GUIA DE REFERENCIA PARA INGLÉS 5

1. Simple Present with Verbo TO BE - Ser o Estar El verbo TO BE, se traduce como SER o ESTAR, en el idioma inglés goza de una particular importancia. Su significado depende del sentido de la oración. Por ejemplo: I am a doctor. Soy un doctor. (Se aplica como verbo ser) I am in my house. Estoy en mi casa. (Se aplica como verbo estar)

Cabe destacar que el verbo TO BE también se utiliza en algunos casos especiales que difieren de idioma español, como por ejemplo: * Sirve para expresar la edad y también sensaciones, en cuyo caso se traduce como 'tener': John is 15 years old. John tiene 15 años. Peter is hungry. Pedro tiene hambre. * Otro caso particular es cuando se habla del clima y entonces se traducirá como "hacer": It is hot. Hace calor. Existen otros casos donde el verbo TO BE se emplea como auxiliar para conjugar tiempos verbales y también para dar órdenes de manera impersonal que desarrollaremos en una próxima entrega.

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EXERCISES (verb to be in present) I. Completa los recuadros con las conjugaciones correctas del verbo TO BE y después escríbelos en forma negativa. 1. My name 2. Mary

is

James.

My name isn´t James. ó Is my name James?

the secretary.

3. John and Lucy 4. I

at school.

a student.

5. The boys 6. He

in the garden.

a lawyer.

7. Susie 8. She

a housewife. a student.

9. They

my friends.

10. You

a student.

II. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb to be - am, is, are. 1.

---

Jane and Alice sisters?

2.

---

this car yours?

3.

---

I in your way?

4.

---

Maria John's sister?

5.

---

you twenty-five years old?

6.

---

the Smiths divorced?

7.

---

this your new bicycle? 2

2. Presente Simple con verbos diferentes a (to be). El Presente Simple es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para describir acciones habituales que suceden con cierta frecuencia y no hace referencia a si está ocurriendo en el momento actual. I play tennis. Yo juego al tenis. (Hace mención de un deporte que realizo cotidianamente y que no necesariamente lo estoy jugando en este momento). He works in an office. Él trabaja en una oficina. (Se refiere al trabajo que desarrolla una persona frecuentemente). They travel to Madrid. Ellos viajan a Madrid. (Habla de un viaje que se repite a diario, aunque el sujeto no lo esté realizando ahora). A continuación se muestran las formas afirmativa, interrogativa y negativa de este tiempo verbal:

En el cuadro superior se ha tomado como ejemplo el verbo PLAY (jugar). Observe que en el modo afirmativo, en la 3º persona del singular, se le añade una "S" al verbo. He eats vegetables. Él come vegetales. Alice dances at the theatre. Alice baila en el teatro. The dog breaks the fence. El perro rompe la cerca. En el modo interrogativo y negativo se utiliza el auxiliar DO, aunque en la 3º persona del 3

singular se coloca como auxiliar DOES y se le quita la "S" al verbo. Existen algunos casos particulares como por ejemplo, si el verbo empleado termina en "SS", "SH", "CH", "O" y "X" al formar la 3º persona del singular en la forma afirmativa se le agrega "ES". Aquí vemos algunos ejemplos: Si el verbo Si el verbo Si el verbo montaña. Si el verbo Si el verbo

es FISH (pescar), se conjugará: He fishes at the sea. Él pesca en el mar. es KISS (besar), se conjugará: She kisses to her boyfriend. Ella besa a su novio. es WATCH (observar), se conjugará: He watches the mountain. Él observa la es FIX (arreglar), se conjugará: He fixes his car. Él arregla su coche. es GO (ir), se conjugará: She goes to the office. Ella va a la oficina.

Otra excepción se presenta si el verbo termina en "Y" tras consonante. Para formar la 3º persona del singular se sustituye esta "Y" por una "i" acompañada de la terminación "ES". Por ejemplo: Si el verbo es STUDY (estudiar) se conjugará: She studies the lesson. Ella estudia la lección. Para la forma negativa se puede emplear la forma contraída de DON'T en lugar de DO NOT o DOESN'T en vez de DOES NOT. I don't play tennis. Yo no juego al tenis. He doesn't work in an office. Él no trabaja en una oficina. They don't travel to Madrid. Ellos no viajan a Madrid. EXERCISES (Simple Present Tense) I.

Escribe el verbo entre paréntesis de forma correcta o conjugada sobre la línea. Y la interpretación de 10 oración.

1. I (travel) .................. to London every week. Yo viajo a Londres todas las semanas. 2. They (run) ............ in the park every Saturdays. 3. My mother (clean) …………......... the house. 4. You (be) ..................... a good student. 5. Mary (work) ..................... in a bank. 6. John (walk)……………….......... to his office. 7. You (study) ..................... English at school. 8. The dog (break) ....................... the fence. 9. The car (be) ................. in the garage. 10. My father (have) ...................... a nice coat. 11. We (live) ........................ in Paris. 4

12. George (sell) ………......... peaches and apples. 13. I always (visit) .............................. my grandmother. 14. Alice (go) ........................... to the church. 15. They (be) .......................... my best friends.. 16. You always (pay) .................................. the tickets. 17. London (be) .................... a big and nice city.. 18. My cousin (paint) ......................... the house. 19. I (study) ......... and (work) ......... in Madrid. 20. Mike never (do) .......... the homework. II.

Ahora escribe las primeras 10 oraciones en forma negativa.

1. I don´t travel to London every week. 2. _________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________ 6. _________________________________________________________ 7. _________________________________________________________ 8. _________________________________________________________ 9. _________________________________________________________ 10. _________________________________________________________ III.

Finalmente escribe las últimas 10 oraciones (11-20) del ejercicio I en forma interrogativa.

11. Do we live in Paris? 12. _______________________________________________________ 13. _________________________________________________________ 14. _________________________________________________________ 15. _________________________________________________________ 16. _________________________________________________________ 17. _________________________________________________________ 18. _________________________________________________________ 19. _________________________________________________________ 20. _________________________________________________________

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3. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE Comparative adjectives are used to compare the difference between 2 nouns, or a collective noun . Note: Superlative adjectives are used to compare 3 or more nouns. Examples:  The black dog is older than the white dog.  My house is bigger than my sister's house.  The yellow hat is more expensive than the green hat. Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives One-syllable adjectives. Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.

     

One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Tall

taller

tallest

Old

older

oldest

Long

longer

longest

Mary is taller than Max. Mary is the tallest of all the students. Max is older than John. Of the three students, Max is the oldest. My hair is longer than your hair. Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard. If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form.

   

One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form with Final –e

Superlative Form

Large

larger

largest

Wise

wiser

wisest

Mary's car is larger than Max's car. Mary's house is the tallest of all the houses on the block. Max is wiser than his brother. Max is the ________ person I know.

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If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.

     

One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Comparative Form Consonant with a Single Vowel before It

Superlative Form

Big

bigger

biggest

Thin

__________

thinnest

Fat

fatter

___________

My dog is bigger than your dog. My dog is the _________ of all the dogs in the neighborhood. Max is thinner than John. Of all the students in the class, Max is the _____________. My mother is _________ than your mother. Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen. Two-syllable adjectives. With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

     

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Peaceful

more ________

most peaceful

Pleasant

more pleasant

________ pleasant

Careful

_______ careful

most careful

Thoughtful

more thoughtful

________ thoughtful

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning. Max's house in the mountains is the ________ peaceful in the world. Max is more careful than Mike. Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the _________ careful. Jill is ________ thoughtful than your sister. Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met. If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.

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     

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Ending with –y

Superlative Form

Happy

happier

happiest

Angry

Angr___

angriest

Busy

busier

Bus_____

John is happier today than he was yesterday. John is the happiest boy in the world. Max is angrier than Mary. Of all of John's victims, Max is the ____________. Mary is ___________ than Max. Mary is the busiest person I've ever met. Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and superlative forms.

   

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or Comparative Form –ow

Superlative Form

Narrow

narrow____

narrowest

Gente

gentler

gentl_____

The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city. This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California. Big dogs are gentler than small dogs. Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest. Adjectives with three or more syllables. For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most. Adjective with Three or More Syllables

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Generous

more generous

most generous

Important

more ___________

most important

Intelligent

more intelligent

______ intelligent

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  

John is more generous than Jack. Of all the people I know, Max is the most important. Women are more intelligent than men. Exceptions. Irregular adjectives.

   

Irregular Adjective

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Good

better

best

Bad

worse

worst

Far

farther

farthest

Little

less

least

Many

more

most

Italian food is better than American food. My dog is the best dog in the world. My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking. Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst. Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most. Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form

Superlative Form

Clever

cleverer

cleverest

Clever

more clever

most clever

Gente

gentler

gentlest

Gente

more gentle

most gentle

Friendly

friendlier

friendliest

Friendly

more friendly

most friendly

Quiet

quieter

quietest

Quiet

more quiet

most quiet

Simple

simpler

simplest

Simple

more simple

most simple 9

   

Big dogs are gentler than small dogs. Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest. Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs. Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle. Exercise Comparatives and Superlatives. I. Choose the correct form for each word. 1. What is the comparative of "heat"? A. heater B. heatter C. heatier D. hetter E. none of these 2. What is the superlative of "small"? A. smallier B. smaller C. smalliest D. smallest 3. What is the comparative of "hot"? A. hoter B. hotter C. hotest D. hottest 4. What is the comparative of "sad"? A. sader B. sadder C. sadier D. saddier 5. What is the comparative of "lively"? A. livelyer B. more livelyer C. livelier D. more livelier 6. What is the comparative of "destructive"? A. destructiver B. more destructive C. destructivier D. more destructiver 7. What is the superlative of "ugly"? A. uglier B. uggliest C. uglyest D. ugliest 8. What is the superlative of "soft"? A. softest B. softiest C. softtest D. most soft 10

9. What is the superlative of "deep"? A. deeper B. deepper C. deepest D. deeppest 10. What is the superlative of "unpleasant"? A. unpleasant B. most unpleasant C. more unpleasant D. unpleasantest II. Write the correct form of the comparative or superlative. 1.Mount Everest is

higher

than Cerro Aconcagua. (high)

2. I like music. To me, music is 3. Cheetahs are

interesting than maths.

than tigers or lions. (fast)

4. The Parana is a long river...The Amazon is longer. But the Nile is the world. 5. Mariah Carey is a bit

than Madonna. (young)

6. This Ferrari is the

expensive car in the world!

7.Which is the heaviest? Gold, silver or aluminium? "Gold is the 8.The giraffe is

of the three"

than the elephant. (tall)

9.Laurel and Hardy were

than the Simson" (funny)

10. Albert Einstein was more 11.Pluto is

in the

than our former president..."Anyone was" (intelligent)

than Mars (cold)

12.Mercury is the

planet to the Sun. (close)

13. The Atacama desert is 14.The Saharan desert is the

than the Amazonian region. (dry) one in the world. (big)

15. A horse lives longer than a dog...But a tortoise lives the 11

4.SIMPLE PAST (verb to be) Ahora veremos la conjugación del verbo TO BE en el Pasado Simple, tiempo verbal que corresponde al equivalente en castellano del Pretérito Imperfecto y Pretérito Indefinido:

I. Complete the sentences with was or were. Y cada oración escríbela en (Negativo o Pregunta) 1. I

w as

happy. I was not happy.

2. You

angry.

3. She

in London last week.

4. He 5. It

on holiday. cold.

6. We 7. You 8. They 9. The children

at school. at the cinema. at home. in the garden. 12

II. Choose the correct past tense answer for each question. Charles Darwin 1) Charles Darwin [

was

were] born on February 12, 1809.

2) He [ was were] a British naturalist who became famous for his theories of evolution and natural selection. 3) In South America, Darwin found that fossils of extinct animals [ were] similar to modern species.

was

4) Many people [ was were] strongly opposed to the idea of evolution because it conflicted with their religious beliefs. 5) Throughout his life, Darwin [ scholar.

was

were] a reserved, thorough, hard working

Albert Einstein 6) When Albert Einstein [ 7) Einstein's parents [

was was

were] young, his parents worried about him. were] concerned that Albert was "slow."

8) Albert [ was were] a terrible student who didn't want to attend classes regularly and take exams. 9) Einstein's best-known work, the theory of relativity, [ in 1905. 10) Unfortunately, the theory of relativity [ bomb.

was

was

were] published

were] used to create the atomic

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5. SIMPLE PAST OTHER VERBS Pasado Simple - (Simple Past Tense) El Pasado Simple es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por ejemplo: She cleaned her house. Ella limpió su casa. I broke the window. Yo rompí la ventana. Aquí vemos su conjugación que en el español equivale al Pretérito Indefinido. Observa que la estructura de la oración es similar a la del Presente Simple:

Tanto en la forma interrogativa como en negativa se utiliza como auxiliar DID que es la forma pasada del verbo "TO DO" y acompaña al verbo principal en su forma infinitiva. En las negaciones puede utilizarse la forma contraída de DID NOT o sea DIDN'T. En el cuadro superior se emplea el verbo To Play (Jugar) a modo de ejemplo. Al expresar una oración en Pasado Simple se entiende que la acción no guarda relación con el presente, como vemos en los siguientes casos: He lost the keys. Él perdió las llaves. (Puede que en el presente las haya encontrado). She lent me a book. Ella me prestó un libro. (Puede que ya se lo haya devuelto).

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También es posible indicar el momento en que se desarrolla la acción para indicar el tiempo con mayor precisión: They saw the movie last night. Ellos vieron la película anoche. We went to London yesterday. Nosotros fuimos a Londres ayer. Para poder formar una oración en tiempo pasado debemos distinguir dos tipos: VERBOS REGULARES y VERBOS IRREGULARES. En el primero de los casos forman su Pasado Simple añadiendo la terminación ED al infinitivo, mientras que los irregulares reciben ese nombre por no seguir un patrón determinado y en este caso deben estudiarse individualmente. EXERCISE I. Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past). 1. Last year I (spend) 2. It (be)

spent

my holiday in Ireland.

great.

3. I (travel) places.

around by car with two friends and we (visit)

4. In the evenings we usually (go) 5. One night we even (learn) 6. We (be)

lots of interesting

to a pub. some Irish dances.

very lucky with the weather.

7. It (not / rain) 8. But we (see)

a lot. some beautiful rainbows.

9. Where (spend / you)

your last holiday?

II. Exercise on positive sentences. Write positive sentences in simple past. 1. he / the question / answer 2. you / a question / ask 3. the dog / bark 4. they / us / call 5. we / a mountain / climb 6. John / stamps / collect 7. we / in London / live 8. I / hungry / be 15

III.Exercise on questions. Write questions in simple past. 1. Anna / the window / open.

Did Anna

open the window?

2. she / home / walk. 3. you / in the garden / work. 4. you / a song / sing. 5. she / on a chair / sit. 6. you / the castle / visit. 7. Jenny / the door / lock. 8. she / happy / be. 9. Greg / the ball / kick. 10.

the car / at the corner / stop.

IV. Completa las siguientes cuestiones y haz clic en el botón -Corregir Ejercicio- para obtener la corrección de este ejercicio. Q1: Last night we _____ (walk) to the cinema. Q2: Sam _____ (stop) the car to take a picture. Q3: I _____ (study) for the exam for three hours. Q4: They _____ (be) happy to be home. Q5: Sally _____ (be) disappointed she _____ (miss) the party. Q6: When I was young, we always _____ (go) to Florida for the summer. Q7: Dan _____ (not/work) last week. Q8: _____ you _____ (wash) the dishes? Q9: I _____ (dream) I could fly last night. Q10: We _____ (meet) them at the restaurant.

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6.Present Perfect Simple The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result. Form of Present Perfect Positive I / you / we / they I have spoken.

he / she / it

Negative

Question

I _________ spoken. Have I spoken?

He ____ spoken. He has not spoken. _____ he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add “ed”. Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’ Exceptions in spelling when adding ed after a final e only add d

Example love – loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit – admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel – travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i

hurry – hurried

Use of Present Perfect  puts emphasis on the result Example: She has written five letters. 

action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet.



action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner.



finished action that has an influence on the present Example: I have lost my key.

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action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking



Example: I have never been to Australia. Signal Words of Present Perfect  already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

I. Exercise on Present Perfect Simple. Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple). 1. I (not / work)

have not

2. We (buy)

worked today.

a new lamp.

3. We (not / plan)

our holiday yet.

4. Where (be / you) 5. He (write)

? five letters.

6. She (not / see) 7. (be / you)

him for a long time. at school?

8. School (not / start) 9. (speak / he) 10.

yet. to his boss?

No, he (have / not)

the time yet.

II. Write the participle form of the following verbs. 1. go → 2. sing → 3. be → 4. buy → 5. do →

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III. Complete the table in present perfect simple. positive

negative

question

He has written a letter.

They have not stopped.

Have we danced?

She has worked.

Andy has not slept. IV. Write sentences in present perfect simple. 1. they / ask / a question 2. he / speak / English 3. I / be / in my room 4. we / not / wash / the car 5. Annie / not / forget / her homework V.

Write questions in present perfect simple.

1. they / finish / their homework 2. Sue / kiss / Ben 3. the waiter / bring / the tea 4. Marilyn / pay / the bill 5. you / ever / write / a poem -

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7. Pronouns Pronouns are words like I, me (personal pronouns) or my, mine (possessive pronouns). Personal Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun I

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she

her

her

hers

herself

it

it

its

its

itself

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourselves

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

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I. Exercise Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives. your

1. Where are (you)

friends now?

2. Here is a postcard from (I)

friend Peggy.

3. She lives in Australia now with (she) 4. (She)

husband works in Newcastle.

5. (He)

company builds ships.

6. (They) 7. (I)

family.

children go to school in Newcastle. husband and I want to go to Australia, too.

8. We want to see Peggy and (she) 9. (We)

family next winter.

winter!

10. Because it is (they)

summer.

7. Reflexive Pronouns I. Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns. 1. I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO 2. The girl looked at

.

4. You don't need to help them. They can do it

.

to my new neighbour.

6. Boys, can you make your beds 7. She made

?

a pullover.

8. What happens when a fighting fish sees 9. The father decided to repair the car 10.

.

in the mirror.

3. Freddy, you'll have to do your homework

5. I introduced

myself

We can move the table

in the mirror? .

.

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8. Phrasal verbs A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb that modifies or changes the meaning; 'give up' is a phrasal verb that means 'stop doing' something, which is very different from 'give'. The word or words that modify a verb in this manner can also go under the name particle. I. Busca el significado de las siguientes frases verbales. 1. Take off: ___________________ 2. Turn off: ____________________ 3. Put away: ____________________ 4. Write down : ___________________ 5. get up: ________________________ 6. Run into: ________________________ 7. come up with: ____________________ 8. go away: ___________________________ 9. wake up: ____________________________

9.Zero Conditional Este condicional refiere a una situación que es siempre verdadera (verdades universales): If you freeze water, it turns into ice. If clause

Main clause

If + Present tense

Present tense

If you freeze water

it turns into ice.

If I work too much, I get tired. Si trabajo demasiado, me canso. 

If I have time, I usually go to the movies. Si tengo tiempo, generalmente voy al cine. 22

I. Completed the exercise. 1. you / not / eat / you / die If y o u d on ' t e a t, y ou d ie . 2. if / no / rain / the grass / not / grow _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 3. iron / rust / it / get / wet _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 4. my daughter / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick _______________________________________________________________ 5. ice / float / you / drop / it / in water ___________________________________________________________________ Answer: 2. I f t h e r e i s n o r a i n , t h e g r a s s d o e s n ' t g r o w . 3. I r o n r u s t s i f i t g e t s w e t . 4. I f m y d a u g h t e r e a t s t o o m u c h c h o c o l a t e , s h e g e t s s i c k . 5. Ice floats if you drop it in water.

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10.First Conditional Introduction The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the first conditional is formed, and when to use it. 1. The structure of a first conditional sentence A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause: if clause

main clause

If you study hard,

you will pass the test.

If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma: main clause

if clause

You will pass the test

if you study hard.

We use different verb forms in each part of a first conditional: main clause

if clause

You will pass the test

if you study hard.

2. Using the first conditional The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future — things which may happen: Example

Explanation

If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.

Maybe it will be sunny — that's possible.

Paula will be sad if Juan leaves.

Maybe Juan will leave — that's possible.

If you cook the supper, I'll wash the dishes.

Maybe you will cook the supper — that's possible.

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Exercise.First Conditional I. Choose the correct form of each verb to complete each sentence.

1. If you ________ an apple every day, you'll be very healthy. A. ? will eat B.

?

eat

2. You won't pass the course if you ________. A. ? don't study B.

?

won't study

3. If a deer ________ into your garden, it ________ all your plants. A. ? gets / will eat B.

?

will get / eats

4. You ________ better if you turn on the lamp. A. ? are able to see B.

?

will be able to see

5. If you don't put so much sugar in your coffee, you ________ so much weight! A.

?

won't put on

B.

?

don't put on

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6. You'll pay higher insurance if you ________ a sports car. A. ? buy B.

?

will buy

7. If we don't protect the elephant, it ________ extinct. A. ? becomes B.

?

will become

8. You ________ heart disease if you eat too much meat. A. ? will get B.

?

get

9. If I ________ some eggs, how many ________? A. ? will cook / do you eat B.

?

cook / will you eat

10. She ________ completely different if she cuts her hair. A. ? will look B.

?

looks

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11.Second Conditional (Tipo 2) Se utiliza el tipo 2 para expresar una posibilidad irreal en el presente, como un deseo o un sueño, o para una acción en el futuro no tan probable. IF If  

Condition Past simple

Result "Would" + infinitivo

Ejemplos: If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world. / I would travel around the world if I won the lottery. (Si ganara la lotería, viajaría alrededor del mundo.)  



If Rachel had more time, she would learn to play the guitar. If Rachel had more time, she would learn to play the guitar. / Rachel would learn to play the guitar if she had more time. (Si Rachel tuviera más tiempo, aprendería a tocar la guitarra.) Nota: Como en el tipo 1, se pueden usar otros verbos modales en vez de "would" para cambiar el significado y la posibilidad.

I. Exercise Second Conditional 1 All of these sentences are second conditionals. Choose the correct form of the verb in each question.

1. If there ________ no mosquitos, there would be no malaria. A. ? are B.

?

were

C.

?

is

D.

?

would be

E.

?

was

2. If he were a young man, he ________ able to walk faster. A. ? was B. ? will be C.

?

is

D.

?

would be 27

3. He's so stupid! If he ________ an animal, he would be a sheep. A. ? would be B.

?

are

C.

?

is

D.

?

were

E.

?

was

4. If the weather ________ better, we ________ to the park. A. ? were... would go B.

?

is... would go

C.

?

were... will go

D.

?

was... go

5. We would learn a lot from dolphins if they ________. A. ? can talk B.

?

talk

C.

?

will talk

D.

?

could talk

6. If her hair were black, she ________ completely different. A. ? look B.

?

would look

C.

?

will look

D.

?

looks 28

7. We don't mind camping, but if we ________ enough money, we ________ in a hotel.

A.

?

would have...stayed

B.

?

have... stayed

C.

?

had... stayed

D.

?

had... would stay

8. If smoking were allowed, I ________ a cigarette. A. ? would have B.

?

had

C.

?

will have

D.

?

have

9. We'd be on the beach if we ________ in Mexico! A. ? would be B.

?

will be

C.

?

were

D.

?

are

10. If I ________ a penny for every can of soda I've drunk in my life, I would be rich! A. ? have B.

?

would have

C.

?

had

D.

?

will have

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II. Complete the second conditional with the verbs in parenthesis.

1) If I

(be) you, I

(get) a new job.

2) If he

(be) younger, he

3) If we

(not/be) friends, I

4) If I 5) If she 6) If we 7) If you 8) If I

(travel) more. (be) angry with you.

(have) enough money, I (not/be) always so late, she (win) the lottery, we (have) a better job, we (speak) perfect English, I

(buy) a big house. (be) promoted. (travel) the world. .. (be) able to buy a new car. (have) a good job.

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12.Direct and Reported Speech (El estilo directo y indirecto) Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto. Direct Speech (El estilo directo) Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas ("...") y deberá ser palabra por palabra. 

Ejemplos: I am going to London next week, she said.

"I am going to London next week," she said. ("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.) "Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme," él preguntó.) Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto) El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes un explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales. A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether". Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Present Simple

Past Simple

"He's American," she said.

She said he was American.

"I'm happy to see you," Mary said.

Mary said that she was happy to see me.

" He asked, "Are you busy tonight?"

He asked me if I was busy tonight.

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I. Exercise on Reported Speech Exercise 1 – Requests (positive) Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns in some sentences. 1. "Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said. → The teacher told Joe 2. "Be patient," she said to him.

stopped talking

→ She told him 3. "Go to your room," her father said to her. → Her father told her 4. "Hurry up," she said to us. → She told us 5. "Give me the key," he told her. → He asked her

II. Exercise on Reported Speech Questions - Exercise 1 Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses. 1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked. → She asked where her umbrela is. 2. "How are you?" Martin asked us. → Martin asked us 3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?" → He asked 4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter. → The mother asked her daughter 5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend. → She asked her boyfriend 6. "What are they doing?" she asked. → She wanted to know ANEXO

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