm

FLEET Signal with Laser Pulse Energy

35

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Lenticular nozzle over-expanded supersonic jet  Raw single-shot images captured at 5 Hz

 Demonstrates complex flow structures in the form of bending, stretching

and compressing of tagged lines

Off → Ramp up to 60 psi → Off

100 psi steady-state operation

36

Cross Intersection Location (Lent. Nozzle) 2 No Flow 2 µs

1.5

5 µs

Vertical Pixel

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2

-1.5

-1

-0.5 0 0.5 Horizontal Pixel

1

1.5

2

600 m/sec

38

t=40us

t=20us

t=4us

Initial Position

40

41

42

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Measurements of Turbulence and study of deviations from the Kolmogorov scaling Measurements of FLEET Perturbations using Rayleigh imaging Flow tracking of crosses for velocity and vorticity using cross correlations Boresight configuration for higher signal to noise and measurement of two dimensional velocity Measurements across the boundary layer in a supersonic flow

            

Fundamental studies

Understand the mechanisms for nitrogen dissociation Understand the loss of signal in air and determine if nitric oxide production is occurring Determine the effects of perturbations from the tagging process and explore methods to reduce that perturbation Explore methods to improve the FLEET signal to noise,

Comparison of turbulence measurements with PIV and hot wire Homogeneous turbulence Shear layer Boundary layer

Determination of applicability to the measurement of boundary layer profiles Applications to national test facilities AEDC Tunnel 9 NASA

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Can FLEET simultaneously measure the temperature and density?  Temperature from the prompt emission  Density from the Rayleigh scattering

Can FLEET also be used to measure species concentrations? What is the best method for tracking the displacement of lines, crosses and grids to achieve robust transport measurements? Can FLEET provide a check for more conventional methods such a hot wires that do not measure transport directly?

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Status of spending

 Program funds spent out (Current effort ended April 15,



2015)  No current funding, further funding pending

Related programs with other Govt agencies

 ONR – Stand off detection for magnetic detection using

Radar REMPI with atmospheric xenon.  ARO – use of dielectric barrier discharges for separation control – FLEET to be used for diagnostics.

• • • •

Malina Lecture, Texas A&M University (for 2011) National Academy of Engineering (elected 2011) AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Award and Medal, (2012) AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Test Session 100-AMT-4/GT-3 “In Honor of Dick Miles (semi) Retirement”, AIAA Aviation 2014 Meeting, Atlanta Ga. (2014) • 8th Annual Gerard M. Faeth Memorial Lecture, University of Michigan (for 2015) • Midwest Mechanics Seminar Invited Speaker (10 universities) October 2015 • Michigan, Michigan State, Notre Dame, Northwestern, Wisconsin • Purdue, Illinois, IIT, Iowa State, Minnesota 47

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A. Dogariu, S. Zaidi, R. Miles, “Differential Laser Ionization Tagged Radar Anemometry (LITRA)”, AIAA-2011-1229, 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 4 - 7 Jan 2011 Orlando World Center Marriott Orlando, Florida A. Dogariu, M. Shneider, R. Miles, “Measurement of Electron Loss Rates in Atmospheric Pressure Air by Radar REMPI,” AIAA-2011-1324, 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 4 - 7 Jan 2011 Orlando World Center Marriott Orlando, Florida Celine Stein, Arthur Dogariu, Richard Miles, “Sulfur hexafluoride detection by Radar Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization,” AIAA-2011-3457, 42nd AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference in conjunction with the 18th International Conference on MHD Energy Conversion (ICMHD), Honolulu, Hawaii, June 27-30, 2011 J. B. Michael; M. R. Edwards; A. Dogariu; R. B. Miles, “Velocimetry by Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging (FLEET) of Air and Nitrogen”, AIAA-2012-1053, AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Nashville, TN, Jan 9-12, 2012 S. McGuire; S. Zaidi; A. Dogariu; P. Howard; R. B. Miles, “Measuring the Velocity of a Supersonic Airflow with Laser Ionization Tagged Radar Anemometry (LITRA)”, AIAA-2012-0989, AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Nashville, TN, Jan 9-12, 2012 Matthew Edwards, Arthur Dogariu, Richard Miles, “Simultaneous Temperature and Velocity Measurement in Unseeded Air Flows with FLEET,” 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 2013, 10.2514/6.2013-43 Richard Miles, “Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging (FLEET) for Imaging Flow Structure in Unseeded Hot or Cold Air or Nitrogen,” 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 2013, 10.2514/6.2013-340 Sean McGuire, Sohail Zaidi, Arthur Dogariu, Richard Miles, Chris Hovde, “The intrinsic phase shift and its effect upon the measurement of airflow velocities using LITRA,” 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 2013, 10.2514/6.2013-430 Tat Loon Chng, James Michael, Arthur Dogariu, Sohail Zaidi, Richard Miles, “Towards Quantitative Flame Species Concentration Measurements Using Radar REMPI,” 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 2013, 10.2514/6.2013-433

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Sean McGuire, Tat Chng, Richard B. Miles, “Nanosecond time-resolved 2 + 2 Radar REMPI measurements performed in molecular nitrogen,” (AIAA 2013-2760) 44th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, 2013, 10.2514/6.20132760 Nathan Calvert, Arthur Dogariu, Richard B. Miles, “FLEET Boundary Layer Velocity Profile Measurements,” (AIAA 2013-2762) 44th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, 2013, 10.2514/6.2013-2762 Richard B. Miles, “Optical Diagnostics for High-Speed Flows,” (AIAA 2013-2610), 43rd Fluid Dynamics Conference, 2013, 10.2514/6.2013-2610 Christopher Limbach, Richard Miles, “Simultaneous Temperature, Density and Velocity Measurements in LaserGenerated Plasmas by Rayleigh and Filtered Rayleigh Scattering (AIAA 2014-0143) 52nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2014, 10.2514/6.2014-0143 Tat Loon Chng, Richard Miles, “Absolute concentration measurements of atomic oxygen in a flame using radar REMPI” (AIAA 2014-1360) 52nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2014, 10.2514/6.2014-1360 Albina Tropina, Mikhail N. Shneider, Richard Miles, “Turbulent Cascade Process in Arc Driven Plasma Channels” (AIAA 2014-0668) 52nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2014, 10.2514/6.2014-0668 Sean McGuire, Richard B. Miles, “Radar REMPI measurements of N2 rotational temperature,” (AIAA 2014-2114) 45th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, 2014, 10.2514/6.2014-2114 Christopher Limbach, Richard B. Miles, “Rayleigh and Thomson Scattering Diagnostics of Laser Air Sparks: A Testbed for Tailoring Laser Plasmas,” (AIAA 2014-2538) 45th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, 2014, 10.2514/6.2014-2538 Paul M. Danehy, Brett F. Bathel, Nathan D. Calvert, Arthur Dogariu, Richard B. Miles, “Three Component Velocity and Acceleration Measurement Using FLEET,” (AIAA 2014-2228) 30th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference, 2014,10.2514/6.2014-2228 Jacob George, Tom P. Jenkins, Richard B. Miles, “Diagnosis of High Speed Flows using Filtered Rayleigh Scattering,” (AIAA 2014-2231) 30th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference, 2014, 10.2514/6.2014-2231 Nathan D. Calvert, Arthur Dogariu, Richard B. Miles, “2-D Velocity and Vorticity Measurements with FLEET,” (AIAA 2014-2229) 30th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference, 2014, 10.2514/6.2014-2229

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Nicholas J. DeLuca, Richard B. Miles, Waruna D. Kulatilaka, Naibo Jiang, James R. Gord, “Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging (FLEET) Fundamental Pulse Energy and Spectral Response,” (AIAA 2014-2227) 30th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference, 2014, 10.2514/6.2014-2227 Richard B. Miles, “Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Based Flame Control and Diagnostics,” (AIAA 2015-0157) 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2015, 10.2514/6.2015-0157 Sean McGuire, Arthur Dogariu, Tat Chng, Richard B. Miles,“Methods for Enhancing Radar REMPI Sensitivity,” (AIAA 2015-0933)53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2015, 10.2514/6.2015-0933 Christopher Limbach, Richard B. Miles, “Characterization of Dissociation and Gas Heating in Femtosecond Laser Plasma with Planar Rayleigh Scattering and Rayleigh Scattering Polarimetry,” (AIAA 2015-0932) 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2015, 10.2514/6.2015-0932 Matthew R. Edwards, Christopher Limbach, Richard B. Miles, Albina Tropina, “Limitations on High-Spatial Resolution Measurements of Turbulence Using Femtosecond Laser Tagging,” (AIAA 2015-1219) 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2015, 10.2514/6.2015-1219 Tat Loon Chng, Richard B. Miles, Understanding the Impact of Buffer Gases on the Radar REMPI Diagnostic (AIAA 2015-2803) 46th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, 2015, 10.2514/6.2015-2803 Nathan Calvert, Arthur Dogariu, Matthew Edwards, Richard B. Miles, Density Scaling and Calibration of FLEET Temperature Measurements (AIAA 2015-2564) 31st AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference, 2015, 10.2514/6.2015-2564 Christopher J. Peters, Paul M. Danehy, Brett F. Bathel, Naibo Jiang, Nathan Calvert, Richard B. Miles, Precision of FLEET Velocimetry using High-Speed CMOS Camera Systems, 31st AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference, 2015, 10.2514/6.2015-2565

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M. N. Shneider and R.B. Miles., “Laser Induced Avalanche Ionization in Gases or Gas Mixtures with Resonantly Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization or Femtosecond Laser Pulse Pre-Ionization.” Physics of Plasmas Volume: 19 Issue: 8 Article Number: 083508 Published: AUG 2012 M. N. Shneider and R.B. Miles.,“Coherent Microwave Radiation from a Laser Induced Plasma,” Applied Physics Letters 101, 264105 (2012) (published on-line Dec 27, 2012) Dogariu, Arthur; Shneider, Mikhail N.; Miles, Richard B., “Versatile radar measurement of the electron loss rate in air,” Applied Physics Letters Volume: 103 Issue: 22 Article Number: 224102 Published: NOV 25 2013 S. McGuire and R. Miles, “Collision induced ultraviolet structure in nitrogen radar REMPI spectra,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 141, 244301 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4904261 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4904261 Edwards, M., Dogariu, A. and Miles, R. “Simultaneous Temperature and Velocity Measurement in Unseeded Air Flows with FLEET,” AIAA Journal, Volume 51, Paper J053685 Miles, Richard B., “Optical diagnostics for high-speed flows,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Volume: 72 Special Issue: SI Pages: 30-36 Published: JAN 2015\ Miles RB, Michael JB, Limbach CM, McGuire SD, Loon Chng T, Edwards MR, DeLuca NJ, Shneider MN, Dogariu A. 2015 New diagnostic methods for laser plasma- and microwave-enhanced combustion. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373: 20140338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0338

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Questions?