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CORRELATION BETWEEN SOIL P AND CORN LEAF P CONTENTS IN A NETWORK OF HUNGARIAN LONG-TERM FIELD TRIALS a

a

b

Péter Csathó , Marianna Magyar , Katalin Debreczeni & Katalin Sárdi

b

a

Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry , Herman O. út 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary b

Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely , Veszprém University , Deák F. u. 16, Keszthely, H-8361, Hungary Published online: 05 Feb 2002.

To cite this article: Péter Csathó , Marianna Magyar , Katalin Debreczeni & Katalin Sárdi (2002) CORRELATION BETWEEN SOIL P AND CORN LEAF P CONTENTS IN A NETWORK OF HUNGARIAN LONG-TERM FIELD TRIALS, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 33:15-18, 3085-3103, DOI: 10.1081/CSS-120014508 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120014508

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CORRELATION BETWEEN SOIL P AND CORN LEAF P CONTENTS IN A NETWORK OF HUNGARIAN LONG-TERM FIELD TRIALS Pe´ter Csatho´,1,* Marianna Magyar,1 Katalin Debreczeni,2 and Katalin Sa´rdi2 1

Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, H-1022 Budapest, Herman O. u´t 15, Hungary 2 Veszpre´m University, Georgikon Faculty, Keszthely, H-8361 Keszthely, Dea´k F. u. 16, Hungary

ABSTRACT Corn (Zea mays L.) leaf weight, leaf P concentrations at flowering stage, 0.01 M CaCl2-, Olsen-, LE-, and AL-soluble soil P contents were determined in a network of uniformed 27-year-old Hungarian long-term field trials (the so-called National Longterm Field Trials, NLFT) with four P fertilization rates on nine locations, representing various agro-ecological and soil conditions of the country. A 4 – 5 fold increase in soluble P contents was found in all soil P-tests, while the absolute values of dissolved P varied greatly (CaCl2-P: 0.1 – 3.7; Olsen-P: 3.7 – 47.7; and AL-P:

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 3085 DOI: 10.1081/CSS-120014508 Copyright q 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

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12.8 – 182.2 mg P kg21). On the other hand, an average twofold difference occurred among the sites in case of soil P-test methods less dependent of soil properties (CaCl2, Olsen), and a fourfold difference in methods using acid solvents, more dependent of soil reaction status and CaCO3 content. On the average of all soils and all P levels, the amount of P dissolved by the different methods increased in the sequence of CaCl2 , Olsen , LE , AL (1.5 , 20 , 44 , 74 mg P kg21). The different agro-ecological conditions had a greater effect on corn leaf weights at flowering stage than soil-P status. Corn leaf P concentrations, however, were affected by both the P rates and the different sites, resp. There was no significant correlation between Olsen-P values and corn leaf weights. Corn leaf weight, however, increased jointly with soil test values, up to 10 – 15 mg/kg Olsen-P concentration. There was a weak quadratic correlation between corn leaf P concentrations and leaf weights ðr ¼ 0:35* * Þ: Above 0.25% leaf P concentrations, leaf weights did not increase any more. On calcareous soils, P-overfertilization could result in Zn deficiency induced by P. There was a moderate, logarithmic correlation between Olsen-P and leaf P contents ðr ¼ 0:62* * * Þ: The lower limit of good P supply,—indicated by 0.26% leaf P concentration at flowering stage—was usually reached when the Olsen-P value was around 10 mg/kg. Only the CaCl 2 - and Olsen-methods proved to be independent of soil reaction status. A strong, linear correlation was found between these two methods ðr ¼ 0:80* * * Þ: The behavior of acid LE- and AL- solvents, however, was different in acid and calcareous soils. Correlation between Olsen- and LE-, as well as between Olsen- and AL-methods could be found separately for acid and calcareous soils. The closeness of correlation within the calcareous soil group and within the acid soil group was similar ðr ¼ 0:89* * * and 0:90* * * for the calcareous, and r ¼ 0:89* * * and 0:94* * * for the acid soils group). Soil and plant P analyses data proved to be useful tools in adapting the results of long-term field trials for improved, environmentally sound fertilizer recommendations.

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INTRODUCTION Phosphorus makes up about 0.12% of the earth’s crust, and is essential for both animal and plant growth. As a plant macronutrient, this element performs a vital function in the life cycle of the plant in the nucleic acids of genes and chromosomes carrying the genetic material from cell to cell and seed to seed.[1] P deficiency may reduce number, viability, and size of seeds. The reduction in photosynthesis—caused by P deficiency—may partly be due to the accumulation of polysaccharides. As a symptom of P deficiency, the photosynthesis rate can be reduced more severely in corn, which is a C4species (having a four carbon atom photosynthesis way) than in C3 species.[2] P also increases N fixation by nodulated legumes.[3] Better P supply of crops results in earlier ripening, and thus, in a better drought tolerance of some cultivated plants. The Olsen-method is widely used in many states of the US, in Western Europe (Denmark, England, France, Italy, Northern Ireland and Wales, etc.).[4,5] The AL-method has been expansively applied in the Baltic, the Benelux, Central European and Scandinavian countries, and in Portugal as well for determining soil P test values for fertilizer recommendation systems.[4] Attempts have been made to use 0.01 M CaCl2 as a multielement solvent and to elaborate new 0.01 M CaCl2-P limit values.[4,6 – 8] The LE method is mainly used as a multielement method in Central Europe for the environmental assessment of “available” contaminants.[9]

Table 1.

The Amount of P Applied to the Experiments, kg P2O5/ha Period

P-Level

1968– 71

1972– 87

1988– 94

1968– 94

Added P2O5 for corn, kg/ha/year P0 0 P1 35 P2 70 P3 105

0 50 100 150

0 60 120 180

0 51 102 153

Total added P2O5, kg/ha/period P0 0 P1 150 P2 300 P3 450

0 800 1600 2400

0 420 840 1260

0 1370 2740 4110

Calcaric Phaeosem Mollisol Loam

NH Calcaric Phaeosem Mollisol Loam

IR

53 Medium

16 Poor

21 Medium

27 20 37 — 10 6 — 492

45 — 17 6 10 3 — n.d. 13 Poormedium

56 — 7 3 11 5 1 480

37

31 Good

33 14 27 — 19 — 2 401

28

2.0 3.9 — 16 49

Ochric Luvisol Alfisol Clay loam

PU

37 Medium

59 10 6 — 9 3 — 539

24

Eutric Cambisol Alfisol Sandy loam 1.7 5.9 0.1 — 37

KE

27 Mediumgood

29 — 47 6 5 3 3 n.d.

35

3.5 6.1 Traces — 53

Luvic Phaeosem Vertisol Clay

HB

70 Good

48 — 16 — 7 — — 760

12

1.7 7.4 21.0 — 22

Calcaric Fluvisol Vertisol Loam

MO

[39] [39] [39] [39] [39] [39] [39] Fu¨leky et al. 1974 Csatho´ 2001 [23,24]

[39]

[19] [19] [19] [19] [19]

[37] [38]

[36]

References

Experimental sites: NH: Nagyho¨rcso¨k; IR: Iregszemcse; BI: Bicse´rd; KO: Kompolt; KA: Karcag; PU: Putnok; KE: Keszthely; HB: Hajdu´bo¨szo¨rme´ny; MO:Mosonmagyaro´va´r. b Not determined.

a

26 Very poor

41

33

2.7 4.7 — 24 59

Luvic Phaeosem Mollisol Clay loam

KA

3088

AL-P mg kg21 Soil P supply

2.6 3.9 — 19 58

Haplic Phaeosem Mollisol Clay loam

KO

1.9 5.6 — — 45

Luvic Phaeosem Mollisol Loam

BI

Experimental Sites

Soil Properties of the Nine Sites of the Long-Term Field Experiment Network “OMTK”

Soil OM, % 2.7 2.4 7.2 7.4 Soil pH KCl 5.0 8.0 CaCO3, % — — y1, me/100 g , 0.01 mm Particles, 38 37 % Clay % (, 0.002 mm) 23 22 Clay mineral composition in the clay fraction, % Illite 47 50 Kaolinite — — Smectite 16 8 Vermiculite — — Illite –Smectite 5 10 Illite –Chlorite 3 2 Illite –Vermiculite — — 966 n.d.b Total P mg kg21

Soil type (USDA) Soil texture

Soil type (FAO)

Properties

a

Table 2.

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´ ET AL. CSATHO

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The amount of P extracted by a certain method is influenced by the soil properties, i.e., soil texture and reaction status.[10] In soils with higher buffering capacity, the amount of dissolved P is smaller due to exhaustion of the extraction by the higher exchange capacity of soil, or re-sorption of the extracted P. By increasing the solution-to-soil ratio more P can be extracted from the soils.[10] Acid solvents, however, behave differently in acid and calcareous soils. These methods often overestimate the soil P supply on calcareous soils by dissolving Ca-phosphates, unavailable for the plants.[11,12] In comparison to other plant nutrients the mobility of P in soil is low because of the generally low solubility of phosphate compounds and strong Pbinding capacity of soil material.[13] Arable crops generally take up only 5 – 10% of the applied fertilizer P in the first year.[14] Often 90% of the P uptake originates from residual P in the soil, i.e., freshly applied P cannot compensate for a low soil-P status.[15] Therefore, for providing the P requirement of crops, soils need a sufficient pool of plant-available P. On the other hand, upper critical P levels must also be elaborated for reducing P losses from soils to surface-, and to subsurface waters via wind- and water erosion, surface runoff and leaching.[13] Corn and winter wheat are the two main crops in Hungary, grown together on more than 50% of the arable land. According to previous Hungarian field trial results, corn does not appear to be so P-demanding as winter wheat[16 – 22] etc. Soil “available” nutrient content data as well as young crop analysis data taken for diagnostic purposes can be used in fertilizer recommendation systems only if the methods are calibrated for the certain region in pot and field trials.

Table 3.

Extraction Methods for Soil Available Phosphorus

Methods

Solution

CaCl2-P Olsen-P LE-P

0.01 M CaCl2 0.5 M NaHCO3 0.5 M NH4 acetate þ 0.5 M acetic acid þ 0.01 M EDTA 0.1 M NH4-lactate þ 0.4 M CH3COOH

AL-P

Soil to Solution Ratio (w/v)

Extraction Time

1:10 1:20 1:10

120 min. 30 min. 30 min.

[43] [40] [12]

1:20

120 min.

[11]

References

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The correlation between soil available P, corn leaf P concentrations, and leaf weight data taken from the network of Hungarian long-term field trials at nine sites is evaluated in this presentation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

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The network of the so-called National Long-term Field Trials (NLFT) was set up at 26 different sites, representing the main agro-ecological regions of the Table 4. The Effect of 27 Years P Fertilization on the P-Test Values; Network of NLFT, 1994 Experimental Sites P-Level

NHa

IR

CaCl2-P (mg kg soil21 ) P0 0.09 0.52 P1 0.15 0.97 P2 1.37 1.71 P3 2.08 2.50 LSD5% Mean 0.92 1.42 Olsen-P (mg kg soil P0 3.7 P1 9.4 P2 28.1 P3 46.5 LSD5% Mean 21.9 LE-P (mg kg soil P0 14.2 P1 33.1 P2 75.4 P3 143.6 LSD5% Mean 66.7

21

AL-P (mg kg soil P0 26.2 P1 49.7 P2 109.6 P3 174.7 LSD5% Mean 90.2

21

a

BI

KO

KA

PU

KE

HB

0.68 1.29 1.55 2.75 0.49 1.57

0.98 1.55 2.68 3.74

0.57 0.97 1.24 1.87

0.73 1.74 2.13 3.70

0.49

2.24

1.16

2.08

0.32

0.48 0.92 1.12 1.37

0.61 0.83 1.71 3.42

0.38 0.55 1.64 2.41

0.97

1.64

1.24

MO

LSD5%

Mean 0.56 1.00 1.68 2.62 0.20 1.47

21

) 6.4 19.8 31.7 47.7

5.2 11.3 14.7 21.7

7.9 14.1 25.2 43.0

4.8 8.6 21.4 25.5

26.4

13.2

22.6

15.1

27.5 53.3 74.3 106.8

6.9 16.7 19.9 19.2

11.0 17.8 35.9 69.6

5.1 9.1 23.8 32.0

65.5

15.7

33.6

17.5

53.2 88.9 122.3 168.1

16.3 33.4 41.8 41.4

21.1 46.2 84.0 136.8

12.8 21.6 48.8 59.4

108.2

33.4

72.2

35.6

7.8 16.3 20.5 25.1 7.1 17.4

7.1 15.6 28.8 38.1

7.7 8.6 16.8 28.2

6.6 20.6 29.2 34.0

8.9

22.4

15.3

22.6

5.8

8.8 21.2 23.2 39.0 11.9 23.0

31.0 68.6 77.7 120.5

15.0 16.1 29.6 51.7

33.6 62.4 86.3 110.7

11.9

74.4

28.1

73.2

8.6

20.9 44.4 52.9 92.1 18.0 52.6

37.4 91.1 119.2 163.2

27.3 32.1 51.5 88.4

70.0 106.5 144.8 182.2

18.4

103.0

49.7

125.8

10.1

6.4 13.8 24.0 34.4 3.9 19.7

) 17.0 33.1 49.6 77.0 5.0 44.2

)

Experimental sites: see in Table 2.

31.7 57.1 86.1 123.2 6.3 74.6

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country. However, due to the lack in financial sources, only experiments on nine sites have been continued. The trials were started in autumn 1967 in a rotation of winter wheat – corn –corn –peas trials.[19] These trials include increasing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium rates and combinations of these mineral fertilizers. From the original 20 treatments with 4 replications, 4 treatments were selected for this evaluation from each site: N2P0K1; N2P1K1; N2P2K1; and N4P3K2. N2 refers to 150, N4 to 250 kg N ha21, while K1 to 200, K2 to 250 kg K2O ha21. The amounts of P given in the last rotation on the different P levels were 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg P2O5 ha21 (Table 1). 20 – 20 flowering-stage corn leaves opposite to the cob and post-harvest composite soil samples were taken from the plots with different P-rates in 1994, in the 27th year of the trials.[19] Sampling dates for flowering-stage corn leaves were as follows: Nagyho¨rcso¨k: July 22; Iregszemcse: July 20; Bicse´rd: July 21; Kompolt: July 16; Karcag: July 18; Putnok: July 19; Keszthely: July 19; Hajdu´bo¨szo¨rme´ny: July 22, Mosonmagyaro´va´r: July 20, 1994. The main soil characteristics of the nine sites, representing the different soil conditions and agro-ecological regions of Hungary are given in Table 2.

Table 5. The Effect of 27 Years P Fertilization on the Flowering Stage Corn-Leaf Weight and Leaf-P Concentrations; Network of NLFT, 1994 Experimental Sites P-Level NHa

IR

BI

KO

KA

PU

KE

Corn-leaf weight at flowering, g/20 leaves (air-dry ) P0 67 75 77 95 67 94 83 P1 79 74 84 97 76 79 83 P2 75 72 85 98 69 86 83 P3 69 72 85 88 73 95 87 LSD5% 4 Mean 72 73 83 94 71 88 84 Corn-leaf P% at P0 0.18 P1 0.26 P2 0.31 P3 0.39 LSD5% Mean 0.28 a

flowering, (air-dry ) 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.26 0.27 0.36 0.28 0.27 0.42 0.32 0.29

0.24 0.25 0.23 0.30

0.34

0.26

0.28

0.27

Experimental sites: see in Table 2.

0.25 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.03 0.26

HB

MO LSD5% Mean

83 84 81 78

64 68 72 69

4

82

68

5

0.21 0.26 0.26 0.31

0.24 0.26 0.27 0.30

0.29 0.29 0.30 0.30

0.03

0.26

0.27

0.30

0.01

78 80 80 80 2 79

0.24 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.01 0.28

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After digestion in cc. HNO3 þ 20% H2O2, leaf samples were analyzed in ICP-AAS apparatus. The CaCl2-method, the Olsen-method, the LE-method and the AL-method were used for extraction. While the CaCl2-extractable P refers for the intensity factor, Olsen-, LE- and AL-extractable P characterize the capacity factor of soil P (Table 3.). For the evaluation of soil P supplies, the limit values of AL-P, elaborated on the database of the published Hungarian long-term field trials P were used.[23,24] In the course of assessing corn P status, flowering stage leaf P concentrations # 0.15% were considered as very poorly, 0.16 –0.20% as poorly, 0.21 –0.25% as moderately, 0.26 –0.30% as well, 0.31 –0.35% as very well, and $ 0.36% as extremely supplied with P.[25,26] Linear and logarithmic equations were calculated for determining the correlation between soil P test and corn leaf P concentration, as well as between the soil P test methods.

Figure 1. Correlation between corn leaf P contents and corn leaf weight. 9 sites of NLFT, 1994.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effect of P application on the soil P test values was significant on the different P levels (Table 4). Although there were great differences in the amounts of P dissolved by the different methods, there was a 4– 5-fold increase in soluble P contents in all P-test methods, and the absolute values of dissolved varied greatly (CaCl2-P: 0.1 –3.7; Olsen-P: 3.7 –48; LE-P: 5.1 – 144; and AL-P: 13 – 182 mg P kg21). On the other hand, an average 2-fold difference occurred among the sites in case of soil P test methods less dependent of soil properties (CaCl2, Olsen) and a 4-fold difference in methods, using acid solvents, more dependent of soil reaction status and CaCO3 content. On the average of all soils and all P levels, the amount of P dissolved by the different methods increased in the sequence of CaCl2 , Olsen , LE , AL (1.5 , 20 , 44 , 74 mg P kg21). The ratios in comparison to Olsen values are: 0.075 , 1 , 2.20 , 3.78. As compared to German and Norwegian surveys, the AL/Olsen ratio in Hungary was higher (3.78) than in Germany (2.91, 3.34),[27]

Figure 2. Correlation between Olsen-P contents and corn leaf P concentration. 9 sites of NLFT, 1994.

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and in Norway,[28] probably due to the higher proportion of calcareous soils in our database. In case of Hungarian soils, the AL/Olsen ratio was 2.87 for acid, and 4.60 for calcareous soils. The amounts dissolved by 0.01 M CaCl2 are similar to the values obtained by Ja´szbere´nyi and Loch[8] Soil-test values on P0 level refer to the original P supplying capacity of the soils, which—in lower values—also varied three – five fold among the sites (Table 4). In the first 27-year period of the trials, the amount of applied P ranged between 0 and over 4000 kg P2O5 ha21. These massive differences resulted in a wide range of P-supply: from severe P-deficiency to strong oversupply. An optimal P supply level is important from both agronomic and environmental points of views. Above 10 mg kg21 Olsen-P, and 40 (on acid soils) – 70 (on calcareous soils) mg kg21 AL-P, there were no responses to P fertilization in corn, which is not a strongly P demanding plant, as compared to root-, tuber crops or wheat (Table 4).

Figure 3.

Correlation between Olsen-P and CaCl2-P values. 9 sites of NLFT, 1994.

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Flowering stage corn leaf weights opposite to the cob were affected less by the soil-P status than by the different agro-ecological conditions. A 30% difference occurred between the smallest and highest leaf weight values (Table 5). The differences in corn leaf P concentrations, however, were more expressed than in the leaf weights. Corn leaf P concentrations were similarly affected by both the P rates and the different sites, resp. A more than 2-fold difference was found between the lowest and highest leaf P values. Leaf P% increased up to the highest P levels on most soils, and ranged between 0.18 and 0.42% (Table 5). There was no significant correlation between Olsen-P values and corn leaf weights. Corn leaf weight, however, increased jointly with soil test values, up to 10– 15 mg/kg Olsen-P concentration. There was a weak quadratic correlation between corn leaf P concentrations and leaf weights ðr ¼ 0:35* * Þ (Fig. 1). Above 0.25% leaf P concentrations, leaf weights did not increase any more. On calcareous soils

Figure 4.

Correlation between Olsen-P and AL-P values. 9 sites of NLFT, 1994.

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P-overfertilization decreased leaf weight, and resulted in Zn deficiency induced by P.[29,30] There was a moderate, logarithm correlation between Olsen-P and leaf P contents ðr ¼ 0:62* * * Þ: The lower limit of good P supply, indicated by 0.26% leaf P concentration at flowering stage was usually reached when Olsen-P was around 10 mg/kg (Fig. 2). Only CaCl2- and Olsen-methods seemed to be independent of soil reaction status. A strong, linear correlation was found between these two methods ðr ¼ 0:80* * * Þ (Fig. 3). As compared to the CaCl2- and Olsen-P correlation obtained in Broadbalk clay loam plots, no change point—described by Brookes et al.,[31]— was found in the Hungarian trials. Acid LE- and AL- solvents, however, behaved differently in acid and calcareous soils. Correlations between Olsen- and LE-, as well as between Olsenand AL- methods could be found separately for acid and calcareous soils. The closeness of correlation within the calcareous soil group and within the acid soil group was similar (r ¼ 0:89* * * and 0:90* * * for the calcareous, and r ¼

Figure 5.

Correlation between Olsen-P and LE-P values. 9 sites of NLFT, 1994.

Experimental sites: see in Table 2.

6.64 7.98 8.31 0.32 7.64 83 1.34

P0 P1 P2 LSD 5% Mean Relative yield, % (100P0/P1) Yield surplus, t/ha (P1 2 P0)

a

NHa

P-Level 8.42 7.82 8.23 0.45 8.15 108 2 0.60

IR 8.40 9.11 9.39 0.41 8.97 92 0.71

BI 4.92 5.05 5.07 0.27 5.01 97 0.13

KO 7.80 8.03 8.47 0.78 8.10 97 0.23

KA 6.18 6.07 6.00 0.28 6.08 102 2 0.11

PU

Experimental Sites

6.87 7.33 7.80 0.46 7.34 94 0.46

KE

9.39 10.96 11.41 0.77 10.59 86 1.57

HB

7.70 7.68 7.34 0.32 7.57 100 2 0.02

MO

7.37 7.78 8.00 0.16 7.72 95 0.41

Mean

Table 6. Corn Responses to P Application in Previous Six Years t ha21 Grain Yields Network of NLFT (After Debreczeni and Dvoracsek[41])

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SOIL P AND CORN LEAF P CONTENTS 3097

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´ ET AL. CSATHO

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Table 7. Comparison of P Supply Categories, as indicated by AL-Extractable P, CornLeaf P Concentrations, as Well as by Previous Corn Responses to P Application in the Network of NLFT Experimental Sites P-Level

NHa

IR

BI

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P supply, indicated by AL-extractable P0 pb m p P1 m-g vg m-g P2 e e g P3 e e g

KO

KA

PU

KE

HB

MO

P concentration (according to Csatho´ et al.[23,24]) m p-m g m m-g g vg m g e g vg e vg e e e e e vg e e e e

P supply, indicated by corn-leaf P concentration (according to Jones,[25] Ka´da´r,[26] modified ) P0 p g m g m m-g m P1 g vg g g m-g g g P2 vg e g g m g g P3 e e vg g g g vg

and Elek and m g g g

g g g g

P-supply, indicated by corn responses to P application (according to Debreczeni and Dvoracsek[41]) P0 vp vg p m-g m-g g m vp g a b

Experimental sites: see in Table 2. vp ¼ very poor; p ¼ poor; m ¼ medium; g ¼ good; vg ¼ very good; e ¼ extreme.

0:89* * * and 0:94* * * for the acid soils group) (Figs. 4 and 5)>. This is in good agreement with the former investigations of Sarkadi[32] and Fu¨leky.[33,34] Corn responses to P fertilization in previous six years of the NLFT are shown in Table 6. Maximum economic yields (cca. 95% of maximum yields) were obtained in the P0 and P1 level in four trials, and in the P2 level only in a single trial. On the average of all sites, there was a 0.4 t ha21 surplus obtained at the P1 level, while only further 0.2 t ha21 was gained at the P2 level. These data indicate that corn does not belong to the most P demanding crops (Table 6.). Soil P supplies on the different P levels at the nine sites, according to the AL-P values evaluated on the basis of previous calibrations of the AL-method on the database of the published Hungarian field trials;[23,24,35] corn P supplies according to the limit values mentioned in the “Materials and Methods” part, in accordance with the corn P responses indicated in Table 6, are compared in Table 7. P supplies, estimated according to the AL-P contents, the flowering stage leaf P concentration as well as corn responses to P application were similar. However, in some cases, these categories varied slightly.

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Soil and plant P analyses data proved to be useful tools in adapting the results of long-term field trials for improved, environmentally sound fertilizer recommendations.

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CONCLUSIONS The correlation between Olsen P and corn leaf P indicate that both methods are suitable for evaluating soil and corn P status under the agro-ecological conditions of Hungary. Soil test methods less dependent of soil texture and reaction status show better correlation with plant P contents and responses to P than methods more dependent. Soil and plant P analyses data are useful tools in adapting the results of long-term field trials for developing fertilizer recommendations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The scientific board for planning and development of the the experiments included Professors G. La´ng (chairman), E. Bocz, B. Debreczeni, J. Sarkadi, J. Sva´b and P. Wellish. The Author is greatly obliged to Prof. Katalin Debreczeni, Veszpre´m University, Georgikon Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Keszthely, head of the network center, as well as to the researchers, responsible for the individual trials: KESZTHELY: Dr. Tama´s Kisma´nyoky, Dr. Istva´n Ragasits; MOSONMA´ VA ´ R: Dr. Istva´n Ke´sma´rky, Dr. E´va Szalka; IREGSZEMCSE: Dr. GYARO ´ ´ Laszlo Taka´cs, Miklo´s Mihalovics; BICSE´RD: Dr. La´szlo´ Taka´cs, Jo´zsef Ekkert; ¨ RCSO ¨ K: Dr. Tama´s Ne´meth, Dr. Imre Ka´da´r; KOMPOLT: Dr. Sa´ndor NAGYHO ´ BO ¨ SZO ¨ RME´NY: Dr. Miha´ly ´ Hollo; PUTNOK: Dr. Be´la Kadlicsko´; HAJDU ´ ´ ´ Sarvari; KARCAG: Dr. Lajos Blasko, Dr. Gyo¨rgy Zsigrai. Without their genuine help the present study could not have been completed. This study was supported financially by the Hungarian National Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), under Grant No. T 029355.

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