HSPA-LTE NETWORK PLANNING Vitalis Olunga ICT Strategy Consultant

Nyanga: 22nd – 26th February, 2016

LTE-Introduction Agenda ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

LTE Drivers LTE Requirements 3GPP Standard Evolution LTE Key Features LTE Comparison

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Global Total Mobile Traffic

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Mobile Data Global Traffic : Forecasts

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Bandwidth Drivers - Applications Proliferation of mobile apps via app online stores - 10+ billion app downloads Mobile Internet - 10% internet traffic now mobile Media-rich social networks - 50%+ facebook time now mobile Mobile Video download & upload - 25% youtube traffic now mobile Machine-to-machine – strong growth of video applications 5

The Gigabyte Generation

Source: Alcatel-Lucent

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LTE Value Proposition Costs per Bit Reduction Reduced Latency Increased System Capacity Higher User Data Rate Better Quality of Service

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LTE – Traffic & User-Experience Management Speed-based Pricing: maximum speed limit per end-user Unlimited Data Plan with speed dropping after exceeding a monthly data volume (e.g. 1 GB) Traffic shaping vs Net Neutrality

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1Gbps Throughput USB 2.0: max 480 Mbit/s (USB 3.0 4.6 Gbit/s) Real writing speed is around: 50 Mbit/s Real reading speed is around: 215 Mbit/s Typical hard drive: measured speed when copying file: 500 Mbit/s 3.0 Gbit/s maximum transfer rate

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Maximum vs Average Speed Factors Impacting Maximum Speed: ◦ Size of Spectrum Band (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz) ◦ MIMO Configurations (1X1, 2X2, 4X4)

Factors Impacting Average Speed: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Device categories/capabilities (5 categories) Distance from cell centre Network Load (RF & transport) Radio conditions

Average speed can typically be 10%-30% of maximum speed 10

LTE Requirements Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment and transmission latency (a prerequisite for CS replacement); Increased user data rates; Increased cell-edge bit-rate, for uniformity of service provision; Reduced cost per bit, implying improved spectral efficiency; Greater flexibility of spectrum usage, in both new and pre-existing bands; Simplified network architecture; Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access technologies; Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal

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LTE Performance Requirements Metric

Requirements

Spectral Flexibility

1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

Peak data rate

1. Downlink (2 Ch MIMO): 100 Mbps 2. Uplink (Single Ch Tx): 50 Mbps (20 MHz ch)

Supported Downlink: 4x2, 2x2, 1x2, 1x1 antenna Uplink: 1x2, 1x1 configuratio ns 12

LTE Performance Requirements Metric

Requirements

Spectrum efficiency

Downlink: 3 to 4 times HSDPA Rel. 6 Uplink: 2 to 3 times HSUPA Rel. 6

Latency

Control-plane: Less than 100 msec to establish U-plane User-plane: Less than 10 msec from UE to server

Mobility Optimized for low speeds (0-15 km/hr) High performance at speeds up to 120 km/hr Maintain link at speeds up to 350 km/hr

Coverage Full performance up to 5 km Slight degradation 5 km – 30 km Operation up to 100 km should not be precluded by standard

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3GPP - Third Generation Partnership Project The standardization process:

Requirements, where it is decided what is to be achieved by the standard. Architecture, where the main building blocks and interfaces are decided. Detailed specifications, where every interface is specified in detail. Testing and verification, where the interface specifications are proven to work with real-life equipment

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3GPP - Third Generation Partnership Project

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3GPP Organization

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Organizations Around LTE 3GPP : Established in 1989, collaboration between standards bodies: ARIB, CCSA, ETSI, ATIS,TTA, and TTC: www.3gpp.org NGMN : a group of mobile operators, to provide a coherent vision for technology evolution beyond 3G for the competitive delivery of broadband wireless services. www.ngmn.org LTE/SAE Trial Initiative. Founded in 2007 by leading telecommunications companies aiming is to prove the potential and benefits of LTE. http://www.lstiforum.com

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3GPP Market Representation Organizations 4G Americas CDMA Development Group

www.4gamericas.or g www.4gamericas.or www.cdg.org

Cellular Operators Association of India (CO GSA

www.coai.com

IMS Forum InfoCommunication Union

www.imsforum.org www.icu.org.ru

www.gsacom.com

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3GPP Market Representation Organizations IPV6 Forum

www.4gamericas. org www.ipv6forum.co

NGMN Alliance Small Cell Forum (formerly Femto Forum)

www.ngmn.org www.smallcellforum. org

TD SCDMA Industry Alliance

www.tdscdmaalliance.org www.tdscdmaforum.org www.umtsforum.org

TD-Forum UMTS Forum

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Terminology LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 3GPP quantum leap project to evolve the UMTS technology towards 4G SAE (System Architecture Evolution) is the corresponding evolution of the GPRS/3G packet core network evolution Key element delivered by LTE/SAE is the EPS (Evolved Packet System) consisting of the New air interface E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network EPS = LTE + SAE The term LTE is typically used to represent both LTE and SAE LTE/SAE standards are defined in 3GPP Rel. 8 specifications

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3GPP Specifications Subject of specification series

3G and beyond / GSM (R99 and later)

Service aspects ("stage 1")

22 series

Technical realization ("stage 2")

23 series

Signalling protocols ("stage 3") – UE to network

24 series

Radio aspects

25 series

CODECs

26 series

Data

27 series

Signalling ("stage 3") OAM&P and Charging (overflow from 32.- range)

28 series

Signalling protocols ("stage 3") - intrafixed-network

29 series 21

3GPP Specifications Subject of specification series

3G and beyond / GSM (R99 and later)

Programme management

30 series

SIM / USIM, IC Cards.Test specs.

31 series

OAM&P and Charging

32 series

Security aspects

33 series

UE and (U)SIM test specifications

34 series

Security algorithms

35 series

LTE and LTE-Advanced radio technology

36 series

Multiple radio access technology aspects

37 series

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3GPP Standard Specifications EUTRAN/LTE Specificati on Index

Description of contents Some Key Specifications

TS 36.1xx

Equipment requirements: Terminals, base stations, and repeaters.

36.101: UE radio transmission and reception 36.104: BS radio transmission and reception

TS 36.2xx

Layer 1: Physical layer.

211. PHY Channels and Modulation 312. Multiplexing and Channel Coding 313. Physical layer Procedures 214. Physical Layer Measurements. 23

3GPP Standard Specifications EUTRAN/LTE Specificatio n Index

Description of contents

Some Key Specifications

TS 36.3xx

Layers 2 and 3: Medium access control, radio link control, and radio resource control.

36.300 Overall Description 36.331 RRC Spec 321. MAC Spec 322. RLC Spec 323. PDCP Spec

TS 36.4xx

Infrastructure communications including base stations and mobile management entities.

TS 36.5xx

Conformance testing.

TR 36.8xx /9xx

Technical reports containing background information.

36.801 Measurement Requirements 36.803 UE radio transmission and reception 36.804 BS radio

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3GPP Standard Specifications SAE Specification Index

Description of contents

Some Key Specifications

TS 23.4xx

High-level architecture of the SAE

23.401 GPRS enhancements for LTE access 23.402 SAE enhancements for non-3GPP accesses

TR 23.8xx

Technical reports 23.882 3GPP SAE: containing background Report on technical information. options and conclusions

TR 29.8xx

Technical reports containing background

29.803 3GPP SAE: CT WG4 aspects . 29.804 3GPP SAE: CT25

3GPP Standard Releases Releases

Functional Freeze

Radio Features

Rel-99

March 2000

Basic 3.84 Mbps WCDMA (TDD and FDD), First deployable version of UMTS. EDGE

Rel-4

March 2001

Low chip rate TDD (1.28 Mcps), Multimedia messaging support, Initial step towards IP Core Network.

Rel-5

June 2002

HSDPA, IMS Phase-1, Full ability to use IP-based transport instead of ATM.

Rel-6

March 2005

HSUPA, WCDMA/WLAN internetworking, MBMS, IMS Phase-2, Initial VoIP capability. 26

3GPP Standard Releases Releases

Functional Freeze

Radio Features

Rel-7

December 2007

GPRS enhancements with evolved EDGE, HSPA+ (64-QAM DL, 16QAM UL, MIMO), LTE & SAE basic study items.

Rel-8

December 2008

LTE (OFDMA based air interface), SAE (New IP core network), EDGE Evolution, Enhancements to HSPA+.

Rel-9

December 2009

HSPA and LTE enhancements including HSPA multi-carrier operation.

Rel-10

March 2011

LTE Advanced specifications to meet requirements of IMTAdvanced.

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3GPP Release Comparison WCDMA (UMTS)

HSPA HSDPA / HSUPA

HSPA+

LTE

LTE Advanced (IMT Advanced)

Max downlink speed bps

384 k

14 M

28 M

100M

1G

Max uplink speed bps

128 k

5.7 M

11 M

50 M

500 M

Latency round trip time approx

150 ms

100 ms

50ms (max)

~10 ms

less than 5 ms

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3GPP Release Comparison WCDMA (UMTS)

HSPA HSDPA / HSUPA

HSPA+

LTE

LTE Advanced (IMT Advanced)

3GPP releases

Rel 99/4

Rel 5 / 6

Rel 7

Rel 8

Rel 10

Approx years of initial roll out

2003 / 4

2005 / 6 HSDPA 2007 / 8 HSUPA

2008 / 9

2009 / 10

2012/2013

CDMA

CDMA

OFDMA / SCFDMA

OFDMA / SC- FDMA

Access CDMA methodolo gy

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Network Evolution An all-IP network Simplified and flatter network architecture Reduced number of nodes Low-latency network

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LTE Enabling Features OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA) Adaptive Modulation Schemes: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) Frequency Selective Scheduling Fractional Frequency Reuse Self-Organizing Networks 31

CATEGORIES OF SON FEATURES Self-Configuration ◦ Autonomous configuration of parameters during commissioning

Self-Optimisation ◦ Continuous improvement of service quality, network performance, and network capacity

Self-Healing Detection ◦ Analysis, and mitigation of network outages 32

Frequency Scheduling

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Fractional Frequency Reuse

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Multi-antenna Schemes Directivity : ◦ Beamforming Gain ◦ One signal transmitted in the best directions based on channel Knowledge Diversity : ◦ Reduce Fading ◦ One signal transmitted in all directions Multiplexing : ◦ Capacity Multiplication ◦ Different signals transmitted in all directions

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Directivity

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Diversity :

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Multiplexing :

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LTE Key Parameters Channel 1.4 Bandwit h (MHz)

3

5

10

15

20

Number 6 of Resource Blocks

15

25

50

75

100

Modulati on Schemes

DL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM UL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Optional)

Access Schemes

DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) UL: SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)

MIMO Schemes

DL: Wide choice of options (up to 4X4 MIMO) UL: MU-MIMO

Peak Data Rates

DL: 150 Mbps (2X2 MIMO; 20 MHz) 300 Mbps (4X4 MIMO; 20 MHz) UL: 75Mbps (20 MHz)

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LTE Spectral Efficiency Comparison Joint analysis by 3G Americas’ members: 5+5 MHz for UMTS-HSPA/LTE and CDMA2000, and 10 MHz DL/UL=29:18 TDD for WiMAX. Mix of mobile and stationary users

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LTE Spectral Efficiency Comparison

DL Spectrum Efficiency

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LTE Spectral Efficiency Comparison

UL Spectrum Efficiency 42

END

THANK YOU

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LTE CHALLENGES

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Main Challenges Spectrum Fragmentation Spectrum Availability Support for Voice Device Availability Roaming Integration with 2G/3G HSPA+ Data Pricing Backhauling 45

Spectrum Fragmentation Per design, LTE can operate in many different spectrum bands No universal band among the key LTE bands ◦ Digital Dividend (700MHz & 800 MHz) ◦ 2.6 GHz ◦ 2G/3G re-farmed spectrum: 1800 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.1 GHz 46

Spectrum Fragmentation In addition, devices need to support numerous 2G & 3G bands Impacts device complexity, availability, and costs Seamless LTE roaming is also challenging

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Spectrum Fragmentation

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Spectrum Availability Key spectrum bands for LTE yet to be allocated in many countries In some countries, refarming 2G/3G spectrum may require regulator’s approval Spectrum auctions can require significant upfront investment

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Support for Voice LTE is focused on data Voice is relegated to a simple data service status The GSMA-driven VoLTE implementation is based on IMS, a complex standard with little commercial footprint The need to potentially support 2 voice options (CSFB & VoLTE): impacts/complicates device availability, network deployment plans, roaming agreements… Over-The-Top players (e.g. Skype, Google voice…) may erode voice revenues

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Device Availability The complexity of LTE with regards to The LTE bands to support The legacy Radio Access Technologies to support & interwork with ; i.e. 2G/3G, CDMA/EVDO, WiMax…. The multiple antennas of MIMO The voice support (CSFB, VoLTE) The proliferation of new form factors (routers, tablets…) … contribute to delayed/limited availability and increased costs of devices meeting requirements for a given carrier/market

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Roaming LTE roaming entails a transition from SS7MAP to DIAMETER Spectrum fragmentation and options for voice support increase the number of possible roaming scenarios Roaming for IMS services still needs to be put in place The 2G/3G roaming agreements are likely to remain the only agreement in force for the near future

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Integration with 2G/3G End-user Expectations Multi-core vs Single-core PS-to-CS Domain Interworking QoS Interworking Site & Antenna Sharing IPv4 vs IPv6 Spectrum re-farming SON 53

HSPA+ The availability of HSPA+ as a legitimate network evolution option complicates the case for LTE, as HSPA+ can provide significant data rate improvements, blurring the differentiation of LTE HSPA+ doesn’t require new spectrum The investment required for HSPA+ upgrade reduce funds available for LTE 54

Data Pricing “All-you-can-eat” data plan can significantly impact the profitability of LTE Speed-based vs Volume- based Data Plans Until VoLTE is fully deployed, LTE doesn’t generate voice revenues, and rely mainly on data revenues

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Backhauling With LTE, the capacity bottleneck is shifting from the air interface to the backhaul link With its high-throughput capability, LTE requires significant backhauling capacity (100+ Mbps) The introduction of small cells (i.e. femtocell, pico-cells, micro cells) complicate the backhauling plans further 56

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THANK YOU

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