IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
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IEEE Ultra wideband Presentation October 21, 2003 Jim Silverstrim
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
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Agenda • UWB technology • FCC regulation • Comparison to commercial wireless standards
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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References • • • • • • • • • • • •
A Brief History of UWB Communications by Dr. Robert J. Fontana, President Multispectral Solutions, Inc. http://www.multispectral.com/history.html Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by Matt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum) and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain) Ultra Wideband Communication for Low Data Rate Ad-Hoc WPAN by István Z. Kovács Aalborg University, Denmark Ultra-wideband – a Disruptive RF Technology by J Wilson, Sept 2002, http://www.intel.com Ultra-wideband Technology for Short-Range, High-Rate Wireless Communications Jeff Foerster Intel Labs A Tutorial on Ultrawideband Technology by John McCorkle IEEE 802.15-00/082r1 Understanding UWB – Principles & Implications for Low Power Communications IEEE 802.15-03/157r1 Palowireless UWB Resource Center http://www.palowireless.com/uwb/ Spread Spectrum Scene http://www.sss-mag.com/uwb.html Ultrawideband Planet.com http://www.ultrawidebandplanet.com/ UC Berkeley UWB Group http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/UWB/links.htm University of Southern California UltraLab http://ultra.usc.edu/New_Site/
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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UWB Technology
Narrowband (30kHz)
Wideband CDMA (5 MHz)
Part 15 Limit UWB (Several GHz) Frequency
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Short electric pulses (sub-nanosecond) are generated, transmitted, received and processed – Very low duty cycle pulses – No energy content at 0 Hz – Occupied bandwidth >> information bandwidth Form of spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum – Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude – Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total – UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by Matt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum) and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain) JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
History of UWB Technology • Before 1900: Wireless Began as UWB – Large RF bandwidths, but did not take advantage of large spreading gain
• 1900-40s: Wireless goes ‘tuned’ – – – –
Analog processing: filters, resonators ‘Separation of services by wavelength’ Era of wireless telephony begins: AM / SSB / FM Commercial broadcasting matures, radar and signal processing
• 1970-90s: Digital techniques applied to UWB – Wide band impulse radar – Allows for realization of the HUGE available spreading gain
• Feb 14, 2002: UWB approved by FCC for commercialization
Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by Matt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum) and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain) JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
UWB Definition for Commercial Usage •
Definition from First Report and Order FCC 02-48, February 14, 2002 – Bandwidth • Instantaneous bandwidth >= 20% bandwidth or >= 500 MHz bandwidth • -10dB emission points • 2(fH – fL )/(fH + fL )
– Very Low Power Spectral Density (PSD) • In band average EIRP < -41.25 dBm/Hz (FCC Part 15 unintentional emission limit) • In band peak EIRP 0 dBm/50 MHz
– Approved Spectrum is Application Specific • • • •
Ground penetrating radars & wall imaging: 1000)
• Pulse Bi-Phase Modulation – High data rates (> 100 Mbps) – Low number of devices/ users
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
UWB Technology – Channelization • None – Single pulse detection -requires 7 to 10dB SNR above background at receiver
• Time hopped spread spectrum (TH-SS) – Uses PN sequence to “pseudo-randomly” shift the position (in time) of a periodic pulse train from its nominal position: time hopping – Information bits are encoded in the time shifts of the pulses by M-ary PPM – Reception is using a correlation receiver: multiplies the received RF signal with its locally generated “template” waveform and integrates to yield a single sample (pulse integration)
• Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) – Uses high duty cycle DS-SS coded sequence of wide band pulses transmitted at GHz rates – Can provide high data rates, up to 100Mbps, at relatively short distances – Reception is by the RAKE receiver: bank of correlators with MRC combining of the samples at the output of the RAKE fingers
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
UWB Technology – Antennas • Antenna is critical part of pulse-shaping filter – monopole, electric dipole, magnetic loop – planar, printed circuit: bowtie, equiangular spiral, ... – 3-D geometry: disc-cone, equiangular spiral, meander line, ...
Ultra Wideband Communication for Low Data Rate Ad-Hoc WPAN by István Z. Kovács Aalborg University, Denmark JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
UWB Attributes • Ultrawideband Operation (> 500 MHz) – – – –
Better multipath fading performance (like any wideband signal would) Large processing gain (> 40 dB) improves Anti-Jam (AJ) properties Covert operation (Low Probability of Intercept/Detection (LPI/D)) Precise location on the order of a few centimeters
• Simple transceiver design based on pulse waveform – Few functions – Low cost, low power dissipation, small size, low weight – Higher energy efficiency due to pulsed battery operation
• More Efficient Use of the Spectrum – – – –
More users per unit of bandwidth Reduced near-far interference resulting from low duty cycle operation Full-duplex operation in the same frequency band Unregulated (FCC Part 15) operation
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Pulsed Based UWB System
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FCC UWB Regulations
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Part 15 UWB Regulations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Subpart F – Ultra-Wideband Operation Section 15.501 Scope. Section 15.503 Definitions. Section 15.505 Cross reference. Section 15.507 Marketing of UWB equipment. Section 15.509 Technical requirements for ground penetrating radars and wall imaging systems. Section 15.110 Technical requirements for through-wall imaging systems. Section 15.511 Technical requirements for surveillance systems. Section 15.513 Technical requirements for medical imaging systems. Section 15.515 Technical requirements for vehicular radar systems. Section 15.517 Technical requirements for indoor UWB systems. Section 15.519 Technical requirements for hand held UWB systems. Section 15.521 Technical requirements applicable to all UWB devices. Section 15.523 Measurement procedures. Section 15.525 Coordination requirements.
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Emission Limits for Indoor Communication and Measurement Applications •
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Equipment must be designed to ensure that operation can only occur indoors or it must consist of hand- held devices that may be employed for such activities as peer- to-peer operation. Operate in 3.1 – 10.6 GHz band
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Emission Limits for Outdoor Communication and Measurement Applications • •
Equipment must be hand-held Operate in 3.1 – 10.6 GHz band
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Emission Limits for Ground Penetrating Radar, Wall Imaging & Medical Imaging Systems •
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Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, scientific research institutions, commercial mining companies, and construction companies. GPR & Wall Imaging – Below 960 MHz or 3.1-10.6 GHz Medical - 3.1-10.6 GHz FCC will notify or coordinate with NTIA.
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems • Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations. Surveillance systems may also be operated by public utilities and industrial entities. • Thru-wall Imaging – Below 960 MHz or 1.99-10.6 GHz • •
Surveillance – 1.9910.6 GHz FCC will notify or coordinate with NTIA
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Emission Limits for Vehicular Radar • Devices to detect the location and movement of objects near a vehicle – Enable near collision avoidance, improved airbag activation, and suspension systems that better respond to road conditions.
• Operation of vehicular radar in the 22-29 GHz band using directional antennas on terrestrial transportation vehicles – Center frequency of the emission and the frequency at which the highest radiated emission occurs are greater than 24.075 GHz. – Attenuation of the emissions below 24 GHz is required above the horizontal plane in order to protect space borne passive sensors operating in the 23.6-24.0 GHz band.
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UWB Comparison to commercial wireless standards
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Transceiver Comparison
Ultra-wideband Technology for Short-Range, High-Rate Wireless Communications Jeff Foerster Intel Labs JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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UWB Model using Agilent ADS
Bit Slicer
Bi-Phase Transmitter
Correlator Data Out
Data In
Spreading Code PPM Transmitter
Bi-Phase Receiver Reference Pulser Noise Source PPM Receiver Reference Pulser
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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UWB Eb/No Simulation Results
TX Out Pulse Stream
Noise Spectrum
TX Output Spectrum RX Input Signal and Noise Bit Errors versus Eb/No Data In Data Out Bit Errors
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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Received Power as a Function of Tx/Rx Separation
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
A Tutorial on Ultrawideband Technology by John McCorkle IEEE 802.15-00/082r1
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Environment Channel models • IEEE 802.15.3a Study recommendation – Channel Modeling Sub-committee Report Final IEEE P802.1502/368r5-SG3a – Saleh-Valenzula model – Four indoor model parameters for short range high data rate: CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4 – Typical values for indoor channels • • • •
RMS delay spread between 19-47 nsec Mean values between 20-30 nsec for 5-30 m antenna separations Multipath delay spread increases with range Multipath amplitude fading distribution log-normal with 3-5 dB STD - No Rayleigh fading
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Where UWB Fits versus IEEE 802.11
Understanding UWB – Principles and Implications for Low Power Communications – A Tutorial IEEE 802.15-03/157r0 JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
Where UWB Fits versus IEEE 802.15
Understanding UWB – Principles and Implications for Low Power Communications – A Tutorial IEEE 802.15-03/157r0 JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
802.15.3a Study Group • •
Develop alternate physical layer as supplement Bit Rate and Range –
110 Mb/s @10m, 200 Mb/s @4m, 480 Mb/s@4m desirable at PHY SAP after FEC decoding •
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Acquisition Time • •
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