Types of Impacts from Anthropogenic Sound Richardson et al. 1995 Marine Mammals and Noise except for last point 1. Disturbance -- subtle changes in behavior -- interruption of previous activities -- short or long-term displacement 2. Masking of -- calls from conspecifics -- reverberations of own calls -- other natural sounds 3. Stress (Physiological) 4. Hearing Impairment (Permanent or Temporary) by -- explosions or impulses -- strong non-explosive sounds (e.g. sonar) 5. Mass stranding