Organ Systems of the Human Body

Human Body Systems

● Integumentary (skin, hair, nails) ■ Waterproofs, cushions and protect the deeper tissues, excretes wasters, regulates temperature, has receptors for pain, pressure and temperature, also makes vitamin D ● Skeletal ● Muscular ● Nervous ● Endocrine ● Circulatory ● Lymphatic ● Respiratory ● Digestive ● Excretory ● Reproductive systems

Name: ______________________

Skeletal System

Student#: ____

These systems work together to maintain _____________. homeostasis Homeostasis- Maintaining the body’s internal environment.

Cranium

Bone Name

Common Name

1

Cranium

Skull

Clavicle

2

Clavicle

Collar bone

Scapula

3

Sternum

Breastbone

4

Rib

Ribcage (24 ribs)

5

Humerus

Arm (bicep area)

6

Vertebrae

Backbone (33)

7

Ulna

Fore arm, pinky side

8

Radius

Fore arm, thumb side

9

Pelvis

Hip

Protects & supports the body.

206 bones in your body! There are ______

Parts: Bone- •Hard, living tissue •Center of bone contains marrow •Produces blood cells Ligaments-•Connect bones to bones •Stabilize joints Tendons- •Connect bones to muscle •Move bones Cartilage- •Covers ends of bones •Reduces friction

Sternum Rib Ulna (pinky)

Humerus Vertebrae Pelvis

Radius (thumb) Femur Tibia

Patella

Fibula

10 Scapula

Shoulder blade

11

Largest leg bone

Femur

12 Tibia

Shin bone

13 Patella

Knee cap

14 Fibula

Calf bone

Joints: A place where 2 bones connect Moveable Joints Hinge joints:

•Can only move in

1 direction elbow, knee

Ball socket joints:

•Can turn in a complete circle •Hip •Shoulder

Fixed joints:

Common for young people

Compound fractureBone breaks and pierces the skin

Joint that does not allow movement

Gliding joint: •Allows bones to move over one another

Pivot joint:

•Joint that allows rotation •Head

Fracture- Broken bone Green stick fracture-

Immovable Joints

Simple fractureClean break

Bone Repair

Dislocation- A bone is forcibly displaced from a joint

Muscles- Are a special type of tissue that can contract 3 types of muscles: Skeletal 1. ______________

•These muscles are attached to bones. voluntary •These are ____________ Cardiac 2. ______________ heart •Are found only in the ___________. involuntary •These are ____________

Smooth 3. ______________

•Control many of our internal organs such as, stomach, arteries, uterus, etc. involuntary •These are ____________

Muscles

*over 600 in the human body pull •Muscles can only _______, not _______. push pairs •This is why most muscles come in ________.

Exercising The ______ size of muscles increase when you exercise. The bigger the muscle, the stronger the muscle.

Tendons vs Ligaments

Tendons

bone muscle Tendons connect ________ to _______. Each end of a muscle is attached to the tendon bone by a _________.

Ligaments Ligaments

__________ connect bone to bone.

Tendons Problems

Tendons Strain- Tendon is torn from the bone

Circulatory System Purpose: •Delivers food & O to cells 2

•Removes CO2 and waste from cells

Tendinitis- Inflamed tendon

Trigger finger- Tendon locked Tennis elbow (golfers elbow)- Unsheathed tendons

To Lungs

Lungs •Releases CO2 •Picks up O2

blood from the body •(Low in O2 - High in CO2)

•Pumps blood to the lungs

•Collects blood from lungs •Oxygenated blood

R. Atrium

•(High in O2 - Low in CO2)

•Pumps blood to the body

Body •Blood gives cells O & nutrients 2 •Blood takes CO2 & waste

R. Ventricle

From Lungs

Aorta

Left Side

•Collects deoxygenated

Pulmonary Vein

Oxygenated =

Pulmonary Artery

Right Side

To Body

Deoxygenated =

L. Atrium

L.

Ventricle

Anatomy of the Human Heart

Blood consists of 2 things: 1.Plasma

Aorta Pulmonary Artery

Blood Cells & Vessels

Pulmonary Artery

2.Cells

Pulmonary Vein Pulmonary Vein

Left Atrium

Plasma

Vena Cava Left Ventricle

Se

pt um

Right Atrium Right Ventricle

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

•Red discs •Bring O2 to cells •Contain hemoglobin •(iron that carries O2) •Body’s defense system •Increase in number if you

have an infection Platelets

•Help clot blood

•Makes 55% of blood (liquid) •Contains dissolved nutrients

Blood Vessels

•You have over 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body! •Every pound of fat adds 200 miles of capillaries

•Carry blood Away from heart.

Arteries

Arteries vs. Veins

•Carry oxygenated blood, except for pulmonary artery. •Elastic. •They branch to get smaller •Thin walled vessels (1 celled thick)

Capillaries

•Allow things to diffuse in & out •1 rbc fits through at a time

•Brings blood to the heart

Veins

•Carry deoxygenated blood, except for pulmonary vein •Have Valves

Capillary Network RBC

Complete the table

Body Cell

1. Which blood vessel has the thickest, most muscular walls?

Artery

2. Which blood vessel has walls one cell thick?

Capillary

3. Which blood vessel carries blood to the heart?

Vein

Nutrients

O2

4. Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Waste

Artery

Blood flow direction

Plasma

Lymph

Vein

Artery

5. Which blood vessel is the site of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and waste exchange?

Capillary

6. Which blood vessel carries the highest oxygen content?

Artery

7. Which blood vessel carries the highest nutrient content?

Artery

8. By what process do the materials enter and leave the capillary?

Diffusion

Heart Disease

Coronary Arteries

Blood Types Blood Types- Named by the types antigens of _________ found on the RBCs.

Blood vessels that give the heart O2.

2 Types of Antigens 1. Antigen A

Coronary Heart Disease Atherosclerosis

2. Antigen B

•Thickening of the arteries •Fatty substance builds up in arteries (cholesterol)

Create 4 Blood Types A

A blockage in coronary arteries can result in:

B

AB

O

● Angina (Chest pain) ● Heart attack

•Blood also contains Antibodies- Antibodies A& B •Mixing of like Antigens causes _________ hemolysis or destruction of RBCs. Blood Type

Antigen

Antibodies

A

A

B

B

B

A

AB

AB

-

O

-

AB

Blood Transfusions

*Remember: Mixing of like antigens with like antibodies causes hemolysis!

donor •Type O is known as the universal _________, because it has antigens no __________. All groups can receive it. recipient •Type AB is know as the universal __________. Blood type

Antigens

A B AB O

A B A&B None

Antibodies Transfusion B A A&B

A, O B, O A, B, AB, O O

Rh-Factor

Red Blood Cells

Factor Another Antigen (protein) exists on the RBCs, Rh_________. 85% •______ of people have this.

oxygen 1. Carry ___________ to cells.

Rh + = Antigen is present Rh - = Antigen is NOT present

anemia 3. Too few RBCs causes ________________.

“Rh” comes from the word Rhesus monkey. Scientists first discovered the Rh factor while studying the blood of a Rhesus monkey.

bone marrow 2. Made in ___________________.

hemoglobin 4. Contain a substance called ____________. iron 5. Contain the element ________________. round and flat 6. Shape is ________________. 120 days Broken down by the ___________. liver 7. Life span is ________. 2 million 8. _____________ are made/broken down every second.

White Blood Cells

Platelets

Immunity (Defense) 9. Function: ____________________

clot (Scab) 16. Help blood _________.

bone marrow 10. Made in _________________

7 17. Formed in _______________. Last only ____ days. bone marrow Hemophilia 18.___________ is where blood does not clot normally.

shape 11. Can change their __________, like an ameba. chemicals to fight infection 12. Some produce ___________ leukocytes 13. Known as ___________. leukemia 14. Cancer of white blood cells is ______________. 700 to 1! 15. WBCs are outnumbered by RBCs _______

19. Platelets weave fiber across the cut which trap blood cells and plasma. clot which you know as a _______! scab 20. This forms a ________

Plasma

Blood Vessel Review

Liquid portion of the blood. Mostly made of _______. water 27. _______ 55% 28. _______ of the blood. Transport cells and nutrients 29. Function : ______________________________ yellow 30. Color is _________

Purpose: So that the body can respond to stimuli Major organs and their functions Brain-

Vein

Oxygenated (Except pulmonary)

Deoxygenated (Except pulmonary)

Capillary

Draw it Type of blood carried Describe structures Direction of flow

Nervous System

Artery

Elastic walls

Away from heart

Valves

To heart

Both

1 cell thick

Site of exchange

What aids the nervous system? It is assisted by the 5 senses. •Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin. Stimulus:

Any information received by the nervous system.

•Main control center of your body

Spinal Cord-

•Sends instructions from the brain to

Response:

A reaction to the stimulus.

Stimulus examples:

Bad smell, loud noise, bright light

rest of the body and vice versa.

Nerves-

Response examples:

Run away, jump, hide

•Send signals to all parts of the body *This is a need of life. To survive an organism must be able to respond to a stimulus.

Parts of the Brain

Brain•Made up of 100 Billion neurons (nerve cells)

•Interprets messages

CerebrumLargest part of brain. Associated with thought, memory and action.

Cerebellum-

Spinal Cord brain to your •Connects the ______

nerves ______

vertebrae •Encased by your __________ (backbone)

Parts of the Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum

Controls regulation, coordination, balance and movement.

MedullaControls involuntary actions Breathing, heart rate, blinking, etc.

nerve impulses Nervous system communicates with __________________. Nerve impulse- a signal that travels down nerve cells.

Nerve impulse begins as a _________ Stimulus the brain interprets it and sends out a response _________.

Neurons

•Nerve cells •Receives and sends messages Cell Body Dendrites

Medulla Axon Nucleus

Terminal

Cell Body•Headquarters of the neuron, contains the nucleus

Dendrites- •Picks up messages from other neurons •Turn them into electrical messages and transmits them

Axon-

to the axon •Carries the messages away to next cell

Terminal- •End of the nerve cell Synapse- •The space between neurons

Concussion:

A violent blow to the head

Endocrine System System of ductless glands that secrete ______________________ chemicals (hormones) into the blood.

Secretions Inside Endo= ____________ Crine=____________ Hormones- • Means “To Excite”

• Chemical messengers ____________________that cause things to start happening. feedback system Hormone levels are controlled by a ______________. on & off Feedback systems turn endocrine glands ___________.

PBS- Brain

*Analogous to a thermostat in a home. When temperature drops a furnace kicks on. When temperature rises the furnace turns off.

homeostasis This maintains _________.

Homeostasis-

Keeping conditions constant.

Pituitary Gland

Pancreas-

•Releases Insulin

•“Master Gland” - It controls other glands

•Insulin - Lowers sugar level in your blood

•Size of a pea •Secretes HGH (Human Growth Hormone).

Dwarfism

Feedback System:

Gigantism

Pancreas turns “on” High blood sugar

Insulin is released

Insulin is stopped

Low blood sugar

Pancreas turns “off” Tallest man - 8’11”

Adrenal Glands •Ad= Near Renal = Kidneys •Produces stress hormones (Adrenaline) •Flight or Fight response.

Gonads (2 types) Testes (males) Release Testosterone Make sperm Produces secondary male sex characteristics.

Ovaries (Females)

Thyroid •Found in the neck

•Release Estrogen •produces secondary female

sex characteristics.

•Determines how quickly your body uses energy. Crash Course: Endocrine System

Lymphatic System

A system of vessels, & nodes which circulates lymph. Lymph is initially part of the blood, but as blood flows through the body, lymph leaks out, taking hazardous substances with it and filtering these substances through the lymph nodes, which trap these substances.

• Immune system

• System of tubes that carries a fluid

Digestive System Purpose: Converts food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body

lymph known as _________

Lymph •_______ Fluid that circulates your body picking up unwanted materials •Empties out into your bloodstream node before entering •Lymph travels to a ________ bloodstream Lymph node

•Traps bacteria and viruses •Full of lymphocytes (WBCs)

Esophagus • Pipe connecting mouth to stomach •Muscular tube about 25 cm long •Food is pushed down by muscles

Mouth

Mechanical DigestionTeeth break food down into small pieces Chemical Digestion-

•Begins with saliva in our mouth •Enzymes break up nutrients

Liver •Makes Bile •Bile breaks down fat •Removes poison from blood

Gallbladder

•Stores the bile •Releases pancreatic •passes the bile into the juices into the SI SI through a bile duct

• “Peristalsis”

Stomach •Muscular bag full of acid that breaks food down. •Food turns “soupy” known as chyme.

Pancreas

Small Intestine •25’ long tube •Absorption of nutrients into

bloodstream •Most digestion occurs here

•Creates Insulin

Surface of the SI Villi-

Esophagus

•Tiny projections that contain

Stomach

blood vessels

Large Intestine

•These absorb nutrients

Small Intestine

Large Intestine (LI) •Removes water from the chyme

Liver

•Absorption of water

Gallbladder

•No digestion occurs here!

Body Exhibit NYC

Pancreas

Excretory System Purpose: •To rid the body of wastes.

Esophagus Liver

•We get rid of CO2, urine & sweat

Kidneys- •Remove toxins from blood & create urine

Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine

Ureter- •Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Bladder- •Stores urine

Large Intestine

Urethra- •Carries urine from the bladder to the toilet

Skin

• Sweat glands remove excess water & salts • Also regulates our temperature

Respiratory System oxygen for RESPIRATION Purpose: •To provide the body with ______________ carbon dioxide

•Removes _____________

Lungs

Removes CO2 from the body

Diaphragm:

•Muscle that brings air in

and out of your lungs.

Breathing vs Respiration Breathing•A mechanical process of pumping air into and out of the lungs. •The air in the lungs is still “outside” the body. Respiration● O2 is converted into CO2 in the cell.

Air you breathe in: Oxygen 21% Nitrogen 78% CO2 1%

Air you breathe out: Oxygen 16% Nitrogen 78% CO2 5%

Path of the Respiratory System Nose •Hairs act as a filter for small particles (dust/pollen).

Trachea- •AKA windpipe •Main passageway to your lungs •Protected by rings of cartilage Bronchioles- •Trachea branches off into smaller tubes called bronchioles

Alveoli•End of a bronchiole •This is where diffusion of O2 & CO2 occurs

Alveoli at work-

Smokers lungs-

AsthmaEpiglottis- •Flap that covers your trachea when you swallow. •The reason we don’t choke on food.

Reproductive System Purpose: To create new organisms Male Reproductive System Testes produce: Testosterone Sperm 1) _____________ 2) ___________

sperm Male sex cell: ______ scrotum Testes are contained in: ___________ *Scrotum is outside of the body to provide a cooler temp to make sperm *Testes need to be about 3-50 degrees cooler than the body

hormone Testosterone is a ___________. Responsible for: •Facial hair

•Body hair •Deeper voice •Stronger muscle tone •Aggressiveness

scrotum semen Sperm and fluids = ____________

•protects the sperm •provides energy and nutrients

Part

Function

Ureter

Brings urine from kidneys to bladder

Urinary Bladder

Stores Urine

Urethra

Carries urine and semen out of the body Ureter Urinary bladder

Part

Function

Teste

Makes sperm & testosterone

Scrotum

Holds the testes

Vas Deferens

Transports sperm to urethra

Seminal Vesicles

Adds fluid to nourish the sperm

Prostate Gland

Makes fluid for the sperm

Penis

Delivers semen into the female

Ureter

Seminal Vesicle

Urinary bladder

Prostate gland Vas Deferens

Penis Urethra

Scrotum Teste

Urethra

Female Reproductive System Uterus

Fallopian tube

Part Ovary

Ovary Cervix Vagina

Fallopian Tube Uterus Cervix Vagina

Function Holds eggs, makes estrogen Transports eggs from ovaries to uterus Where the fetus grows Passageway connecting the uterus to the vagina Birth canal

Estrogen Hormone: _________ Ovaries Produced in: __________

zygote (fertilized egg) Uniting of sperm & egg: _____________________

•Ovaries contain eggs (~400 at birth)

Uterus Cilia sweep zygote into: ________

•1 egg matures each month after puberty

● If the egg is fertilized It implants in the uterus wall which is enriched with blood

egg Female gamete: _____ fallopian tube Released into: _____________

● If NOT fertilized -

Fertilization occurs here!

Embryonic Development

the egg & uterus lining disintegrate and leave the body

Ovary Fallopian Tube Uterus Cervix Bladder Vagina Urethra Pubic bone Rectum

Front view: male and female anatomy

Fallopian tube:

Vas Deferens

Penis Teste

Development of the Zygote

Prostate & seminal vesicle Scrotum

Site of fertilization

Uterus: •Egg reaches the uterus after 6 days •Attaches to wall

Placenta: ●

Brings nutrients and O2 to the fetus ● CO2 and wastes away

Umbilical Cord: Cord of blood vessels connecting fetus to placenta

Fallopian tube Uterus

Ovary

Vagina

Fetal Development Diagram

Gestation Period:

Developmental time in uterus ~38-42 weeks

Embryo: 0 to 8 weeks Fetus: 8 weeks to birth

Cell Division: Meiosis vs Mitosis Me os s

Fallopian Tube Uterus Placenta Umbilical Cord Amniotic Fluid Fetus Cervix Amniotic Sac- Fluid filled sac that protects the fetus

•Production of gametes (sex cells) •Chromosome # is reduced by ½ •46→ 23

Mitosis- (Mi - TOE- sis)

•Division of body cells •Produces new cells for growth & repair •46 → 46

46 Meiosis

Body cells

Review of fertilization

46

Sperm Meiosis

Gametes 23

23 Chromosomes ____

Egg

=

23 Chromosomes ____

Zygote 46 Chromosomes ____

23 46

gamete •Each sex cell (sperm & egg) is known as a __________.

Mitosis

meiosis •Gametes are produced by ___________.

46 46 Mitosis 46

46

46

46

Mitosis

Twins Identical: •Zygote splits to form 2 identical babies •Babies have the same DNA, must be same sex

Fraternal:

+

•Not identical •2 eggs fertilized by 2 different sperm •Do NOT have the same DNA •Can be boy- girl

Conjoined (Siamese): •Identical twins •Zygote doesn’t split completely

half as many chromosomes. •Therefore, they have _______